exam . 2

joints

(articulation) places of contract between bones, bones & cartilage, or bones and teeth

eponychium

(cuticle) narrow band of epidermis from margin of nail wall onto nail body

Bursae

-Synovial fluid filled structure resembling a limp water balloon. -A fibrous structure lined with a synovial membrane, like the articular capsule. -connected or separated from joints cavity -found in synovial joints where bones, ligaments, muscles, skin or tendons rub together -alleviate friction

hip joint acetabular labrum

-articulation between head of the femur and acetabulum of os coxa -cup like depression -permitting movment in 3 planes acetabular labrum - fibrocartilaginous ring that deepens socket more stable, less mobile

medial meniscus and lateral meniscus

-deep to the articular capsule and within the knee -C-shaped fibrocartilage pads on top of tibial condyles -cushioning between articular surfaces -change shape to conform to articulating surfaces -partially stablize joint medially and laterally

4 stages of wound healing

1-cut blood vessels bleed into wound 2-blood clot forms & leukocytes clean wound 3-blood vessels re-grow & granulation tissue forms 4-epithelium regenerates & CT fibrosis occurs

calcium is required for (4)

1-muscle contraction 2-exocytosis of molecules from cells 3-stimulation of the heart by pacemaker cells 4-blood clotting

thoracic cage consist of (3)

1-thoracic vertebrae posteriorly 2-ribs laterally 3-sternum anteriorly

5 zones of epiphyseal plate

1. zone of resting cartilage - secures epiphysis to epiphyseal plate 2. zone of proliferating cartilage 3. zone of hypertrophic cartilage -grow in size 4. zone of calcified cartilage -begins to die 5. zone of ossification

Articular capsule

A double-layered structure composed of connective tissue, where the two bones join. Outer fibrous layer is dense irregular collagenous connective tissue that keeps the articulating bones form being pulled apart. Isolates the joint from the blood supply and protects the blood vessels from damage and safeguards the joint from toxins and disease-causing organisms that can be found in blood.

Explain why as a joint becomes more stable, it becomes less mobile, and vice versa.

A joint can be mobile or stable but generally not both. More mobility means they become increasingly less stable, which makes these the most easily injured. The more stable a joint is means the less mobility and less injury.

Atlas vs Axis

Atlas (C1) -supports head -permits nodding "yes" Axis (C2) -body of axis fused here -permits shaking the head "no"

Joint cavity/synovial cavity

Between the two articulating bones. Three unique features - articular capsule, synovial fluid, and an articular cartilage.

Fibrous joint

Bones edges held together by dense regular collagenous connective tissue; no joint cavity; no articular capsule.

opposition

Involves movement of the thumb across the palmer surface of the hand. Ex. Using your thumb to touch the tip of the other four fingers. Important for grasping objects.

Synovial joints

Layer of hyaline cartilage covers surface of each articulating bone; separated by a fluid-filled joint cavity; articular capsule present. Diarthrosis: freely movable. Stability ranges with the subcategories. includes: articular capsule, joint cavity, synovial fluid, articular cartilage, ligaments, nerves, and blood vessels

Tendon sheaths

Long bursae that surround some tendons in high stress regions of the human body. Protect long tendons as they course over and around synovial joints.

Describe the four different ways a joint can move around an axis. Identify specific joints within each category.

Nonaxial joints - allow motion to occur in one or more planes but do not move around an axis. Uniaxial joints - allow motion around only one axis. Biaxial joints - allow motion around two axes. Triaxial - also called multiaxial, allow motion around three axes.

Adipose tissue

Packed into he empty spaces surrounding the joint. Pliable and can change shape as the synovial joint moves. Provides protective padding.

Ligaments

Strand of dense regular collagenous connective tissue that connects one bone to another to strengthen and reinforce the joint. Two types of ligaments •Intrinsic - thickened regions of the articular capsule, found within the articular capsule. •Extrinsic - not part of the articular capsule, may be found inside or outside the joint cavity.

Tendons

Structural component of a skeletal muscle composed of dense regular collagenous connective tissue. Connects muscle to bone or another structure. Typically cross over or around a joint so that when a muscle contracts, the force generated is transmitted across the joint, which results in motion.

Describe the functional classification of joints based on degree of movement allowed: synarthrosis, amphiarthrosis, and diarthrosis.

