EXAM 3

Vitamin C

(think fruits) if multiple choice.

Scurvy

A disease caused by lack of vitamin C

What is a diuretic? identify two diuretics commonly consumed by Americans

A diuretic is a substance that increases urine production. Alcohol and caffeine have diuretic effects on the body.

Keratin

A fiber protein that is the principal component of hair, skin, and nails.

What is the difference between a major mineral and a trace mineral?

A mineral nutrient is classified as a major mineral if humans require 100 mg or more per day or a trace mineral if humans require less than 100 mg/day.

Define the following terms: provitamin, antioxidant, and radical.

A provitamin is a vitamin precursor- a substance that does not function as a vitamin until the body converts it into an active form. An antioxidant is a substance that protects other compounds from oxidizing agents. A radical is a substance with an unpaired electron; radicals are highly reactive.

Discuss at least five ways to preserve the vitamin content of fruits and vegetables during food preparation and storage.

Answers will vary

Thiamin, riboflavin, and niacin.

Are parts of special molecules that enzymes need to function

selectively permeable membrane

Barrier that allows the passage of certain substances and prevents the movement of other substances.

Vitamin D

Both a hormone and a vitamin. Exposure to sun enables human skin to synthesize a precursor of the vitamin from a cholesterol-like substance. Helps regulate the level of blood calcium by increasing calcium absorption from the intestine. children who do not develop enough vitamin D can develop rickets, adults osteomalacia.

List at least five major minerals

Calcium Chloride Magnesium Phosphorus Sodium Potassium

humans also require ________ , especially during prenatal (before birth) development.

Choline

List at least five trace minerals

Chromium Fluoride Copper Iodine Iron

Malignant tumors

Mass of cancerous cells; can break away and invade other parts of the body.

Margaret's breast cancer metastasized to her lungs. Define metastasized.

Means to spread. so it has spread to her lungs

Simple diffusion

Movement of substances from a region of higher to lower concentration

List three steps people can take to reduce their risk of cancer.

Not smoking, Limiting alcohol consumption, and maintaining a healthy body weight.

Define osmosis

Osmosis is the diffusion of a solvent, usually water, through a selectively permeable membrane

An _______ reaction can form a radical.

Oxidation

Diets that lack niacin can lead to

Pellagra

How do antidiuretic hormone and aldosterone help maintain fluid balance in the body?

The posterior pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone that stimulates kidneys to conserve water. The adrenal glands secrete aldosterone, a hormone that signals kidneys to reduce the elimination of sodium in urine. Kidneys return the mineral to the general circulation. water follows sodium, it is conserved well.

Lack of vitamin ______ causes scurvy.

Vitamin C

A radical which is

a substance with an unpaired electron

Vitamin D

act as hormones.

Excess calorie intake.

all marconutrients

Dehydration

body water depletion

Vitamin K can be produced by

intestinal bacteria

Major food sources of vitamin B12 include...

meat and milk products

Biological activity (vitamin)

describes vitamin's degree of potency or effects in the body

Aflatoxin

moldy nuts and grains causes liver cancer.

Arsenic

natural contaminant in drinking water can increase risk for bladder cancer.

Vitamin A

normal vision and reproduction, cellular growth, and immune system function.

Vitamins are....

organic molecules in foods.

extracellular water

surrounds cells (tissue fluid)

What is cancer?

uncontrolled cell growth

Hyperthermia

very high body temperature

Vitamin A

vision, immune function, and cell development, precursor, beta-carotene, functions as an antioxidant. Too much vitamin A can be quite toxic and cause birth defects when taken during pregnancy.

A ________ is a complex organic compound that regulates metabolic processes in the body.

vitamin

List at least three criteria used to designate a substance as a vitamin.

vitamins are complex organic compounds that regulate metabolic reactions. The body cannot synthesize most vitamins; vitamins naturally occur in commonly eaten foods; signs and symptoms of deficiency disease eventually occur when a vitamin is missing from the diet; if the deficiency disorder is treated early, good health is restored by supplying the missing vitamin.

List at least five different functions of water in the body.

water is a major solvent, the nutrient often participates directly in chemical reactions. Water's other physiological roles include transporting substances, removing waste products, lubricating tissues, and regulating body's temperature and acid-base balance.

Hydration

water status

What is an antioxidant

when biochemical reactions take place, the compounds participating in the reactions lose or gain electrons.

A vitamin meets the following criteria:

-The body cannot synthesize the compound or make enough to maintain good health. -The compound naturally occurs in commonly eaten foods. -Signs and symptoms of a health problem (deficiency disorder) eventually occur when the substance is missing from the diet. -Good health is restored, if the deficiency disorder is treated early by supplying the missing substance.

