Exam 3

According to Berkeley, Ideas of primary qualities are nothing but interpretations of ideas of secondary qualities. The assumption that material substances exist leads to skepticism. Only the mental world exists.

All of the above

Locke says that a rational parrot should be called a man or a human.

False

George Berkeley

Modern Empiricist

One difference between impressions and ideas is that

ideas are copies of impressions.

Berkeley is a

monist: only one kind of thing exists, immaterial substances

We have two kinds of perceptions, according to Hume:

Ð Impressions: forceful, lively perceptions produced when external objects act on the senses Ð Ideas: more feeble (less lively) perceptions that are copies of impressions

Berkeley and the primary/secondary distinction

1. Secondary qualities exist only in the mind. 2. Ideas of primary qualities are nothing but interpretations of secondary qualities. 3. Therefore, primary qualities exist only in the mind

Locke also accepts the following

Representative realism (sometimes called "indirect realism"): There is a mind independent world, a world beyond our ideas, a world that causes our ideas. Ideas in the mind represent the mind independent world in much the same way as a photo represents the scene of which it is a photo. Berkeley realized that if the three claims of empiricism are true, we cannot know anything beyond our ideas. That means that we could not know there is a mind independent world.

What makes a self the same self at different times

The diachronic question

When Hume traces his idea of inductive inferences, he finds he has no impression of an unexamined case.

True

Locke= empiricism

all knowledge comes through experience, ideas, all knowledge is from ideas

What is a self at a time?

The synchronic question

There are two ways to interpret Hume. On the traditional interpretation he is a skeptic who believes we have no knowledge of causes and that the process of induction never gives us knowledge either. He is said to be a skeptic regarding morals and even the self. More recent Hume scholars, however, believe that Hume is a skeptic only about prevailing views about causes, induction, and the others, and that Hume offers a positive view about what knowledge of these things consists in.

True

According to Parfit, one person can be identical to two persons who are not identical to each other.

False

Monoist

believe one thing exists, but doesn't believe in material world

David Hume

Along with Locke and Berkeley, he is one of the three great British empiricists.

Hume's The Self:

The idea of the self is nothing but a bundle of experiences for which I have a special kind of concern. Hume does not claim that we have no idea of causation or the self. Nor does he claim that inductive inferences are never justified. He claims our ideas of these things are not discovered by reason, but are a combination of what we experience through our senses and how our feelings respond to those experiences.

Because Descartes held that the self is a thinking thing, the Cartesian View is also known as the Psychological View of personal identity.

False

Berkeley believed that our ideas are caused by the material world.

False

Matters of fact

Sometimes called synthetic propositions, eg The sky is green Their negation does not lead to a contradiction, it merely changes the truth value They are known a posteriori, meaning that experience is required to know them (requires experience) They are not true by definition (their predicate is not included in their subject) Their truth is contingent

Berkeley and Material Substance:

The assumption that there are material substances leads to contradictions. The assumption that there material substances leads to skepticism. The assumption that there is a physical world is unnecessary Ockham's Razor favors the view called Idealism: Only the mental world exists. According to Berkeley, esse est percipi: To be is to be perceived. What we call physical objects are nothing but bundles of ideas. Language plays a crucial role in organizing our experience

Which of the following is a matter of fact in Hume's sense? All bachelors are unmarried. The earth is flat, not round. All triangles have four sides. None of the above are matters of fact in Hume's sense.

The earth is flat, not round.

According to Hume, the self is nothing but a bundle of experiences. the self does not exist. The self is nothing but a bundle of experiences plus a something I know not what to support the bundle. All of the above.

The self is nothing but a bundle of experience

According to Hume, there are two kinds of perceptions. He calls them

impressions and ideas

According to Hume, if a term cannot be traced back to an impression,

it has no meaning.

Inductive inferences

move from known cases to unknown, from observed cases to unobserved. Ð All emeralds previously discovered are green. Therefore the next one discovered will be green Ð The sun has risen every day for at least 4.6 billion years. Therefore the sun will rise tomorrow

According to Hume, we can trace our idea of ourself to an impression, an impression that is constant and unchanging throughout our life..

False

According to Locke, a person is an immaterial substance and so personal identity is nothing more than the continued existence of the same immaterial substance.

False

Which of the following ideas are innate, according to Locke? Our idea of substance. Our idea of identity Both of the above None of the above.

None of the above

According to Locke, consciousness alone makes personal identity, where "consciousness" is typically understood as memory. T/F

True

Skepticism Regarding Inductive Claims

Inductive inferences move from known cases to unknown, from observed cases to unobserved. For example, All emeralds previously discovered are green. Therefore the next one discovered will be green The sun has risen every day for at least 4.6 billion years. Therefore the sun will rise tomorrow What impression justifies the inference? When Hume traces his idea of inductive inferences, he finds he has no impression of an unexamined case.

Which of the following is a relation of ideas? Murder causes pain. Barking dogs bark. All emerelds are green. God loves everyone.

barking dogs bark

Locke believes the following three claims:

All knowledge comes through experience All experience is experience of ideas All knowledge is knowledge of ideas Berkeley believed all three as well.

Which of the following claims does Locke believe? All knowledge comes through experience. All experience is experience of ideas. All knowledge is knowledge is knowledge of ideas

All of the Above

Our idea of substance, according to Locke, is obscure, not clear. an idea of something, but he knows not what. an idea of something that supports or stands under the qualities of a thing, and really is the thing in which all the properties inhere. All of the above.

All of the above

When Hume says, " There are some philosophers who imagine we are every moment intimately conscious of what we call our SELF; that we feel its existence and its continuance in existence; and are certain, beyond the evidence of a demonstration, both of its perfect identity and simplicity" what philosophers does he have in mind?

