Exam 3 multiple choice

Provide several examples of how families may play a significant role in the development and maintenance of eating disorders.

-inherited genetics, coping and personality deficits Family therapy is important in a recovery process Over involved / enmeshed -"Enmeshed" is a psychological term describing a symbiotic and overly-intimate relationship in which the emotional and psychological boundaries between two people are so obscure or unclear that it is difficult for them to function as separate individuals with their own identities. Enmeshment generally develops slowly and typically does not erupt into conflict until the child becomes an adolescent, wanting to assert their independence and develop an identity outside of the family. -Research also indicates that families of individuals with eating disorders tend to be overprotective, perfectionistic, rigid, and focused on success. They have high, sometimes unreasonable expectations for achievement and may place exaggerated attention on external rewards. Many children from these kinds of families try to achieve the appearance of success by being thin and attractive, even if they do not feel successful. If children perceive that they are failing to live up to family expectations, they may turn to something that seems more easily controlled and at which they may be more successful, such as food restriction or weight loss. -Teenagers in an enmeshed relationship may feel so powerless to develop a separate identity from an over-involved parent that they try to exert independence and autonomy by controlling what happens to their bodies. Take for example, an adolescent girl who wants to join her high school cheerleading squad, which would require her to be away from home after school for daily practices. This separation may be emotionally threatening to an over-involved parent, who compensates by sharing the cheerleading identity with her daughter via attendance at daily practices, games and any related social gatherings. The daughter is unable to develop an identity separate from her mother, so she tries to exert control the only way she knows how, by controlling her food intake. This type of behavior can slowly develop into an eating disorder.

Compare and contrast the physiological properties of heroin and cocaine. Discuss the forms in which these drugs are normally taken, the likely immediate effects of such use, and the potential long-term consequences of such abuse.

Heroin: Heroin is processed from morphine, a natural substance that is taken from the seed pod of the Asian poppy plant. It usually appears as a white or brown powder. Pure heroin is usually diluted with other powder substances, such as sugar, when it is sold on the street. Heroin abuse has been associated with the use of needles and, therefore, such serious health conditions as fatal overdoses, collapsed veins and infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis. An overdose can cause death. Recently there has been a shift from injecting heroin to smoking or snorting (sniffing it through the nose). All forms of using the drug can result in physical dependence. snorting the powder through the nose smoking the powder injecting diluted powder into a vein or under the skin -Short term side effects: the person may feel a surge of intense pleasure ("euphoria") the person may feel a warm flushing of the skin, a dry mouth and heaviness in their limbs the person then may experience a drowsy state and clouded mental functioning -Long term effects: after repeated and long term use, the person may develop collapsed veins (from injections) or a nasal soreness (from snorting) the person may develop heart valve infections or liver disease Cocaine: Cocaine is a stimulant drug that comes from the coca bush that grows in South America. The leaves are soaked, mashed and filtered to create a paste that is treated with chemicals. It ends up as a powder that has other powders added to it. -Crack cocaine is particularly addictive and very dangerous. People are attracted to it because smoking provides a much quicker and more intense "high" than sniffing or "snorting" cocaine into the nostrils. The sudden rush puts the brain, heart, blood vessels and other organs at serious risk of damage. -Short term effects: the person's appetite will decrease the person will have more energy and will not get tired easily the person will be more alert the person's breathing will speed up the person's heart rate and blood pressure will increase and he or she will be at greater risk of burst blood vessels or heart failure the person's pupils will be enlarged -Long term effects: if the cocaine is sniffed, the nose tissues will be damaged the person may be undernourished the person may get infections more easily

Barry drank quite a lot at the biggest party of the year. Later, he had trouble falling asleep, so he took a barbiturate. If he dies from respiratory failure during the night, it is probably because the alcohol and barbiturate had _______________. a. a synergistic effect b. antagonistic actions c. complementary actions d. a cross-tolerance effect

a. a synergistic effect

A newly developed drug causes users to lose some muscle control and slur their words. The drug also results in a slowing of central nervous system activity. MOST likely this drug is a _______________. a. depressant b. hallucinogen c. stimulant d. poly-drug

a. depressant

Both drug addiction and obesity involve disruptions in the _______________. a. dopamine pathways b. brain stem c. occipital lobe d. cerebral cortex

a. dopamine pathways

Assume a nursing home director is trying to decide whether to use antipsychotic medications to treat symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Research shows that the director should _______________. a. not use antipsychotic drugs; they don't work any better than placebos do b. think about using antipsychotic drugs; they relieve symptoms of aggression, but not delusion c. think about using antipsychotic drugs; they relieve symptoms of delusion, but not aggression d. use antipsychotic drugs; they work much better than placebos do

a. not use antipsychotic drugs; they don't work any better than placebos do

The brain changes that people with Alzheimer's disease experience are _______________. a. similar to those of most elderly people, but they happen to an excessive degree b. different from those of most elderly people, especially in the cerebellum c. different from those of most elderly people, especially in the corpus callosum d. different from those of most elderly people in all parts of the brain

a. similar to those of most elderly people, but they happen to an excessive degree

