Exam 3 HW and quizzes (Ch 12, 13, 14)

After returning to work, it was soon obvious to his coworkers that something was not right with Cesar. He seemed confused and complained of a lingering headache. They suspected that his injury was far worse than he realized. One of his coworkers insisted on taking him to an emergency room, where a CT scan showed a growing subdural hematoma. A hematoma is a collection of blood that develops within tissue when blood vessels are damaged. A subdural hematoma would form within which of the labeled regions?

2 (subdural space)

Axodendritic synapses occur between letter "E" on the diagram and this region on a proximal neuron

A

Identify the letter that indicates the region of a neuron from which the axon leaves the cell body

B

Identify the letter that indicates a Schwann cell

C

___ are a group of natural chemicals that reduce the perception of pain

Endorphins

Axons of unipolar neurons are insulated by ___ ___, which increase the speed of the electrical impulse

Schwann cells

The neurologist told Maria that she suspected multiple sclerosis (MS) might be the cause of her symptoms. Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune disorder that selectively destroys the myelin sheath in the Central Nervous System. Maria's doctor ordered an MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) of her brain. An MRI shows areas of higher water content in stark contrast to tissues with lower water content. How might an MRI be useful in detecting MS?

a damaged myelin sheath would not be able to repel water as well because of the lower lipid concentration, resulting in a tissue with higher water content than healthy, myelinated axons

Voluntary motor response

a non-reflexive motor response initiated by the gray matter of the cerebral cortex that leads to the activation of multiple somatic motor neurons

Withdrawal reflex

a polysynaptic reflex that is initiated by a painful stimulus and results in the removal of the affected limbs

The prefix ___ means spider

arachn-

The meningeal layer resembling spider legs is the ___ ___

arachnoid mater

___ are the neuroglia, which help to regulate the reuptake of neurotransmitters from neural tissue

astrocytes

___ neurons are rare neurons, but are located in the retina and in the olfactory mucosa

bipolar

When the rock hit Cesar, the impact was softened by several protective features of the head. Which of the following structures would have helped to protect the brain from the external force?

bone; dura mater; cerebrospinal fluid; hair

The prefix ___ means head

cephal-

Evolutionary development of a head and brain containing neural and sensory organs is a process called ___

cephalization

Where is the arbor vitae located?

cerebellum

The prefix ___ means brain and cerebrum

cerebr-

Bleeding in the brain, known as a stroke, is more accurately called ___ ___

cerebrovascular accident

Which region of the brain is necessary for consciousness?

cerebrum

Which of the following pathways could be affected by multiple sclerosis?

communication between the brain and somatic motor neurons; communication between the spinal cord and visceral motor neurons; sensory information being transmitted from a somatic sensory neuron to the cortex of the brain

Visceral motor(VM)

contraction of bladder, contraction of heart, and secretion of pancreas

Somatic motor(SM)

contraction of skeletal muscle

Visceral motor

contraction of smooth muscle of small intestine wall; motor innervation of heart muscle; autonomic nervous system

As difficult as the problem of stimulating axonal regeneration is, other problems challenge researchers and clinicians as they try to restore complete function to someone with a spinal cord injury. Some of these problems might include which of the following?

controlling the secondary damage from inflammation while minimizing the risk from infections, which are usually prevented(in part) by the inflammatory process; stimulating neuron cell bodies to regenerate when the neurons are totally destroyed; restoring the neuronal synapses of a destroyed neuron

What structure connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres?

corpus callosum

Which of the following statements best describes the difference between spinal neuronal pathways and cortical neuronal pathways?

cortical neuronal pathways travel outside of the spinal cord to the cerebral cortex and are slower than spinal neuronal pathways

Emergency room doctors ordered an X-ray of Jonah's vertebrae to try and determine what type of damage might be present. Vertebrae T4 and T5 were out of alignment with one another, which greatly concerned the doctors. Why? Select all that apply.

