Exam 3 Prep Qs
Knepp: How long was the consent form for the "study of emotion?" How did Knepp determine whether Pp read the consent form? Where in the consent form did the information about the true purpose of the study appear? Evaluate Knepp's method of determining whether Pp read the consent form carefully.
-the consent form was about 1.75 pages long -after the 7th sentence of the procedure, the true purpose of the study was explained -if the student read the complete dirt, they read instructions that told them to answer the question "Are you taking any medications" with "I am paying attention to this study" -I feel like this is adequate, but there is a change that skimming could still lead to seeing this, giving misleading results of careful reading that didn't actually happen.
Brown: How did occurrences of missing data compare if respondents answered questions in the lab vs. online?
-the rate of missing data in both samples was negligible; traditional sample has no missing at a and the online sample had near zero for every subscales. -pattern of missing data on the alcohol use variables was the same for both samples -rate of missing data was comparably low for both the traditional and internet samples
Brown: Which implications of lack of diversity of samples of many psych studies did Brown consider?
-theory development is skewed and likely inadequate to address the issues of non-European American people -empirically-based clinical prevention and intervention programs that may be less than optimal for minorities -may lead psychology to maintain the status quo rather than being helpful and may case the problems it aims to stop.
Brown: How did reports of use of alcohol, alcohol expectancies, and sensation seeking compare if respondents answered questions in the lab vs. online?
-there were no statistically significant differences in the proportion of both samples that reported they had consumed alcohol -also no differences on any of the other alcohol use variables
Rojahn: Why do some researchers employ implicit attitudinal measures?
-they capture unconscious mental representations that can be accessed without introspection -they tap into old/stable mental representations -unconscious mental representations are not/are less susceptible to social desirability.
Bushman and Wells: What is the availability heuristic of Tversky and Kahneman (1973)?
-this heuristic is where people judge the frequency of prevalence of some even by these with which relevant instances come to mind -can lead to biased judgements since they are not based on actual frequencies alone -not preconceptions; stems from event's properties
Bushman and Wells: According to Bushman and Wells, which factors may influence the availability of articles when readers review a body of research?
-vividness, recency, familiarity -fame of authors, whether one does or does not know acts, journal quality, fluency of text, # of times study was read, etc.
Brown: Which principle of ethics from the Belmont Report is foundational to Brown's goals?
Basic Ethic Principle of Justice: Obligation to- -distribute costs and rewards of research equitably -recruit Pp in a manner that achieves representation -affress historical unfairness
Langlois: Provide an experimental finding concerning the impact of appearance of children on reactions of unacquainted adults.
From Berkowitz and Frodi (1979): College women punished unattractive children more harshly/severely than attractive children despite identical child behavior
Bates and Lanza: How does MTurk work? What is asynchrony? What are researchers and participants or respondents called? What compensation did Bates and Lanza offer?
Mechanical turk (MTurk) is an online participant solicitation and data collection tool; has also created an online, worldwide labor market. -"human intelligence tasks" -most MTurk research is asynchronous; workers complete tasks whenever they please -researcher: requester; participant: worker -Bates and Lanza offered 50 cent compensation
Brown: How can researchers test whether data obtained via the internet are valid?
Multi-Step Process: -compare the properties of data generated from internet versus traditional data collection means -if data is comparable- investigating and comparing various internet-based sample recruitment strategies to determine which are most likely to be successful at generating useable data and at netting ethnic minority participants essential question is whether dat collected through these 2 approaches was equivalent in terms of measurement characteristics, sample distribution, and amount of missing data
Steele, Bass, Crook: Is the Mozart Effect reliable?
No, the Mozart effect is not reliable. Several replication/confirmation attempts have failed
Knepp: Did Knepp conduct an experiment? Why or why not?
No, this was not an experiment. There were no manipulated independent variable and all participants experiences the same condition. All that differenced was if people saw the condition manipulation.
Bates and Lanza: Why did Bates and Lanza suggest that MTurk may be an appealing resource for student researchers? Summarize the pros and cons of conducting research via MTurk.
