Exam 3 PSCI 110

There are no statistical differences in the rate of offenses committed by juveniles from different economic, racial, ethnic, or levels of education (Heitzeg 6). Given similar rates of committing offenses, are there any youths more likely to be arrested, referred to juvenile court, formally processed and adjudicated as delinquent, and sentenced to out-of-home residential placement? a. Yes. African Americans are 17% of the youth population but 45% of all juvenile arrests. They are 2 times more likely than white youth to be arrested, referred to juvenile court, and 3 times more likely than white youth to be sentenced out-of-home. b. No. The U.S. justice system is based on the principal of equality before the law. As such, there are no groups of juveniles who are arrested, referred to juvenile court, formally processed and adjudicated as delinquent, or sentenced to out-of-home residential placement at rates higher than other youth offenders. c. Yes. White Americans are 67% of the youth population but 86% of all juvenile arrests. They are 2 times more likely than African American youth to be arrested, referred to juvenile court, and 4 times more likely than black youth to be sentenced out-of-home. d. Yes. Latino Americans are 22% of the youth population but 5% of all juvenile arrests. They are 4 times less likely than white youth to be arrested, referred to juvenile court, and 3 times less likely than white youth to be sentenced out-of-home.

a. Yes. African Americans are 17% of the youth population but 45% of all juvenile arrests. They are 2 times more likely than white youth to be arrested, referred to juvenile court, and 3 times more likely than white youth to be sentenced out-of-home.

Oakland, California's Freemont High School reduced the number of suspended students by half utilizing which of the following? a. zero tolerance policies b. restorative justice policies c. referring students to law enforcement d. hiring of a safety officer

a. zero tolerance policies

What Americans are over-represented as offenders and under- represented as victims in media reports? a. Whites are over-represented as offenders and under-represented as victims. b. African Americans and Latinos are over-represented as offenders and under-represented as victims c. Asian Americans are over-represented as offenders and under-represented as victims. d. Wealth Americans are over-represented as offenders and under-represented as victims.

b. African Americans and Latinos are over-represented as offenders and under-represented as victims

What public schools do neoliberal target their claims that public education is a "failed system"? a. It is aimed against rich, predominantly white public schools. b. It is aimed against the working class and the poor, predominantly nonwhite urban schools. c. It is aimed explicitly at all public schools regardless of race, ethnicity, wealth, or location in urban or rural areas. d. It is aimed at private and religious schools.

b. It is aimed against the working class and the poor, predominantly nonwhite urban schools.

In John Franklin Bobbitt's educational vision who is responsible for the determining "of proper methods [and] primary duty" to direct and guide the educational process? a. School teachers b. Managers: School superintendent & principals c. Scholars who study school curriculum d. Parents of school children

b. Managers: School superintendent & principals

What is the relationship between the for-profit education sector and the public education sector in the US, according to Saltman? a. The for-profit education sector is only involved in selling textbooks, standardized tests, and technology to public schools b. The corporate sector has positioned public education, a roughly $600 billion per year industry, as ripe for takeover. c. The private sector has donated millions of dollars to help traditional public schools become more successful in educating students. d. Both a and c

b. The corporate sector has positioned public education, a roughly $600 billion per year industry, as ripe for takeover.

What are scripted curriculum? a. They are lessons plans that individual teachers create for their classroom activities. Once the teachers develop their lessons and follow closely throughout each in class period. b. They are pre-packaged, step-by-step, commercial curricular that provide teachers with scripts to follow, word for word, each class period. c. They are the broad educational goals and objectives that individual school districts adopt for each grade level that teachers use to develop class activities and learning exercises. d. They are the academic standards that states adopt for each grade and used as guides by teachers in developing their lesson plans.

b. They are pre-packaged, step-by-step, commercial curricular that provide teachers with scripts to follow, word for word, each class period.

What are charter schools? a. They are private educational institutions where students attending by paying tuition and fees. b. They are tuition-free, taxpayer supported, independent public schools that operate under a contract, called a charter, with a locality, county, or other entity. c. They are donation-supported schools that provides free education to all primary and secondary students within a community. They are governed by elected school board members and must follow all state and local laws and regulations that traditional public schools must follow. d. They are schools operated by religious organizations and educate students who pay tuition.

b. They are tuition-free, taxpayer supported, independent public schools that operate under a contract, called a charter, with a locality, county, or other entity.

