Exam 2 Study Guide - PSYC 230

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they A. may differ from one task to another. B. do not require attention. C. are difficult to modify. D. are performed without conscious awareness.

A. may differ from one task to another.

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is A. indefinite. B. 1-3 minutes. C. 10-20 seconds. D. just under fraction of a second.

C. 10-20 seconds.

The word-length effect reveals that A. longer words are typically more distinctive and easier to retrieve from LTM than shorter words. B. STM digit span remains constant across native speakers of different languages. C. working memory's central executive processes verbal information differently than visual/image information. D. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

D. the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity.

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as A. pre-perceptual auditory memory. B. iconic memory. C. primary auditory memory. D. echoic memory.

D. echoic memory.

Which task should be easier: keeping a sentence like "John went to the store to buy some oranges" in your mind AND A. saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? B. pointing to the word "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun? C. saying "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun? D. pointing to the word "no" for each word that is a noun and "yes" for each word that is not a noun?

A. saying "yes" for each word that is a noun and "no" for each word that is not a noun?

Tulving believed that the experience of episodic memory is defined by A. involving both explicit and implicit memories. B. involving mental time travel. C. always corresponding to past events that actually happened. D. accessing world knowledge, not specific personal experience

B. involving mental time travel.

Using the partial report procedure in his "letter array" experiment, Sperling was able to infer that participants initially saw about ____ percent of the 12 letters in the display. A. 36 B. 65 C. 12 D. 82

D. 82

The primary effect of chunking is to A. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. B. maximize the recency effect. C. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. D. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

D. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

The primacy effect is attributed to A. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. B. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items. C. recall of information still active in STM. D. recall of information stored in LTM.

D. recall of information stored in LTM.

If you came to my office for office hours and then I asked you to remember what you saw, you might say you remember things like a printer even though there isn't one. This demonstrates the effect of __________ on memory. A. illusory bias B. scripts C. confabulation D. schemas

D. schemas

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told to immediately write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as A. R. B. C. C. L. D. I.

B. C.

Which statement below is most closely associated with levels of processing theory? A. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing. B. Events that are repeated enough can influence our behavior, even after we have forgotten the original events. C. Information enters memory by passing through a number of levels, beginning with sensory memory, then short-term memory, then long-term memory. D. People who were sad when they studied did better when they were sad during testing.

A. Deep processing involves paying closer attention to a stimulus than shallow processing and results in better processing.

How would you describe the relationship between elaborative rehearsal and maintenance rehearsal in terms of establishing long-term memories? A. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance. B. Each one is sometimes more effective, depending on the learning circumstances. C. Both are equally effective in all learning circumstances. D. Maintenance is more effective than elaborative.

A. Elaborative is more effective than maintenance.

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? A. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP B. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN C. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY D. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG

A. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Which of the following best demonstrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM? A. Rob's keys were stolen from his desk at work. He cannot give a detailed description of the keychain to police, despite using it every day for years. B. Jacob starred in the lead role of his high school play a few years ago. Even though he helped write the play and based his character on his own life, he cannot remember many of the actual lines anymore. C. Emily recalls her grandmother's house went every day after school, even though she hasn't been there in over 20 years. D. Mae learned her marital arts moves by making up little stories and mental images to describe each movement.

A. Rob's keys were stolen from his desk at work. He cannot give a detailed description of the keychain to police, despite using it every day for years.

Your book discusses the memory functioning of patient H.M. who underwent brain surgery to relieve severe epileptic seizures. H.M.'s case has been extremely informative to psychologists by demonstrating that A. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired. B. LTM can operate normally while STM is impaired. C. a double dissociation exists for STM and LTM. D. impairment of one memory system (LTM or STM) necessarily leads to deficits in the functioning of the other.

A. STM can operate normally while LTM is impaired.

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that A. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. B. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners. C. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. D. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span.

A. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Lucy suffered a brain injury and now she has trouble remembering friends and family or facts she used to know. She can, however, remember events from her life and daily tasks. This may reflect A. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory. B. intact episodic memory but defective semantic memory. C. intact episodic memory but defective procedural memory. D. intact semantic memory but defective episodic memory

A. intact procedural memory but defective episodic memory.

"S," who had a photographic memory that was described as virtually limitless, was able to achieve many feats of memory. According to the discussion in your text, S's memory system operated _____ A. less efficiently than normal. B. using stronger semantic connections than normal C. in a manner that bypassed normal neurological "blocks." D. using more visual encoding than normal.

A. less efficiently than normal.

The observation that older adults often become nostalgic for the "good old days" reflects the _____________, which states that ______________________. A. self-image hypothesis; memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities. B. self-image hypothesis; our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from. C. narrative rehearsal hypothesis; our memories change as we live longer and have more "lifetime periods" to draw events from. D. narrative rehearsal hypothesis; memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

A. self-image hypothesis; memory for life events is enhanced during the time we assume our life identities.

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. Once you arrive, you stop thinking about the address and start to think about buying a housewarming gift for your friend. To remember the address, you used a(n) _______ process in STM. A. automatic B. control C. coding D. iconic

B. Control

Regarding free recall of a list of items, which of the following will most likely cause the recency effect to disappear by preventing rehearsal from taking place? A. Using a very long list (greater than 30 items at one item per second) B. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall C. Creating a 30-second delay before recall D. Presenting the stimulus list at a slower pace

B. Counting backward for 30 seconds before recall

Bransford and Johnson's study where participants heard a vague passage about a man on the street serenading his girlfriend, found that looking at a picture made the passage easier to understand. (Similar to our washing clothes example) This illustrates the importance of _________ in forming long-term memories. A. deep processing during retrieval. B. an organizational context during learning. C. implicit memory during learning D. imagery.

B. an organizational context during learning.

Arkes and Freedman's "baseball game" experiment had people indicate whether the following sentence was present in a passage they had previously read about a baseball game: "The batter was safe at first." Their findings showed inaccurate memories involved A. participants who did not understand baseball and assumed more information was presented than actually was. B. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge. C. omissions of information that was presented. D. confusions about presented information when it was ambiguous.

B. creations from inferences based on baseball knowledge.

In your book, there is a story about balloons used to suspend a speaker in mid-air. This was used to illustrate the role of ________ in memory. A. depth of processing B. organization C. rehearsal D. forming connections with other information.

B. organization

Funahashi et al.'s work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the A. nucleus acumbens. B. prefrontal cortex. C. cingulate gyrus. D. diencephalon.

B. prefrontal cortex.

Articulatory suppression causes a decrease in the word-length effect because A. elaborative rehearsal helps transfer information into LTM. B. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop. C. talking makes the longer words seem even longer. D. saying "la, la, la" forces participants to use visual encoding.

B. saying "the, the, the" fills up the phonological loop.

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of A. the phonological similarity effect. B. short-term memory. C. the persistence of vision. D. the physiological approach to coding.

B. short-term memory.

Your text describes an experiment where participants made fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (e.g. Sebastian Weissdorf). This illustrated the effect of _____ on memory. A. repeated rehearsal of distinctive names B. source misattributions C. encoding specificity D. schemas

B. source misattributions

In a study by Jenkins & Russell (1952), participants were given a list of words like "sofa, cherry, bowl, shoe, apple, chair" to remember. Participants often recalled the words in a different order. This occurred because of the A. way objects like dishes and shoes are encoded visually. B. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized. C. effect of proactive interference. D. way the phonological loop reorganizes information based on sound during rehearsal.

B. tendency of objects in the same category to become organized.

There is evidence that a person's brain shows greater activation when looking at pictures A. of familiar places like their high school. B. they took themselves. C. that they've seen before. D. they've never seen before.