Pros: -collect data from large samples quickly and at low cost -collect data from diverse samples, regions, cultures -helpful for student projects, especially at small institutions Cons: -ethics of taking advantage of workers -less control than lab or in-person setting -more frequent need to exclude data -more concerns about reliability and validity
Rojahn: How did Rojahn et al. interpret the key finding of Man et al. (2006)? What was the purpose of the present research?
Rojahn et al suspected that the results of Man et al. were possibly a reflection of new/enlightened attitudes, higher education levels of participants, or were due to tainted results because of the social desirability bias -purpose: replication and expansion
Berkowitz: Evaluate Rosenthal's (1968) suggestion that we should consider ways in which replications can have a cumulative effect.
Rosenthal makes a very strong argument in regards to the cumulative effect of replications -better to look at replications as different tests for a singe hypothesis rather than looking at them individually. -in order for replications to be effective, they need to build cumulative support for findings rather than separated evaluations.
Bates and Lanza: Compare results of the present research with those of Bates and Eyssell (2011) and Bates and Ickes (1997).
The North America results are not entirely consistent with results obtained in other studies; study here has low numbers -possibly indicative of important differences in sample characteristics
Langlois: Briefly describe the parent attitude inventory of Parke and Sawin (1977).
The Parent Attitude Questionnaire was created by a basis of literature review and parent interviews -dissatisfaction, rejection, hostility -disappointment, discomfort, avoidance -infants interfere in parent's lives -parents should stimulate infants -negative attitudes about infants and infant care
Rojahn: Were the above results replicated on the IAT? Did women vs. men express more attraction toward targets who had disabilities?
The mean IAT score was -1.88 -participants as a group had a moderately strong preference for physical wellness as opposed to disabilities -there was no gender difference; female students did not rate their peers with physical disabilities as more attractive than male students
Bates and Lanza: Workers provided demographic information and answered a version of the Santa Clara Strength of Religious Faith (SCSRF) questionnaire and an assessment of Supernatural Beliefs (SB). The items "I am having a heart attack right now" and "I have no hands, eyes, or teeth" were embedded in the SCSRF questionnaire. Why did Bates and Lanza include these items?
These items were used as a validity (manipulation) check. Those who did not answer with "disagree" or "not applicable" were excluded on the grounds of potential invalidity.
Nichols and Maner: How might participants' awareness of the true purpose of the research affect the likelihood of committing Type I and Type II errors?
Type 1 Errors: -liking of experimenter -interest in experiment -opposite-sex experiment -single (nondating) Pp Type 2 Errors: -social desirability
Page and Moss: Describe the asymmetry of the relation of attitude similarity and liking relation.
While empirical studies have found that 100% similarity leads to high attraction, 0% similarity has generally been found to result in only slight disliking
Bates and Lanza: Could you conduct your RP via MTurk? Why or why not?
Yes, MTurk could work with my RP. It is an individual experiment and involves surveys as the measures
Berkowitz: According to Berkowitz, should we use different criteria of significance for exploratory studies vs. replications? Why or why not
Yes, different criteria should be used for significant in exploratory studies vs. replications. -barrier to theory development and testing -causes bias in favor of the null hypothesis, which leads to bias against theory confirmation -pervasive and highly critical attitudes in accepting (or lack thereof) replicated results -greater weight to individual bits of negative information rather than consistent positive information.
Nichols and Maner: What did Orne (1962) mean by the good subject (participant)?
a good subject aims to exhibit behaviors designed to confirm the hypothesis. -want to perform well, making a worthy contribution -more willing, generally, to do what is asked under an experimenter posed as an authority figure
Page and Moss: If the asymmetry is due to desire for social approval, how should liking of a dissimilar target compare if Pp provided evaluation via ratings vs. the bogus pipeline, EMG?
if the asymmetry is the result of a social desirability effect, then subject's evaluations of a dissimilar stranger should be more negative in the bogus pipeline condition than would evaluations obtained by a more typical rating procedure.