How do Education Management Organizations (EMOs) generate profits from schools they manage, according to Saltman? a. They pay their Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) and other school managers lower salaries compared to traditional public schools b. They cut teacher pay and educational resources c. The amount of money the companies are paid is based on if all students who apply are admitted and the academic performance all students increases d. The amount of money the companies are paid is based on the companies not engaging in creaming, that is pressuring low achieving students to drop out of school. Because they educate more students, they generate higher profits.

b. They cut teacher pay and educational resources

How should principals and other senior school administrators determine the effectiveness, pay and other privileges of teachers, according to Bobbitt? a. Recognizing that students have different learning styles and skill levels, they should assess how well teachers use different pedagogical strategies, design a variety of class assignments, and engage students actively in learning. b. They should use test scores. c. They should use measures of changes in each students' knowledge of key subjects, problem-solving skills, critical thinking, and ability to communicate. d. Both a and c

b. They should use test scores.

Is there a difference in salaries paid to teachers who work in charter and traditional public schools? a. No. There are no differences in pay. b. Yes. A U.S. Department of Education survey for the 2011-12 school year found that charter schoolteachers' salaries averaged 17 percent less than those of teachers in traditional public schools. c. Yes. Charter schoolteachers' salaries averaged 25 percent more than those of teachers in traditional public schools. d. No. Pay is the same.

b. Yes. A U.S. Department of Education survey for the 2011-12 school year found that charter schoolteachers' salaries averaged 17 percent less than those of teachers in traditional public schools.

What is the relationship between zero tolerance policies and rates of school suspension and expulsions? a. There is no relationship. Zero tolerance polices neither reduce nor increase suspensions or expulsions. b. Zero tolerance policies have led to a dramatic increase in suspension and expulsions. Between 1974 and 2009, the number of suspension more than doubled. c. Zero tolerance policies have reduce the number of students who are suspended and expelled from school. d. Zero tolerance policies have not been in place long enough to determine their effects.

b. Zero tolerance policies have led to a dramatic increase in suspension and expulsions. Between 1974 and 2009, the number of suspension more than doubled.

What offenders are depicted in a more negative ways than their counterparts? a. Whites are four times more likely to seen in a mug shot, twice as likely to be shown in physical restraints, and two times less likely to be identified by name. b. Hispanics are four times more likely to seen in a mug shot, twice as likely to be shown in physical restraints, and two times less likely to be identified by name. c. African Americans are four times more likely to seen in a mug shot, twice as likely to be shown in physical restraints, and two times less likely to be identified by name. d. Canadians are four times more likely to seen in a mug shot, twice as likely to be shown in physical restraints, and two times less likely to be identified by name.

c. African Americans are four times more likely to seen in a mug shot, twice as likely to be shown in physical restraints, and two times less likely to be identified by name.

When did high-stakes testing become dominant common practice in the US, according to Wayne Au? a. After the adoption of National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 b. After the adoption of Elementary and Secondary Education Act of 1965. c. After the passage of No child Left Behind Act of 2001. d. After the passage of Every Child Succeed Act of 2015.

c. After the passage of No child Left Behind Act of 2001.

How does neoliberal ideology view education? a. It views education as a public good that serves a democratic society b. It views education as essential to providing students with strong critical thinking skills that enable youth to question existing social, political, and economic arrangements, and to be active citizens who promote democratic values of equality, fairness, and justice. c. It views education as a private good that's primarily useful for preparing worker and consumers for the economy. d. It views education in the same way that Thomas Jefferson, Daniel Webster, Horace Mann and other advocates of democratic education did: as essential to democracy e. a, b and d.

c. It views education as a private good that's primarily useful for preparing worker and consumers for the economy.

Who "gave shape and direction to the curriculum field" in the early 1900s, according to Wayne Au? a. President Woodrow Wilson b. Franklin Pierce c. John Franklin Bobbitt d. Horace Mann

c. John Franklin Bobbitt

Two core principles of democratic education is inclusiveness -the idea that all kids should be educated - and non-discrimination - the idea that "no educable child or group pf children may be excluded from basic education." How well do educational practices known as zero-tolerance policies uphold these principles? a. Zero-tolerance policies uphold inclusiveness and non-discrimination by b. Zero-tolerance uphold inclusiveness and non-discrimination by c. Zero-tolerance policies violate these principles by blurring any distinction between disciplinary infractions at schools and the law d. both a and b

c. Zero-tolerance policies violate these principles by blurring any distinction between disciplinary infractions at schools and the law

According to the video on scripted curriculum (Lesson 11 PowerPoint), the federal government give local school districts more than $6 billion each year if they agree to use scripted curriculum. What percent of the more than 500 Philadelphia Public Schools teachers interviewed indicated the drawbacks of scripted curriculum drawbacks outweighed its benefits? a. 25% b. 40% c. 62% d. 75%

d. 75%

How was the logic of "means-ends rationality" applied to education? according to Wayne Au? a. "Standard procedures for stating the objectives of the curriculum were instituted in schools across the US" b. "The subjects of study were no longer the central feature of curriculum; they were relegated to the status of the means by which objectives ... would be achieved" c. School curriculum was broken down into minute units of work that could be standardized, determined in advance, taught in a linear manner d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

