exam 3 chapter quizzes

Consider the following argument: Observation: Here in Nashville, the sun has risen every morning. Conclusion: The sun is going to rise in Nashville tomorrow.

The argument is strong because there are a large number of observations.

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify _____ for the problems.

a single correct answer

The ability to transfer experience from one problem solving situation to a similar problem is known as

analogical transfer.

The radiation problem was used in your text to illustrate the role of ____ in problem solving.

analogy

Wally and Sharon are out on a date. When Sharon asks Wally where they should go for dinner, Wally says "My coworkers keep telling me about that new Japanese place downtown, so it must be a great place to eat." Wally's response illustrates the use of a(n)

availability heuristic.

The typical purpose of subgoals is to

bring the problem solver closer and closer to the goal state.

An experiment measures participants' performance in judging syllogisms. Two premises and a conclusion are presented as stimuli, and participants are asked to indicate (yes or no) if the conclusion logically follows from the premises. Error rates are then calculated for each syllogism. This experiment studies _____ reasoning.

deductive

Experts categorize problems based on

general principles that problems share.

Divergent thinking is most closely associated with ____ problems

ill-defined

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves _____ reasoning.

inductive

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the

match box can be used as a shelf.

Inductive reasoning involves

observational premises.

Utility refers to

outcomes that achieve a person's goals

Gestalt psychologists consider problem solving as a process involving

restructuring

The information processing approach describes problem solving as a process involving

search.

Perseveration represents difficulty in

shifting to a new behavior.

A syllogism is valid if

the conclusion follows logically from the two premises.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is

the falsification principle.

Gabrielle is blonde, extremely attractive, and lives in an expensive condo. If we judge the probability of Gabrielle's being a model quite high because she resembles our stereotype of a model, we are using

the representative heuristic.

Insight refers to

the sudden realization of a problem's solution.