Exam 3
What is the additional standard needed for public official and libel?
- In order to prove libel, a public official must show that the newspaper acted with actual malice (knowledge that it was false or with reckless disregard for truth)
Comics Code Industry - When/why was it formed?
- In the 1930s and spiraled from newspapers and the pulps; made with the intent to protect kids from harmful content
What is indecency, and it is protected?
- Indecent behavior and it is protected by the first amendment mainly for ideas
Independent and Documentary Films- How are each funded?
- Independent films are funded through loans, pre-sales, investors. - Documentaries are funded through grants, funds, or self-funding if applicable.
Independent and Documentary Films- How are each distributed?
- Independent films are mainly distributed through film festivals or are available directly to the consumer or they can self-distribute it. - Documentaries are distributed through channels, self-distribution, film festivals, DVD, and theaters too.
Independent and Documentary Films-What is significant about the style of each?
- Independent is made by smaller production companies and are made more for enjoyment rather than for profit. - Documentary can be big or small but are made to educate.
The three-pronged approach used by George Gerbner's cultivation theory to understand television violence involved surveys, content analysis, and institutional analysis. Be comfortable with these terms.
- Institutional process analysis tells us why does the media produce the messages that they do - Message system analysis tells us what kind of message is the media transmitting - Cultivation analysis tells us how does the media affect how we view our environment
Direct Effects (also known as Hypodermic Needle Model)
- Intended message is directly received and wholly accepted by the receiver
Intrusion of Privacy
- Invasion into the personal life of another, without just cause, which can give the person whose privacy has been invaded a right to bring a lawsuit for damages against the person or entity that intruded
Audience Analysis
- Involves identifying the audience and adapting a speech to their interests, levels of understanding, attitudes, and beliefs
What is branded content? is it exclusive to magazines?
- Is the practice of marketing via the creation of content that is funded or outright produced by an advertiser? - No, we can find it on social media and movies
Why do writers want to work there?
- It allows them to write about topics that actually interest them and can be tailored to a specific category
When did cable become available? Who had access to cable during this time?
- It first appeared in 1948 and it was brought to people in geographically remote areas.
Why is it important to measure television viewing? Why is a shared system of ratings needed?
- It is important to measure tv viewing because that actually shows you how much of the public is watching your shows and if you'll be able to survive. A shared system will allow for tv networks to compare their ratings and allow to see if they match and how and what can be changed.
Comics Code Industry-What was the impact of these regulations on the comic industry?
- It made a lot of content hard to make since comic books were primarily those things and because of that the superhero genre took off
Problems with Yellow Journalism?
- It was fake news and lies and mainly focused on people getting more readers than reading good content
Be familiar with the 2010 California law proposing restrictions on violent video games to minors. What was the outcome?
- It was trying to remove the sale of violent video games to minors but it was deemed unconstitutional on the first amendment for free speech
What was it intended to do? Why did it indirectly result in "triple play"?
- Its intentions were to control radios and media and to become the first overhaul of telecommunications laws but it also allowed for people to enter the market freely which allowed for triple play and for people to access content from all types of platforms.
Who is John Peter Zenger and why is his story important?
- John Peter Zenger wrote an article about a governor and criticized his ways and the way he ran; the governor sues the writer but the writer wins and it becomes the first case of freedom of the press.
What is significant about the decreasing number of film studios?
- Limits competition and will not allow for the audience to view what they would like.
Who does Public Relations?
- Mainly organizations but people who work in PR positions
Who read the papers in the early 1800s? When does this change and why?
- Mainly people who could afford an education; this changed when newspapers started to become wider spread and people had more access to resources to read
Method of Science
- Making hypothesis, deriving predictions, from them as logical consequences, and them carrying out experiments or empirical observations based on those predictions
Advertising's mythical elements
- Many different special effects and mythical elements can be combined to make an ad; ads themselves think about their own lives and make the consumer think
"inverted pyramid style"
- Metaphor used by journalists and other writers to illustrate how information should be prioritized and structured in a text
How do audiobooks figure into the economics of the book industry?
- More and more people are starting to listen to audiobooks and they're a growing part of the economy of the book industry.
What are the seven ways in which studios make a profit off of movies?