Synarthrosis - does not allow any movement between articulating bones and provides the greatest stability. It can be fibrous or cartilaginous joint. Strongest joint b/c it does not allow any movment Amphiarthrosis - allows only a small amount of movement between articulating bones and provides a significant amount of stability, but less than synarthrosis. It can be fibrous or cartilaginous joint. Diarthrosis - freely moveable, allowing a wide variety of specific movements, and provides the least amount of stability. Weakest joint and all synovial joints.

Synovial fluid

Thick, colorless, oily liquid that serves 3 main functions in the joint. Lubricates the joint cavity and articulating surfaces to reduce friction. Protects the articulating ends. Supplies nutrients such as glucose to the cells in the joint cavity. Removes metabolic waste properties in the cells. Helps to evenly distribute the force and stress exerted on the articular surfaces of the bones during movement.

inversion

a rotational motion of the foot in which the planter surface rotates medially toward the midline of the body looking "in"to the foot when stepping on gum

nerves that supply bone

accompany blood vessels through foramen innverate bone, periosteum, endosteum, and marrow cavity mainly sensory nerves

structure of hyaline cartilage

avascular and contains no nerves

Parathyroid hormone and calcitrol interact with major organs (3)

bone - acts synergistically to increase release of calcium from the bone into the blood by increasing osteoclast activty kidneys - stimulate the kidney to excrete less calcium in urine and increase calcium reabsorption small intestine - only calcitriol increases absorption of calcium from small intestine into into the blood

blood supply

bone highly vascularized vessels enter from periosteum nutrient foramen @ long bones only -artery enters & vein exit

rotation

bone pivots on its own longitudinal axis

subscapular fossa

broad anterior surface of scapula subscapularis muscle overlies this fossa

_____ stimulates absorption of calcium ions from small intestine into the blood

calcitriol

parathyroid hormone increase rate, so more ____ is formed

calcitriol

____ and ___ dissolved by hydrochloric acid

calcium & phosphate

organic component is

collagen protein

compact bone spongy bone

compact bone -dense or cortical bone -80% of bone mass spongy bone -cancellous or trabecular bone -located internal to compact bone -20% of bone mass

fontanelles

cranial bones interconnected by dense regular CT "soft spots" on baby's head

flexion

decreases the angle between articulating bones by bring the two bones together. ex: bending finger

Syndesmoses joint

dense regular collagenous connective tissue between two long bones. its fibrous. bound by an interosseous membrane, btw radius & ulna, tibia & fibula Amphiarthrosis: some movement allowed. Somewhat stable.

supraspinous fossa

depression superior to spine supraspinatus muscle

patellar ligament

extends from patella to tibial tuberosity

short, flat, & irregular bones differ form long bones

external surface composed of compact bones interior composed of spongy bones no medullary cavity

explain the difference between male & female in the skull

female - more delicate and small male - larger and bulkier

Symphyses joints

fibrocartilage pad between the hyaline cartilage on the two articulating bones. Amphiarthrosis: some movement allowed. Less stable, somewhat mobile.

circumduction

freely moveable distal bones moves around a stationary proximal bone in a cone shaped motion. Ex. If you draw a circle on the wall by moving your shoulder only.

first class levers

fulcrum is between effort & resistance ex: effort applied to handle of scissors -> fulcrum along the middle of scissors, where the finger goes is the effort, the sharp part of the scissor is the resistance

elbow is a ____ composed of two articulation: humeroulnar joint & humeroradial joint. Explain humeroulnar joint & humeroradial joint

hinge joint humeroulnar joint - trochlear notch of ulna articulating with trochlea of humerus humeroradius joint - capitulum of humerus articulating with head of radius

Articular cartilage

hyaline cartilage on bone surface at joint functions: -reduces friction during movement -acts as a cushion to absorb joint compression -prevents damage to articulating ends of bones lacks a perichondrium its avascular

Synchondroses joints

hyaline cartilage plate between bones. Synarthrosis (epiphyseal plate) or amphiarthrosis (sternocostal joint): no or little movement allowed, respectively. Less stable, somewhat mobile.