What is the Prison Industrial Complex? a. It is a term that refers to the nearly 300 private for-profit prisons as well as the 3,300 local and county jails, 1,500 state prisons and 100 federal prisons that house more than 2.4 million persons in the United States. b. It developed as a "confluence of special interests that include politicians who exploit crime to win votes, private companies that make millions by running or supplying prisons and small town officials who have turned to prisons as a method of economic development" (Heitzeg 7) c. It is a "self-perpetuating machine where vast (corporate) profits and perceived political benefits to policies that are designed to ensure an endless supply of 'clients' for the criminal justice system" (Brewer and Heitzeg quoted in Heitzeg 7). d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

What principle(s) of democratic education does zero tolerance policy violate when schools use those policies to boost their overall test scores by "losing" large numbers of low-scoring students. In one Texas city, for example, scores soared while tens of thousands of students—mostly African American and Latino - disappeared from school? a. Non-repression b. Equality c. Non-discrimination d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What type of behaviors are Zero-tolerance policies applied to? a. When students bring firearms or illegal drugs to schools. b. Fighting in school c. Tardiness and disorderly conduct in school. d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

According to Gillliam and Iyengar (2000), "the image of ______ males as criminals are so deeply entrenched in the public mind that 60% of people watching a newscast without an image of the offender falsely remembered seeing one" (in Heitzeg 4).. a. Asian b. Hispanic c. White d. Black

d. Black

According to Kenneth J. Saltman, what are the consequences of subjugating the public purposes of public schooling to neoliberal activists' mission of restructuring schooling to make workers for the global economy? a. It presumes the public interest is served by a global race to the bottom where US students compete for scares jobs against workers in poorer nations. b. It promotes worker discipline, docility, and submission to authority. c. It fosters critical pedagogy that equips students with the tools for independent, critical thinking and social criticism - skills they need to be active citizens who can deliberate based on shared values and govern themselves. d. Both a and b

d. Both a and b

What is driving privatization of public education, according to Saltman? a. People and groups that are committed to strengthening democratic education in the United States. b. People and groups that are committed to strengthening the academic rigor of traditional public schools and helping all children develop the reading, writing, computing, and critical thinking skills needed to solve problems and use their talents productively. c. People and groups that are committed to neoliberal ideology and the quest for profit by private corporations, educational management organizations (EMOs) and investors. d. Both a and b

d. Both a and b

What role does widespread acceptance of racial stereotypes play in schools? a. They can lead to miscommunications between black students and white teachers. b. They may explain why some of the highest rates of racially disproportionate discipline are in states with lowest minority population. c. None. Teachers and school administrators are professionals. They do not allow stereotypes or bias to influence how they communicate and interact with students. d. Both a and b

d. Both a and b

According to Bobbitt's vision of scientifically manages education, what is the role of teachers in determining the best methods for classroom teaching? a. Responsibility for "finding the best methods is too large and too complicated to be laid on the shoulders of the teacher" b. "The ultimate worker, the teacher ... must be a specialist in the performance of the labor that produce the product." c. Given the professional training and experience of working with students daily in classrooms, teachers are the best position to determine the best methods of teaching their students. d. Both a and b.

d. Both a and b.

Are there any indicators that advocates of corporate/neoliberal education reform are fostering privatization in public education in the United States, according to Saltman? a. Yes. Fourteen Educational Management Organizations (EMOs) control 70% of schools being managed for profits. b. Yes. EMOs manage 94% of charter schools. c. No. Like traditional public schools, all charter schools are governed by local school boards whose members who are elected by the public. Those school board members select school superintendents who manage schools within each district. d. Both a and b.

d. Both a and b.

What is restorative justice? a. It is a zero-tolerance program. b. It is an alternative approach to school discipline that provides students the chance to take responsibility, understand the impact of their actions on others, and to be personally accountable for their actions. c. It is a program that promotes shifting the $50,000/year per spent on each person in US jails and prisons to investing in public schools which currently average $10,000/year per student. d. Both a and c

d. Both a and c

The City of Chicago's "Renaissance 2010" school reform was a plan adopted in 2004 to raise $70 million in private donations from businesses, create 100 new "High Performing" charter schools, and close "failing" schools. According to the January 17, 2010 analysis by the Chicago Tribune, how effective are Renaissance Schools compared to the city's traditional public schools? a. Renaissance school students out performed students who attend Chicago's traditional public schools acadamically. b. Renaissance schools have not produced higher student success: Scores from Renaissance Elementary Schools are nearly identical to city average, and scores at Renaissance High Schools "are below the already abysmal city average." c. Renaissance 2010 elementary and high school students have higher academic achievement test scores not only compared to students in Chicago's traditional public schools but the entire state of Illinois. d. Both a and c.

d. Both a and c.