- Movie theaters, hospitality/airlines/advertising, home entertainment, on demand, television, merchandise
Must Carry; Access Channels
- Must carry rules make it mandatory for cable tv networks to provide channels for all commercial and public local tv broadcasters within a 50 mile radius - Access channels are channels that are reserved for broadcasts by people and organizations that do not make a profit
Pentagon Papers
- Name given to a top-secret DoD study of U.S. political and military involvement in Vietnam
What are the key differences between network, cable, third screen, and fourth screen in terms of television viewing?
- Network is viewed on actual tv and you tune in at certain times to view the content. - Third and fourth screen viewing consists of viewing something on your phone or tablet and streaming the content instead of actually using cable. It uses memberships usually.
Cable news
- News networks that need are intertwined with cable and are devoted to only news
Network news
- News that can be viewed on the tv or other viewable platforms and don't need cable
- What are Nielsen Ratings? How do they work? What are the limitations? Who is not represented? Why do advertisers like them?
- Nielsen rating are audience ratings that seek to determine the size of the audience and composition of tv programming and represent the whole networking program/U.S. This doesn't necessarily mean they are accurate but advertisers like them because it gives them a snapshot of who sees the ads based on a sample.
Does framing involve presenting false information?
- Not necessarily. It just depends how you present it.
Be familiar with the forms of expression that are not protected?
- Obscenity (extremely offensive word or expression), fighting words, libel/slander (published false statement that is , child pornography,
Obscenity
- Offensive word or expression
Know the definition for PR from your book AND from PRSA - and the differences
- PRSA definition: strategic communication process that builds mutually beneficial relationship between organizations and their publics. - Book: total communication strategy conducted by a person, government, or organization attempting to reach and persuade an audience to adopt a point of view
Penny Arcades, Pinball machines, Coin operated games
- Penny arcades are places where kids can go and play different types of games that were coin operated for a few cents - Pinball machines are the first big wide spread game and it consisted of trying to keep a ball from falling in a ditch. - Coin operated games are games that are mainly found in an arcade and people need coins in order to make them work properly.
What historical trends led to the rise in magazine production, distribution, and readership?
- Photojournalism became a lot more widely used and allowed for people to see the actual pictures of what needed to be seen which is something the radio did not allow
Be familiar with the definitions of Political Economy vs. Cultural Studies in Media Studies
- Political economy is a particular branch in communication studies or media studies which studies the power relations that consists the communication of information form the mass media to the public. - Cultural studies is a field of theoretically, politically, and empirically engaged cultural analysis that concentrates upon the political dynamics of modern culture.
Third-Person Effect
- Predicts that people tend to perceive that mass media messages have a greater effect on others than on themselves based on person biases
NY Times, Supreme Court decision
- Publishing content about Vietnam war and they go to the supreme court because the U.S. thought it hurt national security; the Supreme court rules it does not hurt national security and they are protected under the first amendment
Selective Exposure
- Refers to an individual's tendency to favor information which reinforces their pre-existing views while avoiding contradictory information
Method of Intuition
- Relying on our guts, emotions, instincts to guide us
Decision and effects of (NYT and Sullivan)
- Ruled in favor in NYT because Sullivan need to be able to prove actual malice; rules that the press is protected under the first amendment
Vidmar and Rokeach: 'All in the Family' Research - What were the findings of this study?
- Shows how blacks and whites were interpreted and their relationships and trying to sympathize with the character and deal with bigotry
what is framing
- Structuring the message so you see a specific meaning and achieve a certain goal
Payne Fund Studies - what were they and what were their impact?
- Studies of how movies affect behavior; movies and shows affects the way people process information and can still make their way into the drawings of kids and teens
What are Symbolic Functions vs Instrumental Functions
- Symbolic functions represent math functions - Instrumental functions is in which one uses language to satisfy basic material needs, to manipulate the environment, and to accomplish things.
Consensus Narratives
- Terms that describes cultural products that become popular and provide shared cultural experiences
What is the largest segment of the book industry today?
- Textbooks; their sales make 41.8% of the textbook sales make the revenue
Be familiar with why the FCC create these policies?
