Exam 2 Study Questions (Ch 4-9)

A classic rule states that each pound of body fat contains 3500 kcalories. Thus, a person who consistently eats 2300 kcalories per day and expends 2000 kcalories per day for 30 days would be expected to gain:

2.6 lbs

Over the long term, the composition of weight gained or lost is _____ % fat and _____% lean, whereas during fasting/starvation, losses of fat and lean are about equal.

75 25

______ is the high-energy compound that provides the energy that powers all the activities of living cells

ATP

Calculate a personal daily fat allowance for a person with an energy intake of 1700 kilocalories and a goal of 25% of kilocalories from fat.

47g

The protein RDA for adults is 0.8 grams per kilogram of healthy body weight per day. A woman weighs 60 kg and her weight falls within the normal range for her height. How much protein (in grams) should she consume in one day?

48g

Fad diets often produce weight loss, at least initially, because they are designed to limit total kcalories to __________ kcalories or less per day.

1200

A person is overweight (350 pounds) and desires to lose 35 pounds over a 6-month period. The total kcalorie intake restriction required to reach the weight-loss goal is _______________. If the weight loss time period is 27 weeks, the weekly kcalorie restrictions to achieve the goal are _______________ and the daily kcalorie restrictions to achieve this goal are _________________.

122,500 kcalories 4,537 kcalories 648 kcalories

Calculate the estimated energy requirement (EER) for a female who weighs 140 pounds, is 65 inches tall, and is 30 years old. She is also sedentary. The EER for this woman is:

1940 kcalories

High or low quality Seafood poultry gelatin corn soy black beans

high high low low high low

Initially, when energy intake exceeds expenditure, fat cells ___________ size and _______________ in number.

increase do not change

when blood glucose levels rise, the pancreas secretes

insulin

he basal metabolic rate is mainly influenced by the amount of _________ body mass.

lean

The blood lipid profile reveals the concentration of various lipids in the blood. A desirable level of total cholesterol is ______________.

less than 200mg/dl

For complete oxidation, acetyl CoA enters ___________.

The TCA Cycle

All of the following are sensible guidelines to achieve weight loss except: a. Eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food. b. Focus on plant-based foods c. Engage in at least 30 minutes of physical exercise daily. d. A minimum of 1200 kcalories are needed to ensure nutritional adequacy. e. Choose low energy density foods

a. Eat rapidly to avoid prolonged contact with food.

All of the following are recommendations for dietary fat and cholesterol intake EXCEPT: a. consuming at least 300 mg of cholesterol per day. b. consuming 20-35% of daily energy intake from fat. c. consuming as little trans fat as possible. d. consuming less than 10% of daily energy intake from saturated fat.

a. consuming at least 300 mg of cholesterol per day.

which of these items is not an "added sugar"?

cinnamon

If your diet contains an excessive amount of protein, the excess amino acids are:

deaminated and made into either ATP or fat.

The ___________ is the most active processing center in the body.

liver

Which organ is the primary site for alcohol metabolism?

liver

When these two plant protein foods, _______ and __________ are combined, a complementary protein is made, containing all of the essential amino acids in quantities sufficient to support health.

rice black beans

Fill in the missing columns by matching the characteristic with the type of lipid. solid at room temperature hydrogenated liquid at room temperature

saturated saturated unsaturated

Most lipid digestion occurs in the

small intestine

Food manufacturers add sugar to their food products for many reasons. Which of the following is generally not a reason:

to remove seeds from fruit preserves

What is the first dietary objective to treat anorexia nervosa?

to stop further weight loss

A person's __________ circumference is a good indicator of central obesity and suggests the presence of _____________ fat.

waist visceral

A saturated fatty acid contains ____________ double bonds within the fatty acid chain, whereas an unsaturated fatty acid contains _____________ double bonds.

zero one or more

Match the FDA approved weight loss drugs with their side effects in the right column. Belviq, Qsymia, Saxenda, Alli GI Cramping diarrhea rare cases of liver injury, Headaches dizziness dry mouth and constipation high doses cause hallucinations, Increased heart rate birth defects in early pregnancy suicidal thoughts, Nausea diarrhea constipation increased heart rate suicidal thoughts

Belviq - Headaches dizziness dry mouth and constipation high doses cause hallucinations Qsymia - Increased heart rate birth defects in early pregnancy suicidal thoughts Saxenda - Nausea diarrhea constipation increased heart rate suicidal thoughts Alli - GI Cramping diarrhea rare cases of liver injury

What is the most common eating disorder in both males and females?

Binge Eating Disorder

"Natural" herbal products and dietary supplements promoting weight loss __________ be considered safe or effective just because they are available in the market.

Cannot

Match the term to the correct definition. Eicosanoids, adipokines, omega-6 fatty acid acid family, omega-3 fatty acid family, essential fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, develops from linoleic acid, hormones secreted b adipose tissue, hormone-like comounds that have a localized effect, develop from linolenic acid

Eicosanoids - Hormone-like compounds that have a localized effect Adipokines - hormones secreted by adipose tissue Omega-6 Fatty Acid Family - develops from linoleic acid Omega-3 Fatty Acid Family - Develop from linolenic acid Essential Fatty Acids - Must be supplied from the diet

A triglyceride consists of three fatty acids attached to a

Glycerol

________________are acidic compounds produced by the liver when fasting causes glycogen to be depleted.

Ketone Bodies

Like carbohydrates and lipids, proteins are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. However, they also contain ____________ atoms.