How much water do healthy young men and women need to consume daily?

11 cups for young women and 15.5 cups for young men.

What is a serious side effect that can occur from taking megadoses of niacin?

Liver damage is one of the most serious side effects of taking megadoses of niacin.

Which form of cancer is leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States?

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States.

List at least three signs symptoms of dehydration.

Drowsiness, nausea and vomiting, confusion, inability to coordinate muscle movements, and weight gain. If not treated early can cause death.

Which ions are found primarily in excellular water? Which ions are found in primarily in intracellular water?

Extracellular water contains high concentrations of sodium and chloride ions than intracellular water. Intracellular water contains higher concentrations of potassium and phosphate ions than extracellular water.

What is a carcinogen?

Factor that triggers cancer.

to reduced the likelihood of giving birth to babies with tube defects, women of childbearing age should obtain adequate...

Folate

List three factors that distinguish vitamins from macronutrients.

Food generally contain much smaller amounts of vitamins than of macronutrients; the body does not use vitamins directly for energy.

_____________ involves the addition of one or more vitamins to a wide array of commonly eaten foods during manufacturing

Fortification

Vitamin E

Functions primarily as an antioxidant. Donating electrons to electrons seeking compounds, Vitamin E neutralizes

Explain why people should avoid taking high doses of vitamin B-6

High doses of vitamin B-6 have been associated with sensory nerve damage. The damage is usually reversible-after affected people stop taking excessive amounts of the vitamin

Sources of nutrition often recommend large doses of vitamin B6 to treat premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

However, there are mixed results

International Unites (IUs)

IUs have been replaced for a more precise measure (vitamins)

What can happen to cells if the body is unable to regulate its water balance?

If the body cannot regulate water balance, cells can shrink, swell, and even die.

List three dietary factors that may contribute to cancer.

Intakes of alcohol; processed and red meats; fried, grilled, and broiled meats; salted fish; and moldy nuts.

What is osteoporosis, and why is it a major public health concern in the United States?

It is a chronic disease characterized by low bone mass and reduced bone

Explain how foods that are naturally good sources of minerals can become poor sources of those minerals by the time you eat them.

Refining foods can result in mineral losses. Minerals are water soluble and can be lost by leaching into watery cooking flids

A friend of yours takes 1000 mg of vitamin C daily because she thinks the vitamin prevents colds.

Routine vitamin C supplementation does not protect against infection by common cold viruses, but the practice may shorten the duration of cold symptoms.

Explain why people should be careful about taking megadoses of vitamin supplements.

Taking megadoses of vitamins can produce druglike effects in the body, including unpleasant and even dangerous side effects.

Discuss factors that influence mineral absorption in the digestive tract

The bioavailability of minerals depends largely on the body's need for the micronutrient

Discuss ways the body obtains and loses water.

The body obtains water by consuming various food and liquids such as fruit juice, milk, soup, coffee, tea, soft drinks, tap water, and plain or flavored bottle water. Cells also form some water as a metabolic byproduct of metabolism. The body loses water in urine, perspiration, exhaled air, feces, vomit, and insensible perspiration.

List the vitamins that must be added to refined grains to enrich them, according to the governments grain enrichment program.

The federally regulated grain enrichment program specifies amounts of thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid that manufacturers must add to their refined flour and other milled grain products.

Dorothy is a 85 years of age. She has excellent vision, but she takes megadoses of beta-carotene, because she thinks taking the phytochemical helps prevent macular degeneration.

There is no scientific evidence that taking beta-carotene prevents healthy people from developing macular degeneration

Enriched grain products have specific amounts of ______ added during processing.

Thiamin

Water soluble vitamins

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, vitamin B-6, pantothenic acid, folate, biotin, vitamin B-12, and vitamin C

People who are unable to absorb fat are likely to develop a _________ deficiency.

Vitamin A

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamins A, D, E, K

List at least three signs and symptoms of dehydration

Weight loss, fatigue, thirst, loss of muscular strength and endurance, severe weakness and coma.

Macronutrient

an essential nutrient required by the body in relatively large amounts which provide the humans with the bulk of energy.

beta-carotene

an orange vegetable pigment that the body can change into the active form of vitamin a, one of the antioxidant nutrients

Mirconutrients

are small amounts of vitamins and minerals

oxidizing agent

is a substance that removes electrons from atoms or molecules.

intracellular water

is inside the cells.

In the United States, which mineral is added to grain products as part of the grain enrichment program

the enrichment program for grains requires the addition of iron to grain products.

Antioxidants

they help protect cells by giving up their electrons to radicals.

The enrichments programs for grains specifies amounts of

thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, and folic acid and the mineral iron that manufacturers must add to their refined wheat flour and certain other milled grain products.