- The FCC made these policies so everyone can have access to tv for news and other media
What were the two types of papers in the 1700s
- The New England Courant and the Virginia Gazette
Are they increasing or decreasing in revenue? Why? How is this related to ads?
- The actual revenue is decreasing because more and more pages are being taken up by ads
Oppositional Reading
- The audience are in complete disagreement with the product's message
Miller vs. California
- The court case that made the court change its definition of obscenity from utterly without socially redeeming value to that which lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific values
Frederic Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent: the Influence of Comic Books on Today's Youth
- The effects of comic books that were presented in this book were talking about juveniles and violence and not actually what they were made out to be and the truth was stretched.
What is Public Relations?
- The favorable image a company wants to have and how it is professionally maintained
Fair Use (protected)
- The guidelines that help enable individuals to use copyrighted materials for academic and entertainment purposes
How does it relate to Framing? (what Danyel talked about in her lecture)
- The interpretation is what the author and painter want you to see so they can make everything in a specific point of view
How have each of the following technologies shift the book industry: The Printing Press, Machine Paper, Linotype Machines, Rotary Presses
- The printing press allowed for books to be more widely distributed. - Machine paper allowed for pages to be more durable - Linotype machines allowed for quick printed for repeated things, specifically metals and allowed for mechanical typing - Rotary press allowed for papers to be printed quicker and was more efficient
Merchandizing
- The promotion of sales of goods
Syndication
- The sale or licensing of material for publication or broadcasting by a number of tv stations
What is the 'third screen'? When did the 'third screen' become a location for television viewing?
- The screening of content on a mobile device. It became a source of content when smartphones came out.
What is Textual Analysis?
- The way communication researchers use to describe and interpret the characteristics of a recorded or visual message
What is the difference between theory and data?
- Theory is already supported by data while data Is something you gather
Agenda Setting Theory
- There is a specific time and place that good media should go during
How did penny papers change things?
- They allowed for people to read more and gave access to learn.
How are art and culture tools of public relations? How do they relate to framing?
- They are able to show you that there are multiple meanings of the issue and not just one view. But the artist may want you to see one specific view.
What are concerns about the impact of video games?
- They hurt kids and the violence could end up being harmful
Why were books seen as the first mass medium for children?
- This is the first thing that ends up being the most widely distributed and allowed for people of all ages to have access to it and it ends up actually experiencing true consumerism; cheap and entertainment
What was the frame brands used?
- To feel like your product is good and can improve a person's life so frame that message to portray that
Why do people want to read magazines?
- To read information that is specific to their needs
Time Shifting
- To record content to view later in time
Why did we watch the video of children watching 'Blues Clues'?
- To see how they react and how interactions help with shows
Method of Authority
- Truth is established through a trusted source as god, tradition, or public sanction
US Anti-Drug Campaign/Anti-Vaping Campaign-What was the impact of each?
- U.S. anti-drug was not successful and the war on drugs is still going on. - Anti-vaping campaign was able to make some kids not vape.
US Anti-Drug Campaign/Anti-Vaping Campaign - What did each campaign consist of?
- US anti-drug campaign was the war on drugs to try and get rid of drugs in the U.S. - Anti-vaping campaign shows the real cost of vaping and tries to raise awareness about not vaping.
What is a Video Game? Platform, Content, Activity?
- Video game is a game that can be played digital and usually consists of some kind of console - Platform is the actual thing that is used to play the game - Content is the actual images and things that are in the game. - Activity is the things that happen in the game.
What does Daphne Bavelier argue in her TED Talk?
- Video games aren't as bad as they seem and can actually benefit somethings
Comics Code Industry- What type of images were banned?
- Violent, graphic, and inappropriate images were banned
What skills has game play has been shown to improve?
- Vision, reaction time, and attention to detail
How can we see the Public Relations strategies as research?
- We can see how people react to certain things and it allows for us to see how people actually act around certain organizations when a certain thing occurs
Why did we watch Gene Luen Yang's TED Talk? What potential does he see in comics as a medium for learning? Why
- We were able to see how comic books could have helped kids learn and that they aren't so bad after all. It allowed for him to teach kids lectures on math because we are more visual learners.