damage to the spinal cord in that region could cause paraplegia; if the vertebrae are not properly aligned, the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord travels would not be aligned

The prefix ___ means "do the opposite of or reverse"

de-

The processes that branch from the cell body of a neuron and receive signals from other neurons are ___

dendrites

When a neuron is stimulated and sodium channels open, the process of ___ has begun

depolarization

Microglia are unlike other neuroglia cells in that they ___

derive the pre-natal monocytes

___ is seen in a stretch reflex when the stretch of a muscle stimulates numerous sensory neurons that then synapse with 100 or more neurons in the grey matter of the spinal cord

divergence

Which fiber tract carries the sensations of discriminative touch and proprioception?

dorsal column

The prefix ___ means "within"

endo-

The ventricles of the brain are lined with ___ ___, which form an epithelial layer that is permeable to cerebrospinal fluid

ependymal cells

Spinal neuronal pathway

faster response; nerve impulses don't travel to cerebral cortex

Gray matter in the CNS contains all of the following except

fiber tracts

The peripheral nerve fibers that speed up the movement of the digestive tract are classified as

general visceral motor (efferent)

Parietal lobe

generic somatic sensation, ability to identify object by touch

The prefix ___ means "higher than normal"

hyper-

When potassium channels have been open long enough to over-shoot resting membrane potential, ___ has occured

hyperpolarization

Where is the structural link between the CNS and PNS located?

in the gray matter of the CNS

Parallel processing

includes an ascending tract that carries the nerve impulses from a sensory neuron to the brain

Both pathways

includes sensory neuron; results in activation of somatic motor neuron

Region of the adult telencephalon that is covered by parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes.

insula

Ascending pathways to the cerebral cortex

integration site that will result in Alex screaming "Ouch!"

Which of the following statements describes interneurons?

interneurons are multipolar neurons that are confined to the CNS and are linked together in chains that form complex neuronal pathways

Multiple sclerosis(MS)

is five times more common in temperate Europe or the Unites States than in tropical countries; is not always east to diagnose because of its range of symptoms and presentation; is an autoimmune disease that is characterized by numbness or pain in the skin, muscle weakness, slurred speech, and difficulty in maintaining balance; is a demyelinating disease that affects more women than men, and affects men later in life

Which of these statements is true of the hypothalamus?

it controls the autonomic nervous system and regulates hunger and thirst sensations

Which factors contribute to increasing the speed of nerve impulse transmission?

larger diameter of axon and the presence of myelin sheath

Somatic motor response initiated by the spinal cord

lifting the leg after stepping on the tack

Gray matter in the cerebral cortex

location of integration that aids in the localization of the stimulus and allows for the perception of pain

The falx cerebri passes through the ___

longitudinal fissure

ALS would NOT be associated with which of the following?

memory difficulty

The macrophages of the CNS, which function to remove foreign microorganisms, are called ___

microglia

The simplest type of reflex, in which there is no interneuron between the sensory and motor neuron, is called a ___ reflex

monosynaptic

Somatic motor (ch 13)

motor innervation of skeletal muscles

White matter represents

myelinated axons traveling together in the CNS

Spina bifida and anencephaly are both examples of what category of congenital malformation?

neural tube defects

The prefix ___ means "pertaining to the nervous system"

neuro-

Supporting cells of the nervous system are collectively called ___

neuroglia

A nerve cell is the same as a

neuron

The myelin sheath of the CNS is formed by ___

oligodendrocytes

Which of the following is not considered a special somatic sense?