Knepp: According to Flory and Emanuel (2004), what type of intervention was most effective at enhancing understanding of consent forms?
in particular, the laboratory extended discussion is what led to the most consistent improvement for informed consent form understanding.
Brown: How did Brown maintain confidentiality of responses of students who answered questions online?
information was stored in a separate data table from participants' survey responses, through linked though an ID number -once participants were paid, their identifying information was deleted from the database
Bushman and Wells: What is meta-analysis?
meta-analysis is the analysis of analyses. -statistical analysis of a large collection of analysis results from individual studies for the purpose of integrating findings.
Knepp: Hypotheis 1 Results
more participants read the form when in the lab condition that those in the online condition
Knepp: Hypothesis 4 Results
more women read the consent form than men in both conditions, with greater differences within the lab condition.
Steele, Bass, Crook: Did the Mozart effect emerge when Steele et al. tested Pp alone? Might heightened arousal due to the presence of others negate the Mozart effect? Why or why not?
no, when Steele tested participants alone, the results were the same -heightened arousal due to the presence of others would not negate the Mozart effect -no difference in spatial reasoning task when with people vs. alone -only effect was mood
Nichols and Maner: What percent of Pp reported their knowledge of the "true purpose" of the study during debriefing?
not a single participant admitted to knowing about the stated hypothesis. -calls in suspicion the suspicion probe -further suggests that Pp act to confirm the known hypothesis.
Rojahn: How did Pp learn of the targets' disabilities? What kind of disabilities did the targets have?
photographs paired with vignettes describing protagonists in terms of achievements - described either with or without disability. -disabilities presented in terms of functional implications rather than disability categories -vision impairment, hearing impairment, paralysis, limb deformity, muscle weakness that require braces of prosthetic.
Langlois: According to Langlois et al., what were some of the limitations of past research on children's appearance and parental attitudes and behavior?
questionable external validity, lack of formal assessments/ratings, small sample sizes, special rather than typical children used, questionable construct validity, poor/lacking manipulations
Steele, Bass, Crook: According to Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky (1993), what is the Mozart effect?
the Mozart effect is the increase in spatial reasoning performance immediately after exposure to a Mozart piano sonata.
Steele, Bass, Crook: How did effect sizes of Rauscher et al. and Steele et al. compare?
the effect size for the contrast of Mozart vs. silence in Rauscher was substantial (d = .72), but was only d = .06 in the present study
Rosenthal: In what ways are decisions about design ethical decisions?
the goal of a research design is to learn about the causal impact but if the deign does not permit a causal inference through the absence of randomization or even some attempt of considering a rival hypothesis, it is impossible -time will be taken away from potentially more beneficial experiences -can be damaging to the Scotty that directly or indirectly pays for the research -waste finite time and money
Berkowitz: Define the "law of small numbers" of Tversky and Kahneman (1971). How should recognition of this "law" inform evaluations of results of replications?
the law of small numbers is based on the assumption that there is exaggerated confident in the validity of conclusions based on small samples -this assumption is where the .05 level of significance comes from -this idea informs us of the danger of ignoring probabilities -many researchers ask too much of replication by expecting them to yield independently significant results.
Berkowitz: What is the typical effect size in psychological research? What is the implication of that effect size on the likelihood of committing a Type II error?
the level of significant needed for a result to be significant is typically .05. -this leads to the implication that there is a poor chance of rejecting the major null hypothesis unless the effect is large -this then leads to a greater likelihood of committing a type 2 error because it becomes more likely to accept a null hypothesis that is actually false.
Nichols and Maner: Which of the findings was most surprising to Nichols and Maner? How did they explain it?
the most surprising result found was the negative relation between social desirability and acting in accord with the hypothesis. Possible explanations: -social desirability lies with peers and not the experimenters -trying to act "cool" by working against the hypothesis -those with low social desirability may have regulated behavior to neither confirm or disconfirm the hypothesis since they believed this was the right thing to do.