How does it relate to selective interpretation (Archie Bunker example)
- We will choose to think and process what we choose to because it appeals more to us
How did Wertham conduct this study and what did Wertham get wrong in this study?
- Wertham wanted to show that comic book content strips kids of childhood and being the people, they should truly be but he misinterpreted the sample sizes and the data wasn't necessarily accurate
Negotiated Reading
- When a member of the audience partly agrees with part of the product
Method of Tenacity
- When a person uses a method they simply tenaciously hold onto whatever beliefs they already hold, and reject whatever beliefs they already reject
What is Cognitive Dissonance Theory in advertising?
- When advertisers try to sway the way people think or behave, usually by presenting information to move people to their side to get them to buy that product or service
Reactive Theory
- When individuals alter their performance or behavior due to the awareness that they are being observed
Bill of Rights (1791)
- When the first ten amendments were proposed
To qualify as "obscene", the material must meet three criteria: what are they?
- Whether the average person applying contemporary community standards would find that the word taken as whole appeals to prurient interest - Whether the work depict or describes as a patiently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law - whether the work taken as a whole lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value
Uses and Gratifications Hypothesis
- Why and how people actively seek out specific media to satisfy specific needs and to sympathize with one of the characters - Cultivation Theory
Who is a public figure?
- Yes, because they are still supposed to be portray the law
Is a public official's speech covered by the First Amendment when communicating official business on a private social media platform?
- Yes, but sometimes they might be exempt from it
What can be gained by analyzing the behind the scenes elements of a film? What do Hollywood directors overwhelmingly look like?
- You can see who truly makes the movies and see how actors and actresses are treated and be able to see the representation of different people in Hollywood. Most of the directors are white men.
Current broadcast restrictions - what are they? What are the consequences when broadcasters run afoul of them?
- You can't say any profanity and makes sure the content can appeal to families and appeal to people
Press Agent
- a person who is hired to organize advertising and publicity in the press on behalf of an organization or well-known person
What is the average age of a gamer?
- around 35
Edward Bernays
- connected theory and practice and the father of PR, radically changed persuasion tactics in advertising and political campaigns overall
Indirect Effects
- consequences of direct effects on individuals who are not exposed to media content
literary journalism
- form of nonfiction that combines factual reporting with some of the narrative techniques and stylistic strategies traditionally associated with fiction
Ratings
- how likeable content is; can be measured in numbers, stars, etc.
Encoding/Decoding
- how the message is coded for the audience and how the audience interprets the message
Selective Interpretation
- how we categorize and interpret sensory information in a way that favors one category or interpretation over another
Two-Step Flow
- individuals exposed to media content spread information and opinion provided by the mass media as far they transmit them unchanged
- Why did we watch the 'Watchmen' trailers?
- it is the most celebrated graphic novel ever
What was the impact of this Frederic Wertham's Seduction of the Innocent: the Influence of Comic Books on Today's Youth(in the comic industry & in public)?
- it made comic books vulnerable making them hurt and not being able to be sold and had to be judged because of the content
data journalism
- journalism specialty reflecting the increased role that numerical data is used in the production and distribution of information in the digital era
P.T. Barnum
- lasting mark on PR and advertising, publicity, new platforms to advertisers such as posters and buildings, branding to make sure you saw the company, experiential marketing to prove a point
objective journalism"
- portray issues and events in a neutral and unbiased manner, regardless of the writer's opinion or personal beliefs
Upfronts
- presentations and events where tv networks preview upcoming content to the news and other networks and advertisers
interpretive journalism?
- requires a journalist to go beyond the basic facts related to an event and provide more in-depth news coverage
live-streaming
- showing content live to followers and viewers
sponsorship
- supporting something financially
Hollywood 'Authors'
- the master minds behind the movies
Primetime
- the news cycle that is expected to see the greatest news audience (8-11pm)
Wage gap
- the wage gap between men and women is very large and it's even worse if you're African American
Whitewashing
- where whites are placed in roles that are predominantly non-white characters
What is hate speech and is it protected?
