EXAM 3 = PSY 374

Avoidant Attachment:

Caregivers may be emotionally unavailable or rejective, leading the child to develop a pattern of avoiding emotional closeness in relationships.

Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment:

Caregivers may be inconsistently responsive, causing the child to become anxious and uncertain about the availability of comfort and support.

What differentiates close relationships from other relationships?

Close relationships : "Huaman have a pervasive drive to form and maintain at least a minimum quantity of lasting, positive, significant interpersonal realtinships" = --Close relationships are characterized by distinctive features that set them apart from other, more casual or distant relationships. These features contribute to the depth, intimacy, and emotional connection found in close relationships --Causal relationship influence infrquesnt Casual relationship : professor and you Weak Duration; short Domains : limited = academica --And close relationships influences often Strong impacts you Someone gets sex from clsoe realtinship it strongly impacts you Duration : long Domains : diverse = eat the same foods, share money, share emotions because the closer the relationship Interdependence is what makes you close. Mutual interdependence (has to be equal within each other ) Intimate knowledge: personal details people know about one another If you don't share close things, spend time it won't be a close relationship Commitment: intention to remain in the realitnship Remain in the relationship overtime

What is individuation, and how can you facilitate individuation to prevent mob behavior? ---Deindividuation (loss of individual identity) -No longer an individual but apart of this group. So anonymous. Not resposbaible for your own behaviroal. So emotions spread through these groups too. So a lit bit of madness with certain individuals than extreme madness in mobs -Less concerns because this is group not me Anything that applies to individuals go out the gorup because im with the group

"Mob mentality" -People (group) becomes a mob -Individuals people but something about being in a gorup, changes new behaviors screenshot: D= the answer a= but it helps them from feeling like they're anonymous b= putting a mirror around them helps them notice what they're doing. You can see yourself doing an action then you rethink and keep you from deindivduation c= makes people look at it. Having the senses that someone is looking at you makes you know someone is looking at you Individuation: Individuation is a psychological process that involves the development of an individual's distinct identity, separate from the influence of a group or collective. It's about becoming your own person, with your own thoughts, values, and beliefs. Individuation is crucial for personal growth and autonomy, allowing individuals to express their uniqueness while maintaining a healthy connection to others. or (mirror or dots arranged into a face reduces antisocial behavior in groups by making people feel more seen and less anonymous

What are the two dimensions of attachment? Be able to recognize an example of person that is high on each of these two dimensions.

--Attachment avoidance : avoiding The extent to which one is uncomfortable with intimacy and unwilling to depend on others I don't feel comfortable opening up to others I prefer not to show others how I feel deep down I avoid getting too close to others I find it difficult to depend on others (ex: my mom didn't give me my needs. I didn't depend on my mom. So I don't want to depend on anyone) (avoidant attahcmentz) Example: John is high on the avoidance dimension. He values his independence and autonomy in relationships. John is uncomfortable with emotional dependency and tends to keep a certain emotional distance from his partners. He may find it challenging to fully open up and share his feelings with others. Attachment anxiety : fears The extent to which one fears rejection and abandonment in close relationships I often worry that other people do not really care for me I'm afraid that other people may abandon me. I worry that other people won't care about me as much as I care about them I need a lot of reassurance that I am loved (clingy person, "Do you still love me", always wants to be with their partner) Work as hard as they can to maintain their relationship to be careful Childhood: the parents were on and off so now as adults they want to work and work to have a better chance with the relationship (which is anxious ambivalent) Example: Sarah is highly anxious in her relationships. She often worries about whether her partner truly loves her and fears being abandoned. Sarah seeks constant reassurance and is sensitive to any signs of potential rejection. She tends to be preoccupied with thoughts about the stability of her relationships.

Prejudices :

--Feelings or attitudes about a group of people --i like this group, I don't like this group, I'm fearful of this group --Just like stereotypes, Prejudices mostly negative feelings but could be positive too towards a group ---Ex: "I really like this group." --Feelings --In a school environment, a teacher may hold prejudiced attitudes towards Black students based on stereotypes about academic achievement. Despite the diverse abilities and potentials of each student, the teacher, influenced by societal biases, may assume that Black students are inherently less capable academically. ---As a result, the teacher might unintentionally allocate fewer educational resources or opportunities to Black students, such as providing less challenging coursework or recommending them for lower-level classes. This prejudiced attitude can affect the students' self-esteem and hinder their academic development by limiting their access to educational opportunities. --Having a negative attitude toward a person solely because of their religion or ethnicity, without considering their individual qualities or characteristics.

What features of intergroup contact are necessary to reduce intergroup bias? Do people need to have direct contact with an outgroup member to have the benefits of contact?