Cartesian philosophers who believe the self is an immaterial substance that remains identical at different times.

Hume's Skepticism Skepticism Regarding Causal Claims

Claims of the form "X causes Y" are matters of fact (not relations of ideas). This means that they are true false because of how the world is, not merely by the relations of ideas between the subject term and predicate term. It also means that their truth is determined by tracing back the ideas to their impressions. When Hume traces his idea of causation back to impressions, he finds he never has an impression of the cause.

According to Hume, our idea of ourself is clear and distinct.

False

According to Hume, our ideas of causation and induction, are derived from reason alone, not experience.

False

According to Hume, relations of ideas are meaningless.

False

Berkeley rejects the material world because he believes that material weath is the root of all evil.

False

Berkeley was a rationalist.

False

Locke believes that the mind and body are distinct substances that are only contingently related, that the body is a material substance and the mind is immaterial.

False

On Locke's view, all humans are persons.

False

On Locke's view, all persons are humans.

False

On Locke's view, personal identity consists in sameness of substance.

False

Relations of ideas concern apriori reasoning found only in philosophy while matters of fact concern the aposteriori reasoning found only in the scientific method.

False

When Lent says love is historical, he means that it goes back to ancient times.

False

A Tentative Conclusion about Hume's Skeptical Solution

Hume claims that self-knowledge, moral knowledge, and scientific knowledge have the same epistemological status: Scientific statements are known in the same way and to the same degree as moral statements and statements about the self.

other things Locke thinks we can know:

Locke thinks we know that our ideas of primary qualities correctly represent the world He thinks we can know that our ideas of secondary qualities do not represent the world. We could not know these things if Locke is right about the three claims associated with his empiricism. Berkeley aims at a more consistent empiricism, an empiricism that denies any knowledge at all of material substance and urges its elimination by Ockham's Razor.

Relations of ideas

Sometimes called analytic propositions: eg All bachelors are unmarried Their negation leads to a self-contradiction They can be known apriori, independently without experience They are true by definition (their predicate is included in their subject) They are necessarily true, they are not continentally true All triangles are lateral= necessarily true, can't be false Lent will die= continentally true They are tautologies (A is A everything is identical to self) , logical truths that are redundant and repetitious

Hume's Skeptical Solution Causation:

The idea of causation is that of constant conjunction (this happens and then that happens) plus habit or custom, a feeling of confidence.

Hume's Induction:

The idea that the future will resemble the past can be justified only by noting that in the past, the future has always resembled the past, which is circular. Here too, it is a feeling, not reason, that justifies the inference.

The Cartesian View of the Self:

The mind and body are distinct substances that are contingently related. The mind is an immaterial substance.

What is Descartes' answer to the question of synchronic identity? Consciousness alone makes personal identity. The self is an immaterial thinking substance that is distinct from the material body, though contingently related to it. The self is nothing but a bundle of experiences. None of the above

The self is an immaterial thinking substance that is distinct from the material body, though contingently related to it.

"Esse est percipi " means

To be is to be perceived

"Make makes something a self at a particular time?" is a question about synchronic personal identity.

True

"What makes a self the same self at different times?" is a question about diachronic personal identity.

True

According to Berkeley, if empiricism is correct, we could never know if our ideas correctly represent the world.

True

According to Berkeley, what we call physical objects are nothing but bundles of ideas.

True

According to Hume, our ideas of causality and induction can be traced back to impressions produced by the world upon our senses and to the feelings we experience.

True

According to Locke, our idea of a person is not the idea of an immaterial substance but the idea of a thinking intelligent being with self-awareness.

True

According to Locke, our ideas of primary qualities correctly represent the material world.

True

According to Parfit, everything that matters in a person's survival can be preserved, even if half of a person's brain is transplanted into two different bodies.

True

According to Parfit, personal identity is not what matters in a person's existence through time.

True

According to the traditional interpretation of Hume, a sentence such as "smoking causes cancer" can't be traced back to impressions, since we have no impression of a cause.

True

Derek Parfit believes we can survive in a different body, even if nothing of the original body remains, even the brain

True

If a statement is knowable apriori, it can be known with certainty and can't be falsified by experience, according to Hume.

True

If we don't have causal knowledge or inductive knowledge, then we don't have scientific knowledge either.

True

Locke believed that our ideas are caused by a material world,

True

Locke believes that our idea of identity is formed when we experience an idea, for example, the idea of a pink ball, and then experience that same idea again, and then compare the two ideas in our mind and perceive that they are the same.

True

When Locke uses the word "man" such as when he considers what it is to be the same man through time, the word "man" means, human. It is a term that refers to whatever biologists refer to when they refer to humans. T/F

True

Hume's Morals:

What impression can the idea, "Stealing is wrong" be traced back to? Morals are derived through the internal experiences of praise and blame, of the feelings that give rise to our saying "hurrah!" or "boo!"

Locke believes in

all knowledge comes through experience, all experience is the experience of ideas, all knowledge is knowledge of ideas Berkeley believes all three as well

According to Parfit, A person can survive in a different body if that person's brain is transplanted into a different body. A person can survive in a different body if half that person's brain is transplanted into a different body. A person can survive in a different body if both halves of that person's brain are transplanted into different bodies. All of the above

all of the above

What is an inductive inference?

an inference in which the premises make the conclusion certain.

According to Lent, the major problem with Parfit's view is that it ignores the soul that it ignores relations among mental events, such as the relation between an experience and the subsequent memory of that experience. that Parfit uses imaginary cases that can't possibly happen. All of the above None of the above

none of the above

According to Hume, the self does not exist. The self is nothing but a bundle of experiences plus a something I know not what to support the bundle. All of the above.

the self is nothing but a bundle of experiences.