How is high-stakes testing affecting U.S. classrooms, according to Wayne Au? a. They are not affecting classrooms. Standardized tests have been part of US schools since the early 1900s. b. The only affect is on the day tests are given. Time is taken away from normal class instruction so that students can take the tests. c. Preparation for the tests have empowered teachers to use a wider variety of teaching strategies that strengthen the critical thinking skills and knowledge of students. d. Teachers are under growing pressure because of the tests. Teachers teach to the tests with increasing regularity, consistency, and intensity. They also narrow their instructional curriculum and shape content norms of their curriculum to match that of the tests.

d. Teachers are under growing pressure because of the tests. Teachers teach to the tests with increasing regularity, consistency, and intensity. They also narrow their instructional curriculum and shape content norms of their curriculum to match that of the tests.

What portion of the student population have been most negatively affected by zero-tolerance policies? a. Students belonging to all social, economic, ethnic, and racial groups. b. Middle- and upper-income white students. c. Honor students and athletes. d. The poor, students with disabilities, and youth of color, especially African Americans.

d. The poor, students with disabilities, and youth of color, especially African Americans.

What charter school in Washington, DC require all students to participate in academic summer program, freshmen and sophomores to take double-blocks of English and math, juniors and seniors to take AP courses in literature, calculus and other subjects, and to do an annual self-assessment of their academic performance, and develop and present a plan for improving academic performance to a panel of teachers, parents and staff? Every graduate of this school has been admitted to college. a. Celerity Education Group b. City Center Charter School c. Capital City Charter School d. Thurgood Marshall Academy

d. Thurgood Marshall Academy

The willingness of some officials to have handcuffed 5 year olds escorted from school by uniformed police officers cannot be accounted for by educational policy alone," (Heitzeg 2). What happened on the larger socio-political climate of the United States that make such acts possible, according to Heitzeg? a. Nothing. Behaviors that once resulted in a trip to the principal's office have always resulted in calls to the local police department, arrest of students, and trips to jail. b. School to prison pipeline is most immediately related to zero tolerance policies but has also developed in context of media driven fears of crime and children characterized as "super-predators." c. School to prison pipeline has also developed as part of the rise of the prison industrial complex and changes to state and federal laws that try juveniles as adults, lower the age at which children are referred to adult courts, and expanded sentencing options. d. both b and c

d. both b and c

What does the term zero-tolerance policies mean? a. Harsh, predefined mandatory consequences that are applied to a violation of school rules without regard to the seriousness of the behavior, mitigating circumstances, or the situational context. b. Increased police and security presence at school, metal detectors, security cameras, locker and person searches, and all the accoutrements of formal legal control. c. Policies that ensure that all students are treated fairly and equitably by teachers, school administrators, and other school personnel. d. When data demonstrate that individual or groups of students are punished differently, based on their gender, race, ethnicity, disability, and/or social economic status, the teachers and principals suffer harsh disciplinary consequences. e. Both a and b f. Both c and d

e. Both a and b

What is neoliberal/corporate school reform? a. It is a movement that promotes privatization, deregulation, and incorporation of business terms and assumptions into operations of public schools. b. It is a movement that views schools as private businesses, districts as markets, students as customers, and knowledge as product. c. It is a movement that promotes increased funding to public schools, small class sizes, and giving teachers autonomy to tailor strategies that meets the educational needs of each student and craft teaching strategies that builds on students' individual learning styles. d. It is a movement that promotes helping students develop skills needed to actively participate in deliberative democracy, including making logical arguments, presenting facts, and respecting people with different views. e. Both a and b f. Both c and d

e. Both a and b

Which of the following are not part of corporate school reform? a. Campaigning to raise state funding for traditional public schools, and empowering teachers to develop and use creative pedagogy. b. Supporting traditional teacher certification requirements, empowering teacher unions, and lobbying for higher teacher pay. c. Privatization of school management and deregulation of public schools d. Lobbying states to create charter schools, voucher programs, and tax credits that encourage parents to afford private school tuition. e. Both a and b f. Both c a

e. Both a and b

Does student performance data from 1995 to 2015 and changes in high school graduation rates support claims that traditional public schools are failing? a. No. U.S. eight graders scored below the international average in reading in 1995, but in 2015 they were well above average, outscored by only six of 33 countries. b. No. High school graduation rates in the US reach a historical high in 2014 when 82 percent of seniors graduate on time. c. Yes. In 1995, U.S. eight graders scored below the international average in reading. In 2015, they were still well below international average and were outscored by 26 of 33 countries. d. Yes. High school graduation rates declined between 1995 and 2015. e. Both a and b. f. Both c and d

e. Both a and b.