infraspinous fossa

inferior to the spine infraspinatus muscle

interstitial growth and appositional growth is growth in ___

interstitial growth is growth in length appositional growth is growth in width

many bones of skull formed by _____ almost all remaining bones formed by ____

intramenbranous ossification endochondral ossification

hyperextension

joint extended more than 180 degrees ex: glancing up at the ceiling while standing

abduction

lateral movement of the body part away from midline ex: The first step to a jumping Jack where the arms and legs are away from the midline.

transverse process

lateral projections on both sides of vertebral arch

supination

lateral rotation of forearm so palm of hand anterior

adduction

medial movement of body part toward midline ex: arm/thigh brought back toward midline "add" to midline

pronation

medial rotation of forearm so palm of hand posterior

ceruminous glands

modified apocrine sweat glands @ only in external ear canal secretions of water proof earwax, cerumen

protraction

moves a body part in the anterior direction ex: poking jaw forward/outwards

dermis has ___ and ___ layers. Meaning that thick & thin always have 2 layers.

papillary & reticular

pectoral girdle holding _______ pelvic girdle articulating ______

pectoral girdle holding upper limbs in place pelvic girdle articulating with lower limb

posterior fontanelle & anterior fontanelle when do they close?

posterior fontanelle - closes at around 9 months anterior fontanelle - closes at around 15 months

spinous process

projects posteriorly from laminae junction

fibular collateral ligament

reinforces lateral surface of joint extends from femurs to fibula prevents hyperadduction

proteolytic enzyme

released from lysosomes within osteoclast & break protein

sternoclavicular joint

saddle joint formed by manubrium and sternal end of clavicle

parathyroid hormone

secreted and released by parathyroid glands in response to reduce blood calcium levels

lateral flexion

sideways movement ex: tilting your head to one side or the other toward your shoulder

Sutures joint

skull bones held together by short fibrous connective tissue fibers. Synarthrosis: no movement allowed. Most stable.

osteoprogenitor cells

stem cells derived from mesenchyme cellular division yields another stem cell and a "committed cell" located in periosteum & endosteum

sprain

stretching or tearing of ligaments without fracture or dislocation results from twisting foot fibers of lateral ligament stretched or town localized swelling & tendernes

arthology

study of joints

plantar flexion

the angle between foot and tibia increases ex: ballerina on tiptoes in full plantar flexion

dorsiflexion

the angle between the foot and the tibia decreases. Ex. The toes are pulled up toward the head.

retraction

the body part moves posteriorly ex: pulling jaw back into place

depression

the movement of a body part in an inferior direction. Ex. movement of mandible while opening mouth

elevation

the movement of body part in superior direction ex: movement of mandible when closing mouth

extension

the opposite of flexion, increases the angle between articulating bones. ex: straightening your fingers after making a fist

eversion

the plantar surface(sole) of the foot rotates laterally away from the midline of the body

reposition

the return of the thumb to its anatomical position

Gomphoses joint

tooth within the bony cavity held by the periodontal ligament. Synarthrosis: no movement allowed. Stable. its fibrous.

lateral rotation

turns anterior surface of bone laterally

medial rotation

turns anterior surface of bone medially

gliding

two opposing surfaces sliding back-and-forth or side-to-side only limited movement possible in any direction @carpals or tarsals

vitamin D, vitamin C what is calcium & phosphate used for?

vitamin D - enhances calcium absorption from GI test vitamin C - required for collagen formation Calcium & phosphate for calcification

Cartilaginous joint

wedge of cartilage located between articulating bones; no joint cavity; no articular capsule.

bone growth in length occurs specifically within?

zone 2 (proliferating cartilage) zone 3 (hypertrophic cartilage) pushes zone of resting cartilage toward epiphysis

Identify the different structural classifications of synovial joints and describe the movements that can occur at each. Identify specific joints within each category.

• Plane - uniaxial; flat bone surfaces glide across one another, least mobile. Ex. shoulder. • Hinge - uniaxial; convex surface within concave depression, like the hinge of door. Ex. Elbow and knee joints. • Pivot - uniaxial; bone with rounded surface fits into ligament ring, rotation on a longitudinal axis • Condylar - biaxial; convex oval surface of one bone articulates with concave oval surface of another bone. • Saddle - biaxial; saddle shaped surface of one bone fits into a depression of another bone. Ex. Articulation between the first metacarpal and the trapezium (thumb joint). • Ball and Socket - multiaxial; spherical head of one bone fiting into cuplike socket. permits movement, most freely mobile