____________ is usually observed to occur suddenly and quickly resolve, whereas __________ is usually observed to occur gradually and does not resolve. a. Minor neurocognitive disorder; delirium b. Delirium; major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease c. Major neurocognitive disorder due to Lewy Body disease; major neurocognitive disorder due to traumatic head injury d. Alzheimer's disease; delirium

b. Delirium; major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease

A substance that binds to receptor sites and mimics the function of an illicit drug (without producing the high) is called _______________. a. an aversive drug b. an agonist drug c. an antagonist drug d. none of the above

b. an agonist drug

A person who repeatedly eats large amounts of food in a short period - - with no other symptoms, would MOST LIKELY be said to have _______________. a. anorexia nervosa b. binge-eating disorder c. bulimia nervosa d. no eating disorder

b. binge-eating disorder

The purpose of prescribing an antagonist drug in treating drug abuse is to _______________. a. stimulate the client to care about becoming drug-free b. block or change the effect of an addictive drug c. reduce withdrawal effects as one goes off an addictive drug d. provide a placebo effect to replace the effect(s) of an addictive drug

b. block or change the effect of an addictive drug

An 80-year-old individual is in the hospital, recovering from surgery, but now has a new infection. Over the course of a few days, the person shows increasing confusion, and consistently misinterprets what others are trying to communicate. The MOST PROBABLE diagnosis for this condition would be _______________. a. major neurocognitive disorder b. delirium c. schizophrenia d. substance abuse

b. delirium

Naturally occurring opioids - - or ______________ - - are produced by the body during times of significant stress and/or pain. a. morphine b. endorphins c. Cortisol d. cortisone

b. endorphins

Adolescence is a particularly risky time to begin using substances, because the _________________, involved in impulse control and affected by substance use, is still developing. a. temporal lobe b. frontal lobe c. cerebellum d. occipital lobe

b. frontal lobe

A frequent drug user finds that larger doses of a drug are necessary to produce the same "high" that much lower doses once produced. That drug user is developing _______________. a. withdrawal symptoms b. tolerance c. hallucinations d. intoxication

b. tolerance

Isaiah experiences vomiting and shaking when he tries to stop drinking alcohol. This most likely reflects that he has developed _______________. a. increased tolerance b. withdrawal reactions c. hallucinations d. intoxication

b. withdrawal reactions

Of the following, which has the lowest risks for drug dependency and long-term behavioral change? a. Amphetamines b. Alcohol c. Cannabis d. Barbiturates

c. Cannabis

Mario used a substance of abuse that left him feeling awake, alive, and as though he could conquer the world. He MOST likely used _______________. a. heroin b. alcohol c. cocaine d. a barbiturate

c. cocaine

It has been observed that individuals who are initially higher in intelligence do not experience as much loss of cognitive abilities as individuals who are lower in intelligence functioning. This is known as the concept of _______________. a. buffering b. protection c. cognitive reserve d. problem solving ability

c. cognitive reserve

The typical pattern of Alzheimer's for the patient is _______________. a. denial, projection, regression b. denial, anger, bargaining, acceptance, hope c. denial, anxiety, withdrawal, dependency d. denial, acceptance, reemergence, reinforcement

c. denial, anxiety, withdrawal, dependency

Family members are overinvolved in each other's lives, but are affectionate and loyal. This description fits Salvador Minuchin's definition of an _______________. a. autonomous family pattern b. underfunctioning family pattern c. enmeshed family pattern d. institutionalized family pattern

c. enmeshed family pattern

Of the following alternatives, what would be the BEST advice to give someone who wants to retain good cognitive functioning as long as possible in old age? a. "Be sure to get mineral supplements, especially zinc and aluminum - - and take it easy, to avoid injury." b. "Disengage a little - - don't let the world news upset you - - and avoid caffeine and other stimulants." c. "Get a pet - - caring for something else helps - - and avoid eye strain by reducing your reading." d. "Exercise your body and your mind - - use it or lose it."

d. "Exercise your body and your mind - - use it or lose it."