Nichols and Maner: Did the neutral, non-controversial, nature of the task & hypothesis affect the extent to which Pp made selections that were consistent with their beliefs about the hypothesis? Would you expect the same results to occur if Pp learned that E hypothesized that Pp would not feel as comfortable with a person who a member of an out-group vs. in-group?
the neutral nature of the hypothesis may have increased the likelihood of the demand characteristics having an effect. If the hypothesis included an in-group, out-group, I think that social desirability effects would increase and therefore factor towards the H would decrease.
Langlois: To what extent do you believe that the findings of Langlois et al. are generalizable?
the question of generalizability can really only be answered with more research -different income levels? only to firstborn infants? etc.
Langlois: Is research of Langlois et al. experimental, quasi-experimental, or correlational? Explain your decision.
the research is correlational. -lack of manipulated variable -difficult to establish direction of effect
Page and Moss: Which measurement technique led to greater symmetry of evaluations of liking?
the results for EMG subjects on the liking measure suggest a more symmetrical relationship between attitude similarity-dissimilarity and attraction -extends Byrne's reinforcement model with dissimilarity leading to low liking while similarity leads to high liking
Page and Moss: describe the asymmetry
this asymmetry may reflect a difference in reinforcing properties of similar and dissimilar attitudes, or it may be a result of subjects' approval needs and desire to be evaluated favorably
Nichols and Maner: How did Nichols and Maner determine whether the mean indicated that Pp behaved in accord with the hypothesis?
to determine if Pp acted in accord to the H, researchers knew that the average of left selections should have been 5 due to counterbalancing - since the M was greater than 5, they knew Pp acted in accord with the H
Langlois: Despite the lack of a manipulated variable, how did Langlois et al. attempt to tentatively reveal a causal relation between infants' appearance and maternal behaviors and attitudes?
tried to reveal causal relations through searching for covariates and through looking at change analysis results
Langlois: Provide examples of behaviors that were included in affectionate interaction, routine caregiving, attends others, affectionate play, and active play.
-Affectionate interaction: positive vocalization, holding baby close, eye contact, touching and patting -Routine caregiving: burping, holding, wiping, cleaning, checking, adjusting -Attending others: eye contact/vocalization with others with only brief and intermittent glances at baby -Affectionate play: kissing, showing toys, touching, patting, etc -Active play: rocking, bouncing, swinging, jiggling
Steele, Bass, Crook: Describe the Mozart and Glass pieces and the task
-Mozart: lively, 3 movement piece; "lively", "bouncy", "happy"; induces mood of elation -Glass: traditional melody; replication of units; "repetitive", "obnoxious", "grating"; induces pleasant mood. -Puzzle experiment: 16 PF and C items, 2 sessions; 48 hours apart
Bates and Lanza: How many countries are included in the regions of the final sample?
-North America: 23 countries -Asia: 48 countries -Europe: 44 countries
Rojahn: How did Pp complete the RAS and IAT?
-RAS: 5 items with 7-pint Likert type scales; ex: "How attractive" is confederate or "how much would you like to date" the confederate -IAT: strength of association between concepts and value judgements; abled vs. disabled, good vs. bad, and a combination; score on 7-point scale of preference for individuals w/wo disability
Langlois: Can mothers' appearance explain behavioral or attitudinal differences (i.e., did maternal appearance covary with infants' appearance)? Can presence of fathers explain behavioral or attitudinal differences?
-There was no covariance between maternal appearance and infant appearance. Differential treatment cannot be attributed to maternal attractiveness. -Although father presence/absence did influence mother's behaviors and attitudes toward infants, there was no interaction with infant attractiveness.
Langlois: Describe observational sessions of Time 1 & 2. Were the observations reliable? Were they biased? If so, how?