Abusive or threatening speech or writing that expresses prejudice against a particular group, especially on the basis of race, religion, or sexual orientation; it is protected under the first amendment
HOW DID WERTHAM PROVE THE NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF COMICS ON YOUTH? A. He conducted experiments in which he had children rea d comics then he observed their aggressive behavior on playgrounds B. He worked with children in reform school (whom he call ed juvenile delinquents) and found that 95% of them read comics C. He surveyed a national sample of children and found tha t those from "good" homes did not read comics while those from "ba d" homes did D. All of the above
B
WHAT WAS THE FIRST 24/7 CABLE TV NEWS CHANNEL? A. C-SPAN B. CNN C. FOX D. CNBC
B
WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PRODUCTS CANNOT BE ADVERTISED ON TELEVISION? A. Hard liquor like whiskey or vodka B. Cigarettes C. Condoms D. Children's vitamins
B
Which platforms get first access to new releases? A. Subscription streaming services (Netflix, Hulu) B. On-Demand Services (iTunes, Amazon, Cable Companies) C. Rental Kiosk companies (Redbox) D. There is no difference
B
The Big Six/The Big Five
- 6: 20th century fox, paramount Walt Disney, warner bros, universal, sony - 5: paramount Walt Disney, warner bros, universal, sony(Disney bought 20th century fox)
Trade books
- A book published by a commercial publisher and intended for general readership
Why is it important to think about the book industry in connection with the film/tv industry?
- A lot of books come are made into films and tv shows which sometimes increase the revenues on the books
What concerns did adults have about dime novels and penny dreadfuls that children were reading? Is anything familiar about these concerns?
- A lot of the books included inappropriate topics and risqué covers which exposed kids to topics many parents wanted them to wait to see. That being said, these are still concerns we see today.
Product Placement
- A practice in which manufactures pay for their products to be featured in movies and tv programs
What is the Association Principle?
- Aims to connect the product being offered to a desirable set of values or traits
Cultivation Theory
- American culture is dominated by tv
Cost shifting
- An individual or group or government underpay for a service so another individual or group or government ends up overpaying
Normative Influence Theory
- An influence to conform to the positive expectations of others
If indecency is protected, then why isn't is allowed on broadcast media?
- Because there are still kids in the audience in certain hours so they can still hear it from 6am-10pm
Self-prophecy
- Belief or expectation that an individual holds about a future event that manifests because the individual holds it
What was significant about the premiere of CNN? How did it change the news game?
- CNN was the first news network to provide a 24 hour news coverage and was the first all-news channel. This allowed for people to see the news regardless of where they were or what time it was and opened the doors for many other news networks to join the game as well.
"Yellow Journalism" - Where did the term originate?
- Came from Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst and the New York World comic which featured a yellow-dresses character and would soon become a competition of the yellow kids which related to yellow journalism competition
Be prepared to give examples of media industry self-regulation to avoid censorship.
- Censoring images, blocking content, 3 hour rule
Censorship (vs. Challenged Books)
- Censorship means that certain portions are covered while challenged books means that they are removed from libraries
Decision and effects of Miller vs. California
- Changed the definition of obscenity and made it unprotected by the constitution
What are "penny papers"?
- Cheap, tabloid-style newspapers mass-produced in the U.S.
Independent and Documentary Films- What significant technologies have benefited these alternative film forms?
- Cheaper cameras allowing for doing more and shooting more, distribution allows for better name recognition, editing allows for easier effects and being able to make it look more clean
How do Magazines make money?
- Circulation and subscription, classified advertising, print advertising
What are the functions of advertising?
- Communication vital information, persuading consumers to buy the product, creating a brand, creating a product demand, building a customer base, differentiating products from one another, previewing new market trends
Hypocrisy induction
- Considered as a new dissonance paradigm in which two factors (normative commitment and mindfulness of past transgressions) are combined
What can it consist of?
- Consisted of managing the spread of information between an individual or an organization
Why is cultivation research in the category of critical theory??
- Cultivation research is there because It allows us to study media effects and gives us the chance to think critically about what is actually going on because it consumes us.
Method of Experience
- Deals with observation and experience
Content Analysis
- Deconstruction of pieces of media with tendency towards wither quantitative or qualitative research methods
And issues of Representation of Disability? (What Kate talked about in her lecture)
- Disabilities aren't as represented in movies and even if they are, they are more glorified and It doesn't show the true side of the disability
Who are the film studios
- Disney, warner brothers, universal, Columbia
How do E-Sports differ from traditional sports? How are they similar?