Which of the following is NOT true about anorexia nervosa? a. Its' onset usually follows a diet in someone who is of normal weight or slightly overweight. b. Its' onset can follow a stressful event such as divorce, a move from home, or a personal failure. c. Fatalities are brought on by suicide or serious medical problems due to starvation. d. About 25 percent of people who experience anorexia nervosa are men.

d. About 25 percent of people who experience anorexia nervosa are men.

As regards eating disorders, "purging" is eliminating food from the body by such means as _______________. a. vomiting b. taking laxatives c. diuretics or enemas d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles _______________. a. occur within neurons in the brain b. occur between neurons in the brain c. differ in location; senile plaques are found within neurons in the brain, while neurofibrillary tangles are found between neurons in the brain d. differ in location; senile plaques are found between neurons in the brain, while neurofibrillary tangles are found within neurons in the brain

d. differ in location; senile plaques are found between neurons in the brain, while neurofibrillary tangles are found within neurons in the brain

In which of the following disorders would you expect equal numbers of men and women? a. anorexia nervosa b. bulimia nervosa c. binge eating disorder d. none of the above

d. none of the above

One important difference between major neurocognitive disorder due to cerebral vascular accidents and major neurocognitive disorder due to Alzheimer's disease is that _______________. a. Alzheimer's disease is more deadly b. vascular neurocognitive disorder is more deadly c. the symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder usually appear more gradually than Alzheimer's disease d. the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease usually appear more gradually than do the symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder

d. the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease usually appear more gradually than do the symptoms of vascular neurocognitive disorder

Bulimia Nervosa distinguishing features:

-Eating experienced as out of control -Consuming > food than most under similar circumstances -Compensatory behavior.. Most often purging -*>once a week, > 3 months -self image greatly influenced by perceived shape/ weight -most with in 10% of normal weight for age (height and build) -Disorder in HIDIND - Severity → Reflects pattern of compensatory behavior -mild: 1-3 episodes compensatory behavior/ week -moderate: 4-7 episodes/week -severe: 8-13 episodes/week -extreme:14+ episodes/week -loss of enamel, salivary gland enlargement, electrolyte imbalance, skeletal/ kidney problems, disruption in menstrual cycle -comorbidity may include; anxiety, depression, mood swings, and substance abuse

Define the term "withdrawal" as it relates to substance use disorders. Describe the symptoms of alcohol withdrawal.

-the act of with drawing something, not being able to function normally with out specific substance Fatigue Depression Anxiety Irritability Shakiness Nightmares Difficulty thinking clearly Night sweats Insomnia Mild anxiety Headaches Dilated pupils Insomnia Clammy skin Nausea Vomiting Loss of appetite Rapid heart rate Paleness Sweating Tremors (especially hand tremors)

A woman suffering from a neurological disorder shows no evidence of infection or poisoning, but experiences tremors, rigidity, and unsteadiness. The most probable diagnosis is ______________. a. Parkinson's disease b. Alzheimer's disease c. Huntington's disease d. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

a. Parkinson's disease

What is the MOST common outcome for individuals with anorexia nervosa? a. Recovery. b. Starving to death. c. Suffering irreversible physical harm. d. Suffering lifelong physiological trauma.

a. Recovery.

Which of the following drugs does NOT increase the release of dopamine? a. Cocaine b. Alcohol c. Heroin d. Nicotine e. All of these drugs increase the release of dopamine

e. All of these drugs increase the release of dopamine

Diff types of drugs

-Stimulants, depressants, hallucinogens, opiates- -Depressants; GABA, glutamate, Serotonin -Stimulants; dopamine, epinephrine -Hallucinogens; serotonin, epinephrine -Opiates; heroin/opium, codeine, morphine, oxy- synthetic opiates, synthetic heroin,

Anorexia Nervosa distinguishing features:

-failure to maintain minimally normal weight, failure to make expected gains -intense fear of gaining weight/ becoming fat -perceptual disturbance regarding shape, size, weight.. Sees self much larger when looking in mirror -amenorrhea- absence of menstrual cycle -dry skin, brittle hair/nails -chronically low blood pressure and heart rate -electrolyte imbalance assoc with cardiac, skeletal, kidney -lanugo- growing hair on outer body (limbs and cheeks) - onset assoc with stressful life event -long term outcome if untreated not known -nearly 10% hospitalized die from complications -male-->female ratio = 10-1 -rates appeared to increase in recent decades

eating disorder TREATMENTS for children and teens

-family therapy, therapeutic family meals -family based treatment (maudsley approach) Phase 1: weight restoration Phase 2: return control of eating to child Phase 3: established healthy adolescent identity

Treatments for eating disorders

CBT, Exposure, anti depressants for bulemia, family based intervention(partic anorexia)

A recent addition to this section of the DSM-5 is gambling disorder. Discuss how gambling disorder is similar to and differs from substance use disorders.