Nitrogen

Which of the following is true about the body's set point?

Point above which the body tends to lose weight and below which it tends to gain weight

___________________ are protein-making machines and are composed of RNA and protein.

Ribosomes

The part of the chemical structure that differentiates one amino acid from another is its _____________.

Side Group

A nonstarch polysaccharide that dissolves in water to form a gel is the definition of a

Soluble fiber

Gluconeogenesis is the process of making glucose from _____________ and ______________ when glycogen stores become depleted during a fast.

amino acids glycerol

anabolism or catabolism? requires energy breaks down glycerol hydrolysis occurs assembles proteins releases energy

anabolism catabolism catabolism anabolism catabolism

people with lactose intolerance

are unable to digest lactose

Which of the following is true about energy metabolism in formerly obese people who have lost weight? a. Formerly obese people are less efficient at storing fat. b. Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight and body composition. c. Energy expenditure is the same per kilogram body weight compared with the obese state. d. Basal metabolic rates are higher after weight loss than during the obese state. e. Energy expenditure is the same as in people who were never obese.

b. Energy requirements are lower than expected for their current body weight and body composition.

Chylomicrons transport ______________ to the body cells.

dietary lipids

An athlete would need to ______________ to meet basic protein needs.

eat sufficient amounts of foods from all of the food groups to meet increased energy needs

Binge drinking is defined as the consumption of ____________ on a single occasion that raises blood alcohol concentration to 0.08 percent or higher.

four to five drinks or more

Which of the following food groups contains no protein?

fruits

The body derives most its energy from _____________ and ____________ .

glucose fatty acids

the storage form of glucose is

glycogen

Low FODMAP diets often are used to treat which condition

irritable bowel syndrome

When a person begins to drink alcohol, which of the following functions is (are) the first to be affected?

judgment and reasoning

When the body is lacking glucose, fat fragments can combine to form

ketone bodies

name the disaccharide that corresponds to the monosaccharide combination: lactose, maltose, sucrose. glucose + glucose glucose + fructose glucose + galactose

maltose: glucose + glucose sucrose: glucose + fructose lactose: glucose + glalactose

Fill in the missing columns by matching the food choice with the type of fat. Avocado Cheddar Cheese Coconut Oil Canola Oil

monounsaturated saturated saturated monounsaturated

Transcription occurs in the ____________ and translation occurs in the ______________ .

nucleus cytoplasm

Prevention of obesity is most critical during childhood/adolescence when fat cells increase in ____________ . People with ______________ number of fat cells tend to regain lost weight more readily.

number an increased

In the stomach, hydrochloric acid denatures proteins and activates ______________.

pepsin

Calculate the BMI of a person who is 69 inches tall and weighs 200 pounds. The calculated BMI is:

29.5

Place these foods in order of their fiber content, from lowest to highest. 1/2 cup of black-eyed peas 1 ounce 100% bran cereal 1/2 cup blueberries 1 cup bean sprouts

3 4 1 2

Many enzymes cannot function without the assistance of a ________________ .

Coenzyme

The making of a disaccharide from two monosaccharides is an example of:

Condensation

The USDA Food Patterns sorts protein foods into three subgroups. The total recommended weekly intake of seafood should be about ____ percent.

20

The Dietary Guidelines for Americans recommends that consumers limit their daily intake of added sugars to 10 percent or less of total kcalories. On a 2000-calorie diet, how many calories from added sugar would this be?

200

The energy density of a baked potato that weighs 122 grams and delivers 114 kcalories is __________ . The energy density of 1 oz of potato chips, which weigh 28 grams and deliver 154 kcalories, is ________________.

0.93 kcalories/g 5.5 kcalories/g

In order to gain weight, a person must take in at least an extra ________ calories a day and use _______________ training to ensure healthy weight gain.

500 stregnth

Fill in the missing columns by matching the factor with its effect on the basal metabolic rate (BMR). Increases or decreases fasting/starvation: thyroxine hormone: Fever: age:

Decreases Increases Increases Decreases

Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of all of the following risk factors, except:

Dementia

Match the stages influencing food intake with the factors that influence them, and place them in the correct order. Hunger, Keep eating, Satiety, Satiation, Seek food and start meal GI hormones, gastric contractions, Smell and taste of food, Awareness of fullness, abundance of food, Stretch receptors triggered, small intestine releases hormones, Brain receives signals about nutrient availability, use, and storage

Hunger - GI hormones, gastric contractions Keep eating - Awareness of fullness, abundance of food Satiety - Brain receives signals about nutrient availability, use, and storage Satiation - Stretch receptors triggered, small intestine releases hormones Seek food and start meal - Smell and taste of food

Fill in the term corresponding to each method to assess body fat. Air displacement plethysmography, Bioelectrical impedance, Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, Hydrodensitometry Determines body density in land compared with submerged in water Uses low dose X-rays to differentiate tissue types Measures body fat with an electrical current Commonly called the bod pod

Hydrodensitometry Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry Bioelectrical impedance Air displacement plethysmography

Elevated blood ________ cholesterol is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD).