Is it difficult to assess the overall performance of charter schools? a. Yes. States regulate charters and each state has its own standards and requirements to these schools b. No. Charters are subject to the same rules, regulations, and laws that traditional public schools have to follow. As such, it is easy to assess their performance. c. Yes. States differ on what kind of groups can create a charter school. They also differ in the rules and regulations charter schools must follow. Every state approached the reason they created a charter school law differently. d. No. Charter schools are public schools. As such they operate and ate managed just like traditional public schools. e. Both a and c f. Both b and d

e. Both a and c

What is the "culture of fear"? a. It is a mindset among heavy TV viewers - people who watch more than 4 hours a day- that overestimate the crime rate, the likelihood of being a crime victim, and the extent of stranger violence. b. It is a mindset that develops among residents of poor neighborhoods with high crime rates that result in distrust of neighbors. c. It is a mindset that develops among heavy TV viewers. They are nearly twice as likely as light viewers to report crime as the most serious problem, believe crime rates are rising, and are personally afraid of being victimized. They are overly fearful and mistrustful of strangers. d. It is the mindset of people who have been assaulted or robbed, have had a family member or close friend victimized, and because of those experiences are overly fearful and mistrustful of strangers. e. Both a and c. f. Both b and d.

e. Both a and c.

What do research on how "TV news constructs a portrait of crime, criminals and victims," reveal according to Nancy Heitzeg? a. It is driven by false assumptions and not supported by (systematic) data. b. Violent crime and youth crime is dramatically over-represented. c. Crime coverage has increased in spite of falling crime rates. d. Coverage has declined as the crime rate has risen. e. a, b, and c only

e. a, b, and c only

How did juveniles come to be included in the more than 2.4 million Americans who are in state and federal prisons and jails? a. Children have always arrested put on trial, and sentenced as adults in the United States. b. Changes in state and federal laws made it easier and, in some cases, mandatory to try juveniles as adults. c. Laws were adopted lowering the age at which children could be referred to adult courts. d. Rules governing the juvenile justice system were changed allowing juveniles to be sentenced in both the juvenile and adult justice systems e. b, c, and d

e. b, c, and d

What affects are high-stakes testing having on the knowledge taught in classrooms? a. None. The tests only gage student knowledge. They have no effects on what students know. b. As the content of the curriculum moves to match what the tests require, the structure of curricular content knowledge similarly shifts towards the fragmentation demanded by the test. c. Knowledge learned for high-stakes tests is a collection of disconnected facts, operations, procedures, or data mainly needed for rote memorization needed for the tests d. Students are increasingly learning knowledge associated with lower level thinking e. b, c, and d

e. b, c, and d

What is are criticisms of zero tolerance policies? a. Failure of state laws to clearly distinguish between serious and trivial policy violations. This includes not defining what constitute "dangerous weapons" but requiring expulsions under the federal Gun Free School Act. b. A lack of due process protection for students, such as an appeal process c. It has worked successfully but have been eliminated too quickly d. They are no longer needed. e. It has applied unfairly to suspend and expel White kids. f. Both a and b g. Both c and d

f. Both a and b

What is creative destruction according to neoliberal advocates of education restructuring? a. It is a strategy to replace public education with a privatized national system of schools competing for scarce public dollars where public schools. b. It is strategy where public schools are declared failures and closed. After which private companies, such as Education Management Organizations (EMOs), are awarded contracts to open and operate schools for profit. c. It is strategy where schools with high concentrations of low income and disabled children are closed and the students are moved to schools that are more economically and racially diverse d. It as strategy to provide struggling schools with higher revenues to hire more experienced teachers, reduce class sizes, and enriched curriculum. e. Both c and d. f. Both a and b.

f. Both a and b.

What is the school to prison pipeline? a. It is the practice of taking high school student to visit county and state prisons in order to discourage youth form engaging in criminal activity. b. It is the growing pattern of tracking students out of educational institutions via zero tolerance policies, and tracking them directly and/or indirectly in the juvenile and adult criminal systems. c. It is the processes and policies that schools have adopted that increase the risk of students being suspended, expelled, arrested at school, or reported to the police for minor infractions that school administrators addressed through disciplinary policies. d. It is an educational program that brings currently incarcerated men and women are brought to classroom to share their experience with school children. e. Both a and d f. Both b and c.

f. Both b and c.