Gambling: leads to impairment and distress 4 months, 4 or more symptoms Restlessness Need to gamble Making unsuccessful attempts to stop Engaging in behavior when in distress Lying to conceal the extent of gambling Relying on other for money that you've lost Similar: because people with other substance abuse disorders go through similar things Different: you're not taking a substance, addicted to the thrill Criterion A: Persistent, recurrent problematic gambling behavior leading to significant impairment / distress, > 4 of following in 12-month period: Need to gamble w/ increasing amounts to achieve desired excitement Restless / irritable when attempting to cut down / stop gambling Made repeated unsuccessful efforts to control, cut back, or stop gambling Often preoccupied by gambling Often gambles when feeling distressed After losing money gambling, often returns another day to get even Lies to conceal extent of involvement w/ gambling Jeopardized / lost significant relationship, job or educational opportunity due to gambling Relies on others to provide money to relieve financial situation caused by gambling Criterion B: Not better explained by a manic episode

Describe how culture plays a role in the perception of body size and in the development of eating disorders. Give an example of this.

Our cultural emphasis on dieting, thin models, and digitally altered images certainly plays a role. However, if the body image distortions were only caused by media factors, nearly everyone would suffer from an eating disorder. Nor do cultural factors explain the documented existence of eating disorders in cultures and time periods without a cultural emphasis on thinness. New research is showing that individuals with eating disorders have differences in the way they perceive their own shape and size that appears to be strongly influenced by biology.

family based treatment (maudsley approach)

Phase 1: weight restoration Phase 2: return control of eating to child Phase 3: established healthy adolescent identity

What would those who support the Alcoholics Anonymous approach to treating alcoholism have to say about the cognitive-behavioral procedure called relapse-prevention training? a. They would oppose relapse-prevention training because it does not require sobriety at all stages of treatment. b. They would oppose relapse-prevention training because research shows it doesn't work very well. c. They would support relapse-prevention training because it requires sobriety. d. They would support relapse-prevention training because of the testimonial evidence of its effectiveness.

a. They would oppose relapse-prevention training because it does not require sobriety at all stages of treatment.

TRUE or FALSE. Hallucinogenic drugs do not produce withdrawal symptoms. a. True b. False

a. True

The MOST common cognitive disturbance in anorexia nervosa is _______________. a. a distorted body image b. a revulsion toward food c. a major clinical depression d. in their views of others

a. a distorted body image

According to cognitive theorists, the underlying distortion in eating disorders is related to _______________. a. a misunderstanding of the relationship between food and weight b. eating that is uncontrolled c. too much concern with eating, shape, and weight d. an inability to control one's emotions

a. a misunderstanding of the relationship between food and weight

TRUE or FALSE. All cognitive abilities decline steadily as we age. a. True b. False

b. False

TRUE or FALSE. Medication plays a key role in treatment of anorexia. a. True b. False

b. False

Jon stopped eating candy and other sweets, then gradually eliminated other foods until he was eating almost nothing. He could be experiencing _______________. a. anorexia nervosa, binge-purge type b. anorexia nervosa, sweet-phobia type c. anorexia nervosa, restricting-type d. anorexia nervosa, exercise-induced type

c. anorexia nervosa, restricting-type

An individual with retrograde amnesia _______________. a. has trouble learning new information b. can learn new information but does not recall old semantic information c. can learn new information but does not recall events of the past d. has trouble with both learning new information and recalling old information

c. can learn new information but does not recall events of the past

Daniel, an intravenous heroin user, feels intense cravings for heroin when he sees hypodermic needles. This may be an example of _______________. a. modeling b. operant conditioning c. classical conditioning d. observational learning

c. classical conditioning

Which of the following is a medical problem commonly caused by the purging behavior seen in bulimia nervosa? a. Dental erosion. b. Menstrual disturbances. c. Electrolyte imbalances. d. All of the above.

d. All of the above.