pain

Somatic sensory(SS)

pain, pressure and vision

Descending voluntary motor response

pathway that produces the end result of rubbing the affected area on the foot

The prefix ___ means "around" or "surrounding"

peri-

Nerve fascicles are bound into bundles by a wrapping of connective tissue called ___

perineurium

Structures of the nervous system surrounding, but not part of the central nervous system are part of the ___ ___ ___

peripheral nervous system

After a long recovery, Cesar was able to return to work. But his coworkers noticed some drastic changes. Cesar had once been a smart dresser, but now he was unkempt. Once a person you could entrust with secrets, he now revealed the most-secret office gossip to everyone. Most notable was his habit of washing his socks in the employee lounge. What region of Cesar's brain was affected by the subdural hematoma?

prefrontal cortex

Neurofibrils

prevent the neuron from being pulled apart when subjected to tensile forces

Which statement is true concerning neuronal regeneration?

re-innervation of the target organ with partial recovery of function is sometimes possible in the PNS

The visceral motor division of the PNS ___

regulates the contraction of smooth and cardiac muscle and regulates secretion by the body's many glands

Cell bodies of unipolar are insulated from adjacent cell bodies by ___ ___

satellite cells

Which of these is not a function of the nervous system?

secreting hormones into the bloodstream to affect far-away organs

Somatic sensory (ch 13)

sense of soft touch from skin; proprioception from upper limb muscles; temperature change in skin surface

Which of the following explains why cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in the PNS(outside the CNS) in ganglia?

sensory neurons arise from neural crest cells

Cortical neuronal pathway

slower response; nerve impulses travel to cerebral cortex

The ___ ___ division of the nervous system controls skeletal muscle

somatic motor

When Jonah wakes up, he is told that he could have spinal cord damage. Clinicians check his motor responses and ask him about what he can feel when they prick different regions on his legs and feet with a pin. Jonah is able to feel the pricks, but is unable to move his legs. How is this possible? Refer to regions A and B in the image to help answer the question, and select all that apply.

somatic motor neurons leave the spinal cord at location B, so there must be damage to the anterior region of the spinal cord; somatic sensory neurons enter the spinal cord at location A, so this portion of the spinal cord must be undamaged

The prefix ___ means body

somato-

Damage to which region of the brain would result in someone being unable to identify an item in his or her pocket by touch alone?

somatosensory association cortex

Frontal lobe

speech production, planning movement, voluntary movement, impulse control, social skills, empathy

What part of the corpora quadrigemina is clearly observed in a midsagittal section?

superior colliculus

The prefix ___ means "being together" or "similar"

syn-

Two consecutive neurons communicate at a ___, where they physically come together

synapse

Visceral sensory(VS)

taste and hunger

Visceral sensory

taste; hunger; detects stretch of stomach wall; monitors chemical changes in blood

Which of the following areas form the central core of the brain?

thalamus

If a person's corpus callosum was severed ___

that person would experience a lack of communication between the right and left cerebral hemispheres

What neuronal action occurs at the pyramids of the medulla oblongata?

the axons of upper motor neurons cross the opposite side of the brain

Referring to the segments of the sensorimotor pathway, which part of the pathway would have to be disrupted to cause the problems Jonah is experiencing?

the damage must be to the anterior region of the spinal cord between the primary motor cortex and lumbar region of the spinal cord

When Stephanie burns herself on a hotplate, she immediately pulls back her arms, screams in pain, and starts running her hand under cold water. Which of the following events if NOT associated with the cortical pathways activated during Stephanie's response?

the immediate withdrawal of her hand from the hotplate

An example of proprioception is

the sensation you feel during a wake-up stretch

Which of the following functions is NOT associated with the spinal cord?

through the cranial nerves that attach to it, the spinal cord is involved in sensory and motor innervation of the head and neck

To what depth must an injection of anesthetic be inserted to numb the spinal cord and this relieve pain caudal to that area?

to the depth of the epidural space

Neural plasticity may occur when ___

undamaged neurons in the brain sprout new cytoplasmic branches after a stroke that partially restores lost functions

Temporal lobe

understanding speech, hearing, smell

In a rare accident, both temporal lobes have been significantly injured. As you render care, you are least worried about which of the following?

visceral agnosia