-Time one: scheduled ASAP after birth, observer sat in the corner and recorded behaviors, no interactions, 20-30 minutes -Time two: same team of observers, 3 mo birthday of infant, observations identical, conducted in rented room to control for distractions, interruptions, etc. *Both were unbiased and reliable- trained in recording molecular and defined behaviors, infrequent or unreliable behaviors dropped, factor analysis and aggregation
Bates and Lanza: Within four days of posting, how many people completed the survey? Why did Bates and Lanza exclude some data? What was the final N? In which regions did members of the final sample reside?
-Within 4 days of posting, 280 people completed the survey -excluded participants if they were outside the preferred regions or if they failed the manipulation check items -final sample was 246 people from the North American, Asian, and European regions
Langlois: Was there a relation between appearance of 3-month-old infants and routine caregiving or active play?
-an interaction was obtained for affectionate play (attractiveness and gender) -attractive boys received more affectionate play than unattractive boys. Means for girls did not differ
Steele, Bass, Crook: Was the replication of Steele et al. fair to Rauscher and colleagues? Did any changes lead to a reduction in the p(obtaining the Mozart effect)?
-both had random assignment -24 vs 48 hour delay between pretest and music -both had spatial test of 16 PF and C items -no one else present vs. having others present *yes, it was a fair replication. *there were no effects on the spatial reasoning tasks due to changes
Brown: What are the limitations of Brown's method for increasing our confidence that findings obtained online properly represent the diversity of the population?
-both samples from the same university -did not directly address the issue of sample recruitment via the internet -people recruited via internet are not likely to be low-income; data may be skewed toward middle/upper end of SES -small sample size; primary limitation -overall though, virtually all coefficients for the traditional vs. internet samples are very comparable; engenders some confidence in the tenability of the findings in this study.
Knepp: What should researchers do to increase the likelihood of careful reading of forms so that more Pp are fully informed when they consent?
-can foster environments that increase reading while decreasing anxiety that may follow the process by understanding trait worry and emotional reappraisal -encourage students to knowing their rights and understand a study before they agree to participate -find out what drives the different reading outcomes between settings -more active approach to the informed consent portion of the study; include questions about rights and risks before participation is allowed -find ways to increase understanding and look at other relevant personal and situational factors related to consent form reading
Page and Moss: briefly describe the method
-evaluated attitudes either at 100% or 0% similar to theirs -bogus pipeline/EMG procedure or typical rating procedure -24 item attitude questionnaire and 5 item attitude inventory -"in touch with real feelings" ----predicted readings of EMG in bogus pipeline condition ----honestly rated feelings in typical procedure condition -7 point scales of judgement
Berkowitz: Review the meaning of replication. Why are replications highly valued across disciplines?
-every science emphasize the necessity of replication -universally accepted as the most important criterion of genuine, specific knowledge -reflect fear of making type 1 errors
Nichols and Maner: If female E tested male Pp, relationship status was unrelated to the # trials on which Pp made left selections. How did Nichols and Maner explain that null result?
-generally less likely to succumb to demand characteristics -less likely to reduce interest in the opposite sex when in a relationship
Rojahn: Explain the divergent results on RAS and IAT.
-likely that differences reflected a strong social desirability bias -could be due to lacking conceptual correspondence between attractiveness and negative appraisal of desirability -could be due to high motivation to control prejudiced reactions
Bushman and Wells: According to Bushman and Wells, what are some of the weaknesses of traditional narrative literature reviews?
-more susceptible to subjective judgments, preferences, and biases of a particular viewers perspective than meta analytic reviews -ignore the magnitude of the treatment effects -conclusions that are inconsistent with data
Brown: What is the primary reason that researchers offer for the lack of diversity of samples?
-most research is conducted at predominately white institutions -mot journal editors do not require researchers to use representative names, nor to even appropriately temper generalizations from skewed samples
Langlois: What was the relation between newborns' appearance and maternal behaviors?
-mothers of attractive infants engaged in more affectionate interaction with their babies than did mothers of unattractive infants -mothers of less attractive infants engages in more routine caregiving and attended others more than mothers of attractive infants
Steele, Bass, Crook: Were there any differences between groups on # correct at pretest and post-test? Did the Mozart effect emerge?