- E-sports are more electronic and do not have as much physical activity involved. The concept of the actual sports is there but overall the concept is different.
How do different news sources work on different timelines?
- Each news company has a different news cycle so depending on the news cycle and how frequently they put out big stories, you're going to see slightly different content on each news network.
Editors vs. reporters - What's the difference?
- Editor oversees writers and all the people who actually work on the content - Reporters are the ones who actually write and make the content
Where is "framing" used and why?
- Framing are used within a narrative account of an issue or event and are generally the central organizing idea so that the writer can get the reader to see a specific idea.
What role does "feeling" and framing play in Public Relations
- Framing can change the perspective of the issues while feeling can try and change the emotional appeal of the issue and make it seem more favorable.
First Amendment
- Freedom of speech, religion, press,
Libel (New York Times vs. Sullivan)
- Full page ad in the NY Times about criticizing law enforcement tactics without stating names; even false statements about public officials were entitled to protection under the first and fourteenth amendment
What are all the different eras of the video game (hint, think about portability)
- Games started from being only compatible with computers to being more portable and being able to be carried from place to place. It also allowed to more and more content so all kinds of games can reach all types of audiences.
What is the Sixth Amendment?
- Guarantees a citizen a speedy trial, fair jury, an attorney and the chance to confront the witnesses who are accusing them of a crime
Dominant Reading
- How the producer wants the audience to view the media
Iatrogenic effect
- Hypothesis or other statements about what Is right and wrong, desirable and undesirable, just or unjust in society
1798 Sedition Act - What was it? Why was it important to notions of free speech?
- Illegal to write, print, utter, or publish, false and scandalous and malicious writing against the government; this isn't freedom of the press
What did Network TV look like in the 1950s-1970s? How this compare does to what Network TV looks like in 2014? What does it look like in 2017? What changed?
- In 1950-1970s tv was very limited. There were few shows and people did not really have a chance to be exposed to different types of content. - In 2014, there were a lot more networks and people get to choose what they want to watch. There is a wide variety of media content that can appeal to all types of audiences - in 2017, it isn't used as much anymore. Most people just stream the things they want to watch.
What are the three Dimensions of Persuasion?
Ethos which appeals to credibility, logos which appeals to logic, and pathos which appeals to emotion.
How do the ads play on the audience's emotions?
It either makes them scared or sad and makes them see the effects of these things and makes them think about the true cost of everything that can happen to them if they engage in these acts.
Be familiar with examples of brands using association with causes as a form of PR/advertising? (373-384, lecture videos)
Kendall Jenner and Pepsi; Starbucks and racism
Copyright
The exclusive legal right, given to an originator or an assignee to print, publish, film, or record literary, artistic, or musical material, and to authorize other it do the same
What is different about the penny press?
The penny press focuses more on gossip and tabloids stories.
How has audience perception/trust of each of these sources changed over time? Why are some sources seen as more trustworthy/factual?
Today a lot of people cannot trust the news because of influence from politicians. Many politicians claim that news is fake or is twisted in some way. Even though this is the case, some news networks just deliver the facts and do not even try to dissect the story and are less influenced by politics.
Flack/flak
strong criticism
Narrowcast
to give tv access and spread tv information to a smaller audience that has a specific need or wants specific content or simply cannot have access to tv because of geographic reasons
Share
to spread information with other members of a community
newspapers
usually a printed publication
What impact does this have on the films?
Because they are white men they are less likely to actually gift for equal rights and it limits the content producers and makes a less diverse community which could reflect in the movie which can end up hurting audience members.