LDL

Match the term to the correct definition Ocalacetate, Irreversible metabolic reaction, deamination, electron transport chain, lactic acid synthesis of pyruvate from acetyl CoA, product made from pyruvate when oxygen is limited, A carbohydrate intermediate in the TCA cycle, removal of amino group, captures the energy released from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to make ATP

Oxalacetate - A carbohydrate intermediate in the TCA cycle Irreversible metabolic reaction - synthesis of pyruvate from acetyl CoA Deamination - removal of amino group Electron Transport Chain - captures the energy released from the breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins to make ATP Lactic Acid - product made from pyruvate when oxygen is limited

The Percent Daily Value describes the amount of fat in a food, as a percent of the Daily Value for fat. The percent kcalories of fat is the percentage of the total kcalories of fat in the food. Assume you purchased a frozen macaroni cheese product that provides 250 kcalories and 12 grams of fat. The Daily Value for fat is 65 grams, based on a 2000-kcalorie diet. Part 1: Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Macaroni and Cheese. Part 2: Calculate the percent of fat kcalories in the Macaroni and Cheese. Part 3: Which number will provide you with an accurate idea of how this choice affects the Daily Value recommendation?

Part 1: Percent Daily Value: 18.5% Part 2: Percent kcalories: 43.2% Part 3: Best choice: percent kcalories

When body weight decreases, fat cells ________________ in size, and the number of fat cells ______________ .

decrease remains the same

Match the type of protein to its corresponding function Structural protein, transporter, enzyme, antibody Provides strength and shape to skin, inactivates foreign invaders, facilitates chemical reactions, moves substances within the circulatory system and across cell membranes

Structural Protein - provides stregnth and shape to skin Transporter - moves substances within the circulatory system and across cell membranes Enzyme - facilitates chemical reactions Antibody - inactivated foreign invaders

electron transport chain, glycolysis, or TCA cycle ____________Final, common metabolic pathway for carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids _____________Pathway that ends in the production of acetyl CoA _____________The final pathway in energy metabolism where ATP is made

TCA Cycle Glycolysis Electron Transport Chain

One of the following statements lists the components of energy metabolism in correct order from the highest expenditure to the smallest expenditure. Which list is correct?

basal metabolism, physical activity, thermic effect of food

Most proteins are broken down into their amino acids ___________ absorption in the small intestine.

before

__________ emulsifies fat, whereas __________ digests fat.

bile lipase

Fill in the term corresponding to each definition. Body weight, Body composition, Visceral fat, Central obesity, Body mass index or BMI Proportion of muscle, bone, fat, and other tissue that make up total body weight Fat + lean tissue (including water) Relative weight for height Excess fat around the trunk of the body Fat within the abdominal cavity near internal organs

body composition body weight body mass index or BMI Central obesity Visceral fat

Fill in the term corresponding to each term associated with obesity. Brown adipose tissue, Ghrelin, Irisin, Leptin masses of specialized fat cells packed with pigmented mitochondria that produce heat instead of ATP Hormone that maintains homeostasis by regulating food intake and energy expenditures in response to adipose tissue Hormone that promotes eating and weight gain by increasing smell sensitivity, stimulating appetite, and promoting energy storage Protein that triggers transformation of white fat cells into brite fat cells

brown adipose tissue leptin ghrelin irisin

Metabolism is defined as the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body, including ___________ reactions that break apart larger molecules into smaller molecules and ____________ reactions that convert smaller molecules into larger ones.

catabolic anabolic

All of the following are true regarding weight-loss surgery except: a. With limited food intake and reduced absorptive surfaces, vitamin and mineral deficiencies are common. b. Food intake is limited by reducing stomach capacity. c. Dramatic improvements are seen in blood lipids, lower blood pressure, and diabetes. d. Medical supervision is only required for the first 6-9 months after surgery. e. Bariatric surgery suppresses hunger and alters metabolism by changing production of hormones.

d. Medical supervision is only required for the first 6-9 months after surgery.

If energy intake continues to exceed energy expenditure, the ____________ fat cells stimulate cell proliferation so fat cell number _____________ .

enlarged increases

Fill in the missing columns with essential or nonessential nutrients. Lysine Valine Arginine Methionine

essential essential nonessential essential

State whether the following foods have a high, medium, or low glycemic index. white rice corn tortilla apple juice brown rice

high low low medium

A BMI of 32 would indicate that a person is __________.

obese

The cell membrane is made of _____________ assembled into a lipid bilayer.

phospholipids

A Chain of more than ten monosaccharides linked together is called a

polysaccharide

The ____________ of amino acids in a protein chain determines its shape.

sequence

Lipids that have a multiple ring structure are called

sterols

Carbohydrate digestion temporarily is halted in the

stomach