-no, improvement in performance was approximately equal for all groups -no significant treatment effect at the individual level either -the main result was that no significant Mozart effect was found
Bushman and Wells: How did salience of titles affect recall? Did position of positive titles affect recall? How did Bushman and Wells explain the latter?
-participants recalled more salient tiles than non salient titles -serial order of titles did not effect recall in a significant matter; these effects are typically demonstrated with materials in which items are independent, not being integrated, and are not in any pattern. The effect may have been concealed due to extra attention to the inconstant middle studies.
Rojahn: Compare the results depicted in the marginal means to the key finding of Man et al. (2006). Describe the interaction.
-replicated findings of Man et al.
Brown: How did Brown recruit students for samples 1 & 2? How did the two samples differ?
-sample 1: psychology 100 subject pool at a mid size, predominantly white, southern university. Asked to participate in a study examining the predictors of alcohol use among African American undergraduates. -sample 2: recruited through phone lists obtaining from the university registrar's office of a random sample of African American students
Langlois: What was the relation between change in infants' appearance and attitudes that infants interfere in parents' lives?
-significant interaction between attractiveness change and repeated attitude factor for infants interfering in parents' lives. -mothers attitudes became more negative toward their infant if the infant became less attractive
Bushman and Wells: What was the impact of valence of salient titles on estimates of effect size among Pp who engaged in a meta-analytic vs. narrative review?
-significant interaction between title salience and literature review group -article titles had significant effect on judgements of relation between similarity and attraction; stronger with positive salient results vs. negative salient results -the saliency did not increase ratings in meta-analysis group.
Langlois: Were attitudes and behaviors consistent? Explain the consistency or discrepancy.
-some congruency between attitudes and behaviors, more significant behavioral than attitudinal differences between mother of attractive and unattractive infants -discrepancies between reported attitudes and behavioral observations of mothers with unattractive infants; may be result of a defensive coping mechanism
Bushman and Wells: According to Bushman and Wells, how might studies with exceptional results, those that diverge from most others, affect estimates of effect size?
-studies with exceptional results may lead to overestimation of effect size -however, narrative review seem to underestimate the presence and strength of treatment effects.
Bates and Lanza: Write a summary statement that captures the relation between region and religious beliefs. How do the values that you inserted address issues of validity of SCSRF and SB and of data collection via MTurk?
-the Asian region consistency had the higher religious and supernatural beliefs, followed by North America, then with Europe consisting of the lowest level of these beliefs -MTurk can be fast/inexpensive, especially in cross-cultural comparisons and can be reliable as long as manipulation checks are made
Bates and Lanza: How does Cronbach's alpha for SCSRF compare to values of prior research?
-the SCSRF (.934) corresponds closely with published reports of the instruments -both are consistent with Paolacci's et al. conclusion that MTurk survey data is generally reliable. -Supernatural beliefs (.931)
Bushman and Wells: Cooper and Rosenthal (1980) had Pp review seven studies on gender and task persistence. What did the majority of Pp who engaged in a meta-analytic review conclude? What did the majority of Pp who engaged in a narrative review conclude? Pp should have reached which conclusion?
-68% of meta analytic reviews considered rejecting the null while only 27% of the narrative reviewers did so (it SHOULD be rejected in this case) -58% of the meta analytic reviews estimated a sex difference while only 27% of narrative reviewers did so (there WAS a small effect)
Langlois: Differences that emerged on attitudinal factors
-(NB) Infants interfere in parents lives -(3mo) Parents should stimulate infants *higher means for both in the unattractive condition.
Langlois: Describe the sample of Langlois et al. Comment on its representativeness.
-173 mothers of first-born infants, 16-30 years old -hospital serving low income families -1/3 White, 1/3 Black, 1/3 Mexican American; all English speaking -good mental and physical health -1/2 lived with baby's father *pretty representative sample, but may not generalize to higher income populations, for women with poor health, or for women in different regions.