HOW LONG DOES COPYRIGHT LAST BEFORE SOMETHING GOES INTO THE PUBLIC DOMAIN? A. 14 years B. 14 years + renewal of 14 years C. Life of "author" + 50 years (individual) D. 75 years (corporate copyright) E. C&D
C
IF INDECENCY IS PROTECTED, THEN WHY ISN'T IT ALLOWED ON BROADCAST MEDIA? A. Because indecency on TV is classified as obscenity B. Because broadcasters agreed, collectively, to restrict it C. It is allowed on broadcast media, just not between the hours of 6am and 10pm
C
WHAT HAPPENED AS A RESULT OF THE PROPOSED CALIFORNIA BAN? A. It passed and if you are a minor you cannot buy or ren t a violent video game B. It was challenged by the Entertainment Merchants Associ ation on First Amendment grounds but the challenge was struck down by th e Supreme Court C. It was challenged by the Entertainment Merchants Associ ation on First Amendment grounds, and the challenge was upheld by th e Supreme Court D. It passed but since everything is digital now anyway no one ever gets fined
C
WHAT DID THE PAYNE FUND STUDIES INVESTIGATE? a. The effect of newspaper coverage of campaigns on public opinion b. The effect of propaganda on support for war efforts c. The effect of movies on young people d. The effect of radio dramas on housewives
C
WHAT DOES THEODORE ROOSEVELT CALL NEWS REPORTERS CRITICAL OF AMERICAN INSTITUTIONS? A. Yellow Journalists B. The Enemy of the People C. Muckrakers D. Fake news reporters
C
WHAT FAMOUS RADIO PROGRAM "DISPROVED" THE HYPODERMIC NEEDLE MODEL? A. Roosevelt's Fireside Chats B. The $64,000 Question (Quiz Show) C. The War of the Worlds Broadcast
C
WHAT WAS THE EFFECT OF THIS PSA ON TEENS? A. It had no effect B. It made teens less likely to want to try marijuana C. It made teens more likely to want to try marijuana
C
ARPANET, THE PRECURSOR OF THE INTERNET, WAS CREATED BY ▪ A. Napster ▪ B. RCA ▪ C. The commerce department ▪ D. The defense department
D
WE DISCUSSED SEVERAL MODELS OF THE COMMUNICATIVE PROCESS. THE LINEAR MODEL ASKS: A. How do senders encode and how do receivers decode? B. What feedback is involved in the conveying of informat ion? C. What interferes with the process of communication? D. Who says what to whom through which channel to whom and with what effect?
D
WHAT DID THEY WORRY ABOUT? A. The poor spelling and grammar in some of these stories B. The negative impact they would have on women - making them more hysterical C. The negative impact they would have on children - expo sing them to fantasy and violence D. All of the above
D
WHAT IS THE ADDITIONAL STANDARD NEEDED FOR PUBLIC OFFICIAL AND LIBEL? A. Loss of reputation B. Partisanship C. Unfairness D. Actual malice
D
When did a woman first win the Academy Award for Best Director? A. 1997 B. 1994 C. 2004 D. 2010 E. 2018
D
WHAT ARE FORMS OF EXPRESSION ARE NOT PROTECTED? A. Invasions of Privacy B. Copyright Infringement C. Libel D. Obscenity E. None of the above are protected
E
Limited Effects
-Limited Effects mass
How much of daily papers are "advertising"
2/3
IS HATE SPEECH PROTECTED BY THE FIRST AMENDMENT? A. Yes B. No
A
WHERE DID THE PHRASE "YELLOW JOURNALISM" ORIGINATE? A. It refers to a comic strip character, the Yellow Kid, that was so popular that Pulitzer and Hearst fought over the creator's servic es. B. It refers to the color the Hudson River turned due to the newspaper ink run off C. It refers to the color of the coat that one of the most impor tant star reporters, Nellie Bly, always wore. D. It refers to the color of the statue given to Pulitzer prize winners.
A
What has happened since the publication of your textbook? A. Disney acquired 21st Century Fox B. Sony acquired Lionsgate C. Universal acquired Lionsgate D. Nothing
A
Consider issues of convergence - magazines in the digital age
Because everything is so digital, at some point the magazines will need to be found in a digital format so they can reach a larger audience
What is "mean world" theory and what study findings did it grow out of?
Mean world theory/syndrome is a cognitive bias where people perceive the world to be more dangerous than it actually is due to long term exposure to violent content on mass media; it mainly came from the research from Gerber and Gross and they wanted to know h
Ivy Lee
philosophy consistent with what has sometimes been called the two way street in which PR consists of helping clients listen as well as communication message to their publics