Which major political party or parties have embraced corporate school reform/neoliberal education restructuring? a. Green party b. Democratic Party c. Both a and d d. Libertarian Party e. Republican party f. Both b and e

f. Both b and e

According to Prof. Katrina Bulkley, (we saw in class video), what does the portfolio management model of schools involve? a. Instead of a district providing a uniform set of schools, it provides different kinds of schools: traditional public schools, charter schools, and privately managed public schools. b. Districts are like stock investments. Those that do well are given resources to expand; those that perform poorly are closed and replaced. c. Investing in traditional public schools so that teachers are well paid, have the resources they need to help all students learn including one aide for every ten students. d. In communities where more than 10 percent of families live below the poverty line, more money is invested to insure class sizes of not more than 20 students. e. Both a and b f. Both c and d

f. Both c and d

Compared to traditional public schools how are charter schools governed? a. Both are governed by elected school board members who make policy and select school superintendents. b. Both are required to follow open-meetings and public-records laws. c. Charters are governed by appointed boards; traditional public schools are governed by elected board members. d. Charters are generally not required to follow open-meetings and public-records laws; traditional public schools are required to follow open-meetings and public-records laws. e. Both a and b. f. Both c and d.

f. Both c and d.

How do high-stakes testing and scripted curriculum affect the power of teachers to use their training, experience and expertise to help students learn? a. They strengthen the power of teachers. b. They have no effect on the power of teachers. c. They epitomize the basic logics of Taylorism and scientific management in term of technical control exercised by school administrators and outside educational 'experts.' d. They result in de-skilling of teaching where skills teachers use to need, such as curriculum planning and designing teaching strategies are no longer necessary. e. Both a and b. f. Both c and d.

f. Both c and d.

In 21 states the percent of black children who are suspended is more than double their percentage of the student body. In some states black students are expelled 6 times the rate of whites, with certain districts showing rates that are more than 10 times. True or False

True

One example of zero policy tolerance involve a 12 year old who had been diagnosed with a hyperactive disorder who warned kids in the lunch line not to eat all the potatoes, or "I'm going to get you." The student was suspended for two days, referred to police and charged with making "terroristic threats." True or False

True

According to this influential business owner and philanthropist, "Our high schools are obsolete ... What I mean is that ... even when they work exactly as designed, our high schools cannot teach our kids what they need to know... This is an economic disaster." a. Bill Gates b. Eli Broad c. Carrie Walton Penner d. Richard Segal

a. Bill Gates

What charter school company headquarters was raided and had its computers and records seized by FBI and Homeland Security agents in January 2017? Schools operated by this company lacked cafeterias, libraries, gyms and basic supplies. In 2019, the company's owner was convicted to embezzling $3.2 million of education funds to purchase personal exercise equipment, designer leather goods and clothing, expensive meals, international travel, attend Pres. Obama's Inaugural and other personal items. a. Celerity Education Group b. City Center Charter School c. Capital City Charter School d. Thurgood Marshall Academy

a. Celerity Education Group

In his expansion the original concept of charters schools, what did Albert Shanker propose? a. Creating separate schools within existing schools to serve as laboratories of innovation. Teachers would have greater autonomy to try different education approaches, such as team teaching or tailoring programs to the different ways children learn. b. Creating Independent schools that would compete with traditional public schools for tax dollars and students. c. Creating independent schools that did not have to meet the same state laws and regulations as traditional public schools. d. Creating an alternate teacher certification program. Applicants had to hold a college degree in any field of study and would become fully certified teachers after successfully completing this three-month program.

a. Creating separate schools within existing schools to serve as laboratories of innovation. Teachers would have greater autonomy to try different education approaches, such as team teaching or tailoring programs to the different ways children learn.

According to John Franklin Bobbitt, what drives students learning, methods and materials used by teachers, how schools are organized, and what standards will be employed to measure results of the educational process? a. Objectives b. School boards c. Preferences of parents d. State departments of education

a. Objectives

What was the initial impetus for the adoption of zero tolerance policies? a. Shootings at predominantly white schools and the adoption of the Gun-Free School Act of 1994 which required all schools to expel students who bring a firearm to school or school zone to be expelled for a calendar year and to report those students to local enforcement. b. Grown number of disrespectful acts by students towards teachers and administrators. c. Rise in the number of students who were caught with drugs and alcohol on school property and fighting at school d. Dramatic increase in threatening behavior by students towards other students.

a. Shootings at predominantly white schools and the adoption of the Gun-Free School Act of 1994 which required all schools to expel students who bring a firearm to school or school zone to be expelled for a calendar year and to report those students to local enforcement.