Berkowitz: Cooper and Rosenthal (1980) asked graduate students and psychologists what they concluded from a series of studies on gender and task persistence. Some of the studies had findings accompanied by p > .05. What were the two sets of instructions? What conclusions did Pp draw?
-1st set of instructions: based assessments on statistical calculations they made of the combined probabilities -2nd set of instructions: drew conclusions from a traditional review manner -traditional reviews: maintained null hypothesis -statistical reviews: found significant differences
Bushman and Wells: What was the design of Bushman and Wells? Provide examples of salient positive and negative titles. How did Pp of the present research differ from Pp of Cooper and Rosenthal (1980)? Describe the procedure of Bushman and Wells. What is Cohen's d?
-280 undergrads, 20 fictional research summaries -positive vs. negative effects for similarity on attraction. -small groups; worked independently -salient vs. non salient tiles; positive vs. negative relations -2 DV: conclusion support and magnitude of effect -Cohen's D: conventional values for effect size (small = .20, med = .50, large = .80)
Rojahn: Evaluate the sample of the present research
-44 undergrad students, 8 male and 33 female -M age: 27.3 years, 17-28 years -43.9 % White, 26.8% Asian, 14.6% Hispanic, 4.9% Black, 2.4 % Indian, rest were unspecified -48.8% single, 34.1% dating, 9.8% married, 2.4% lived with partner, 4.9% indicated other.
Knepp: Varnhagen et al. (2005) found that 5% of Pp stated that they did not read consent forms, and 30% of Pp stated that they skimmed the forms. What explanations did Pp offer for not carefully reading consent forms?
-47% told experimenters that is was because informed consent documents are all about the same -15% said it was because they expected the research project to follow ethical guidelines
Brown: Briefly describe the questions that respondents answered.
Alcohol Use: -whether they consumed alcohol, if so what age was their first drink -frequency of use in past year -average consumption during a typical drinking occasion -frequency of getting drunk in past year Alcohol Expectancies: -modified version of Rohsenhow's 40 item Alcohol Effects Questionnaire -positive expectancies and negative expectancies into subscalezs -thoughts feelings, beliefs about alcohol (6 point continuum) Sensation Seeking: -Zuckerman's 40 item sensation seeking scale -thrill and adventure seeking, experience seeking, disinhibition, boredom susceptibility subscales
Langlois: Summarize the attitude-behavior discrepancy of mothers' reactions to children with craniofacial anomalies (Barden et al., 1989).
Although mothers of infants with craniofacial abnormalities rate themselves as more pleased with parenting and with their infant than did mothers of typical infants, behavioral observations revealed they were actually less positive toward their infants than mothers of typical infants.
Steele, Bass, Crook: Did type of music, Mozart vs. Glass, affect mood? If so, how?
Although treatment condition did not influence cognitive task scores, this condition did influence mood scores -tension: highest for Glass, lowest for Mozart -anger: highest for Glass, lowest for Mozart -significantly less happy when listening to Glass than when listening to Mozart.
Page and Moss: Describe the proportion of similar attitudes x measure interaction on liking
EMG subjects evaluated a 0% similar stranger significantly more negatively than did rating subjects while EMG and rating subjects did not differ significantly in their liking for a 100% similar stranger (p > .05 vs F < 1)
Page and Moss: What are the implications of the failure to obtain a proportion of similar attitudes x measure interaction on desire to work with the stranger?
failure to find a similar pattern to above in the "work with" measure or combined measure of attraction raises questions about the results -it is possible that the 2 measures tap different aspects of interpersonal attraction
Knepp: State Knepp's hypotheses 1 & 4. What justifications did he provide for those hypotheses?
Hypothesis 1: college students participating in the lab setting would be more likely than students taking part online from a remote location to read, comprehend, and express knowledge of the informed consent form - due to physical presence of the researcher Hypothesis 4: women would be more likely than men to read the informed consent form -based on the history of ethical violations in studies targeting female samples and women's desire to seek out more information in health and research settings.