B. they took themselves.

Which of the following statements is true of police lineups? A. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness will make a relative judgment about all the suspects they saw. B. A simultaneous lineup decreases the chance of falsely identifying an innocent person as the perpetrator. C. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event. D. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares people in the lineup to each other.

C. A sequential lineup increases the chance that the witness compares each person in the lineup to his or her memory of the event.

Talarico and Rubin (2003) measured people's memories of the 9/11 attacks. Which of the following was the main finding of that research? A. Participants had a very high level of confidence of the terrorist events and also had high confidence in their present "everyday" memories 32 weeks later. B. Participants had very little confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the events 32 weeks after they occurred. C. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events. D. Participants had high confidence in the accuracy of their memories of the terrorist events 32 weeks later, but when actually tested made significant errors when asked what they were doing on the day of the attacks.

C. After 32 weeks, participants had a high level of confidence in their memories of the terrorist events, but lower belief in their memories of "everyday" events.

George is given a list of words to remember, and is asked to recall the list one week later. One of the words on the list was BEAR. Which of the following (none of which appeared on the list) would he be most likely to incorrectly recall if he doesn't remember BEAR? A. DEAR B. TEAR C. DEER D. BARE

C. DEER

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? A. The central executive and the phonological loop B. The phonological loop and long-term memory C. The central executive and long-term memory D. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad

C. The central executive and long-term memory

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes __________ and is tested ___________. A. semantically; visually B. auditorially; semantically C. auditorially; auditorially D. semantically; auditorially

C. auditorially; auditorially

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on A. source misattributions. B. narrative rehearsal. C. cultural expectations. D. shallow processing.

C. cultural expectations.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of A. echoic memory. B. a visual delay effect. C. persistence of vision. D. top-down processing.

C. persistence of vision.

Jill's friends tell her they think she has a really good memory. She finds this interesting so she decides to purposefully test her memory. Jill receives a list of to-do tasks each day at work. Usually, she checks off each item as the day progresses, but this week, she is determined to memorize the to-do lists. On Monday, Jill is proud to find that she remembers 95 percent of the tasks without referring to the list. On Tuesday, her memory drops to 80 percent, and by Thursday, she is dismayed to see her performance has declined to 20 percent. Jill's memory is declining over the course of the week because other information she encounters is "competing" with that which she memorized on Monday. This process is called A. episodic buffering. B. anterograde amnesia. C. proactive interference. D. chunking.

C. proactive interference.

Val has just been hired as a new professor at UNC and is attending a faculty party where she will meet her new colleagues for the first time. Her department chair takes her around to small groups to introduce her. At the first group, Val meets 4 people and is told their first names. The same thing happens for a 2nd and 3rd group. At the 4th group, Val is told their names and that one woman is in charge of the department budgets. After the party, Val realizes she only remembers the names of the 1st four people she met and that the last woman handles budgets. This experience demonstrates A. a partial-report procedure. B. the cocktail party phenomenon. C. the phonological similarity effect. D. a build up and release of proactive interference.

D. a build up and release of proactive interference.

In the word list experiment that was based on work by Deese (1959) and Roediger & McDermott (1995), many students incorrectly remembered hearing the word ________ as part of the list of presented stimuli. This highlights a disadvantage of memory's ___________ nature. A. tired; long-term B. sleep; long-term C. tired; constructive D. sleep; constructive

D. sleep; constructive

Carolyn loves to dance, and took ballet, jazz and tap lessons for many years. Now she is learning a variety of ballroom dances. The movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, but she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on A. the integrative experience effect. B. a mass practice effect. C. semantic memory. D. the self-reference effect.

D. the self-reference effect.

You want to perform an experiment that involves priming. To be sure that a participant does not remember that a word was presented to them in the past you could A. utilize proactive interference when administering the memory task. B. test patients with amnesia. C. use multiple rounds of repetition priming. D. use backward instead of forward priming.

D. use backward instead of forward priming.