How have "the fundamental logics guiding scientific management (or New Taylorism) resurfaced" and incorporated into US Public education, according to Wayne Au? a. Teachers' classroom practices are increasingly standardized by high-stakes testing, pre-packaged scripted curriculum aimed specifically at teaching to the test. b. Teachers' classroom practices are increasingly diverse based on the needs of individual students. c. Teachers' classroom practices are increasingly shaped by the professional training, experiences, and expertise of teachers d. Both b and c.

a. Teachers' classroom practices are increasingly standardized by high-stakes testing, pre-packaged scripted curriculum aimed specifically at teaching to the test.

One nationwide survey, 71% of school districts reported cutting at least one subject to increase time spent on reading and math. Another study of 349 school districts reported that 62% of districts reported increased instructional time devoted to the tested subjects of math and English/language arts. What do these data indicate? a. They show the net effect of high-stakes testing is the standardization of the content of the curriculum in teachers' classroom practices. b. They show that high-stakes testing is providing teachers with greater flexibility on what they teach and how they teach. c. They show the declining importance of high-stakes testing. d. They show that high-stakes testing is having no effects on classroom teaching.

a. They show the net effect of high-stakes testing is the standardization of the content of the curriculum in teachers' classroom practices.

What arguments do advocates of charters schools make in their effort to get more states to authorize these types of schools? a. Traditional public schools are failing to educate students. Creating charter schools solves this problem by providing parents with an alternative they can choose. Charter schools teachers can use innovative educational approaches to help students succeed. b. Public schools are excellent, but it is always better to have options. c. Because charter schools have to follow more extensive state laws and regulations compared to traditional public schools, they are better at educating students and more accountable to the public. d. Because charter schools only hire instructors who have earned four-year teacher education degrees, successfully completed at least one semester of student teaching, and passed certification requirements of their states they are better at educating students

a. Traditional public schools are failing to educate students. Creating charter schools solves this problem by providing parents with an alternative they can choose. Charter schools teachers can use innovative educational approaches to help students succeed.

What are the aims of advocates of neoliberal/corporate school reform, according to Saltman? a. Transforming public schooling into an industry made up of privately managed charter schools, voucher schemes, and tax credit scholarships for private schooling. b. Strengthening traditional public schools as promoters of the democratic values, including equality, fairness, and justice by fostering critical thinking, mutual respect, free expression of ideas, and civic engagement. c. Developing more rigorous teacher training and certification programs for teachers in traditional public schools. d. Identifying specific academic, social, emotional, and/or developmental problems of individual students and funding educational resources schools need to help all students achieve academic success.

a. Transforming public schooling into an industry made up of privately managed charter schools, voucher schemes, and tax credit scholarships for private schooling.

What is the current state of politics surrounding charter schools? a. The movement faces a backlash. Charter opponents in Massachusetts defeated ballot measures that would have expanded charter schools despite being outspent $26 million to $15 million. b. As a candidate for president, Donald Trump promised to spend $20 billion of federal education funds to promote school choice, including charters and vouchers. c. Teachers in Los Angeles, California assembled a coalition that defeated the Eli and Edith Broad Foundation proposal to have half of the city's public school students enroll in charter schools. d. Political debates over charter schools have ended because of overwhelming evidence shows that all charter schools are significantly better at educating students with disabilities and learning English as a second language. Charters also have minimum suspension and expulsion rates compared to traditional public schools. e. Since all 50 states have legalized charter schools, there is no longer any debate over these schools. f. a, b and c g. Both d and e

f. a, b and c

What role has the federal government played in promoting charter schools? a. None. Charter school have grown from one in 1992 to more than 7,400 without any involvement of the federal government. b. The federal government has neither supported nor opposed the development of charter schools. c. Pres. Bill Clinton gave a big boost to charter school in 1994 when he authorized the US Department of Education to provide grants to state and local education agencies to plan, develop, and start-up new charter schools. In 1995 federal grants for charters totaled $4.5 million. d. Federal funding for charters increased under Presidents George W. Bush, Barack Obama, and Donald Trump. Since 1995, the federal government has invested more than $3 billion in charter school development. e. Both a and b f. both c and d