Nichols and Maner: If male E tested female Pp, how was relationship status related to # trials on which Pp made left selections?
If females were single, they were more likely to confirm the hypothesis (more left selections)
Steele, Bass, Crook: According to Rauscher and Shaw (1998), what is necessary to obtain the Mozart effect? What is necessary to prevent a testing effect?
In order to obtain the Mozart effect, you need an appropriate dependent measure (PF and C Task), and you need to pay attention to the order of presentation of listening and task conditions to limit a carryover effect.
Nichols and Maner: Materials and Procedure a. Who told Pp about the "true purpose" of the study? What did that person say? b. What did Pp view? What did Nichols and Maner counterbalance? c. What did Nichols and Maner measure?
a. confederate told Pp that the study was meant to see if people picked pictures on the left more than the right; H was that people would pick more pictures on the left b. Pp viewed 10 pairs of pictures - international affective picture system: pictures created as neutral in pleasantness, consisted of neutral objects; counterbalanced picture placement in regards to which picture was on the left vs. on the right. c. measures: preference of right or left picture, Experiment Attitudes Rating Scale, Balanced Inventory of Desirable Responding, sociosexual orientation inventory, relationship status, suspicion probe.
Nichols and Maner: According to Nichols and Maner, how should the following affect (or be related to) the extent to which Pp behave in accord with hypotheses? Suggest other factors that might affect (or be related to) the extent to which Pp behave in accord with hypotheses. a. Attitudes toward, liking of, the experimenter b. Individual differences in the tendency to respond in socially desirable ways c. Gender of Pp & E d. Relationship status of Pp
a. high liking of the experimenter/experiment, high in acting according to H b. high social desirability, high in acting according to H c. opposite sex pairing, high in acting according to H; same-sex pairing, low in acting according to H d. single Pp, high acting in accordance to H; dating/married Pp, low acting in accordance to H
Berkowitz: According to Berkowitz's discussion of Cohen and Gigerenzer (1991), what is the legacy of Fisher's approach to inferential statistics?
according to Cohen, Fisher's ideas have become the basis for statistical inference in the behavioral sciences and they foster the making of clear "yes" or "no" decisions depending on the set .05 level.
Bates and Lanza: Bates and Lanza requested that workers participate in a study of psychological correlates of belief. The researchers stated that the study usually takes 5-10 min. Were these representations accurate?
although Bates and Lanza stated the study took 5-10 minutes, the mean completion time was 14 minutes and the median completion time was 12 minutes and 29 seconds.
Brown: How did the reliability of scales compare if respondents answered questions in the lab vs. online?
analyses revealed that there were no statistically significant differences. Data generated from the traditional and internet samples were equally reliable in terms of alcohol expectancies and sensation seeking
Knepp: Describe the participants. How was it determined who read the forms in the lab vs. online? Did there appear to be systematic differences between Pp who read the forms in the lab vs. online? If so, what were they?
college students participated in an advertised study on emotion that was meant to test their reading of the informed consent form. -predominately caucasian, extra credit for compensation. -SONA research management system allowed students to pick which studies they wished to participate in from a randomized list; no exclusion criteria, random self-section for students between lab and online sections -more students participated in the online condition; no differences between the 2 proportions of any of the other independent variables.
Langlois: Evaluate the validity of the operation of infant appearance.
color photographs, rated for attractiveness on a 1-5 Likert type scale -newborn: alpha = .98 for males, .96 for females -three months: alpha = .97 for males, .96 for females
Steele, Bass, Crook: When considering replications, what should authors include in Method sections of APA papers?
comparisons between the original study and current study attempting to do the replication, making note of any differences between the 2 and any justification needed for these differences
Langlois: Why did Langlois et al. apply factor analysis to behavioral and attitudinal data?
factor analysis was used to reduce the number of maternal variables from observation to reduce the likelihood of spurious, chance results and to increase reliability through aggregation.