f. both c and d

Which of the following reflect the original conception of charter schools? a. The privately owned Success Academy in New York City with 34 elementary schools focusing on the sciences and arts. It has an extensive student code of conduct and suspends k-3 students at nearly three times rate of NYC traditional public schools. 93% of Success Academy students passed New York's math test compared to 35% of the city's public schools (PBS video). b. Success Academy has a culture, according to Jessica Reid Sliwerski a former teacher, of belittling and embarrassing children, including tearing up incorrect homework in front of the class. "If you made them cry, you've made your point." c. The Minnesota New County School in Henderson, MN that works with families to devise individualized learning programs for every student. The school has no grades, bells, or formal classes, and is organized as cooperative without a principal. Teachers share administrative responsibilities. d. The Academy for the Pacific Rim in Boston, MA, which combines Asian and American approaches to learning and cultural practices. Classes begin each day with an assembly where students and teachers stand, bow, and thank one another for their efforts. e. Both a and b f. both c and d

f. both c and d

Are charter schools better at educating students? a. No. Charters in every state are less effective than traditional public schools (TPS). b. Yes. Charter schools in every state are more effective than traditional public schools. c. A 2013 study by Stanford University's Center for Research on Education Outcomes (CREDO) found more than half of charter schools showed the same level of improvement in reading as TPSs, nearly half had the same improvement in math. d. A 2013 CREDO study found that 25% of charters did better on reading and 29% did better in math compared to TPSs and 19 percent of charters did worst on reading and 31 percent did worst in math compared to TPSs. e. A 2015 CREDO study found that charter schools in 41 urban school districts out performed traditional public schools in those communities. f. c, d, and e

f. c, d, and e

What role has the media, especially television, played in shaping what Americans know about crime? a. It plays a declining role because the number of hours the average American watches less has dropped every year since the 1950s. b. It shapes what issues we think about and how we think about them. c. The TV world of crime and criminal is an illusion. Public "perceptions of crimes are shaped to large extent by highly publicized crimes featured on the nightly news and sensationalized in news papers." d. It has shaped public perception of the typical offender as African American or Hispanic. e. The media - especially TV - consistently provide the public with clear, accurate, and comprehensive information on crime. f. Both a and e. g. b, c and d

g. b, c and d

Have there been concerns expressed about or criticisms of charter schools? a. No. Charter schools have not faced any criticisms. b. Yes. The 2013 CREDO study noted that straight comparisons of charters and traditional public schools are difficult because the student bodies of academically successful charters have fewer disabled and special need students. These and other factors can explain the higher scores. c. Yes. The 2013 CREDO study noted that many charters lack the accountability and transparency of traditional schools that make it difficult for taxpayers to determine if tax dollars are used wisely. d. Yes. Some charters, such as the Success Academy in New York City, have been reported to push out students who cannot keep up academically. e. No. More than 6,800 charter schools operating in the US. Not one has been raided by law enforcement, charged with embezzling public funds, or closed after the start of a school year. f. Both a and e. g. b, c, and d

g. b, c, and d

What is scientific management? a. It is a theory that called for managers to encourage factory worker to use their experience, common sense, and "rules of thumb" to do their tasks. b. It is a theory developed by studying work tasks carefully and systematically in factories at the micro level to determine the one best way for workers to do every part of every task. c. It is a theory that calls for the division of labor, where work is divided in small, simple, and separate steps. Managers not only designed each step in the work process but also exercised control with a clear hierarchical chain of command. d. It is a theory that calls for the employees to follow directions, high-performing or "first class employees" are paid well, and low-performing workers to be replaced. e. It is theory that encourages workers to use the knowledge, skills, experience and creativity gained from doing tasks over and over to maximize their productivity on the job. f. Both a and e g. b, c, and d only

g. b, c, and d only

According to Nancy Heitzeg, "Risk of entry into the school to prison pipeline is not random." Which students or groups of students are most likely to get swept into or are disproportionately impacted by the school to prison pipeline? a. High income students b. students who are poor, c. Students of color, especially African Americans d. white students e. students with disabilities, f. both a and d g. b, c, and e

g. b, c, and e

The idea of charter schools was originally conceived by Ray Budde in 1974 and promoted by Albert Shanker in 1988. What did their conception of charter schools involve? a. They called for creation of schools-within-schools where six or more teachers would develop a contract or charter with school administrators outlining the curriculum, pedagogy, etc., they would use for at least five years that met the educational needs of students. b. They envisioned charter schools serving as laboratories of innovation where teachers would be exempt from rules that restrict their ability to use different strategies, such as team teaching or tailoring programs to the different ways children learn. c. They envisioned teachers in these schools-within-schools as union members, just like their colleagues throughout the school system. d. They called for creating schools outside and independent of traditional public schools. These alternative schools could grow into a parallel, market-based alternative that competed with public school systems. e. They called for creation of national networks of charter schools made up of online as well as brick-and-mortar schools operated by for-profit companies that are supported by private investors and companies seeking to capture larger shares of the $600 billion spent on public education each year. f. a, b, and c only g. both d and e.

g. both d and e.