--Groups have meaningful social interaction +Have at least be able to become acquaintances --Groups are of equal social status *Both groups are equally powerful in their interactions -Groups have a shared (superordinate) goal *Groups are working toward a goal; need to cooperate to achieve it *Directly works because we have a share goal we don't have a conflict for resources -There is community support for intergroup contact *People in power (leaders, institutions) support their positive relationships between outgroup members (all of these need to be present so the intergroup contact can reduce intergroup bias) -Content has been the most tested and supported. But not all content will work,, you need to have these conditions so they can work

Discrimination:

--Harmmful or unfair behavior towards members of a group --The base is on their group membership. We are resting you unfairly or in a harmful way --Often holding a stereotype or prejudice or both on a group --The negative behavior (all negative no matter what) --Behaviros - hate crimes --Example: In a job interview process, a qualified candidate who happens to be a woman applies for a managerial position. The hiring manager, however, holds gender biases and discriminates against her based on stereotypes that women are not as effective leaders as men. --Despite the candidate's qualifications and experience, the hiring manager decides not to hire her solely because of her gender. The manager may provide vague or unfounded reasons for not selecting her, such as expressing concerns about her ability to handle the demands of the position or questioning her commitment due to assumptions about family responsibilities. --Example: Refusing to hire someone based on their gender, race, or other characteristics, despite their qualifications, is an example of discriminatory behavior.

Ex:

--Imagine a small town with a diverse population, where people of different racial backgrounds live and work. In this town, a rare and distinctive event occurs: a member of a minority racial group is involved in a publicized criminal incident. This incident is widely reported in the media and stands out due to its unusual nature. --Paired Distinctiveness: The negative behavior (criminal activity) is paired with the minority racial group in this specific incident. The rarity of such incidents within the community makes it stand out even more. -Illusory Correlation Formation: Due to the paired distinctiveness, individuals in the town might begin to associate the negative behavior more strongly with the entire racial group, even though the incident is an outlier and not representative of the group as a whole. --It's crucial to emphasize that this example is created for illustrative purposes and may not reflect the reality of any specific community. The intention is to highlight how paired distinctiveness, particularly in the context of negative events, can contribute to the formation of illusory correlations and potentially reinforce stereotypes. In real-world situations, it's essential to approach discussions about race with care and awareness of the potential impact on perceptions and biases.

Ex: Implicit Measure (IAT) Example:

--Implicit Bias Definition: Unconscious attitudes or preferences that influence our actions and decisions without us being fully aware of them. --Implicit biases, in the context of an Implicit Association Test (IAT) example, refer to automatic and unconscious preferences or associations that individuals may have towards certain groups of people. These biases are not necessarily reflective of a person's explicit beliefs or conscious attitudes; rather, they exist at a more subtle, subconscious level. --In an IAT, implicit biases are assessed by measuring the speed and accuracy with which individuals associate different concepts. For instance, if someone consistently associates positive words more quickly with one racial or ethnic group (e.g., African Americans) than with another group (e.g., European Americans), it may suggest an implicit bias. The key is that these biases operate beneath the surface of conscious awareness. --In a racial IAT, participants might be asked to quickly associate positive and negative words with faces of individuals from different racial groups. The test assesses the speed and strength of associations, revealing implicit biases. For instance: --Participants might be quicker to associate positive words with faces of one racial group (e.g., White individuals)= so if it's white they can do it faster but when putting positive words with faces of another racial group (e.g., Black individuals), it takes longer. This suggests potential implicit biases that individuals may not be consciously aware of. -If participants are faster at associating positive words with White faces, it suggests a potential implicit bias favoring White individuals.

Is it better to ignore cultural and ethnic differences (color-blindness) or to try to acknowledge and appreciate diversity (multiculturalism)?

--Multiculturalism, on the one hand, views culture and ethnicity as central to people's identities. It argues that these identities should be acknowledged, appreciated, and maintained and that people should strive to learn about cultural and ethnic differences -Color-blindness, on the other hand, views culture and ethnicity as skin deep. It thus argues that these identities should be downplayed or ignored and that people should treat others as unique individuals --- Which diversity ideology is more effective for reducing prejudice and improving intergroup relations? As the literature now stands, most researchers agree that multiculturalism has an edge over color blindnes but research reveals that each has pros and cons.

Be familiar with paired distinctiveness - which groups and types of behaviors are particularly distinctive and memorable and can lead to illusory correlations?

--Paired Distinctiveness: this is how we come with illusory correlation = This can contribute to the formation of illusory correlations, where people erroneously perceive a relationship between two events or groups that are distinctive and memorable, even when no real relationship exists. --Paried two ways to extinct then make an illusory correlation. --A pair that is distinctiveness that we can easily bring to mind, remember, etc. --More distinctive and memorable when a minority group member is doing something -More distinctive/memorable when someone is behaving violently, erratically, or negatively. With illusory correlation with minority of groups --The reason it happens is because things that minority groups do are remeebrmable, so when you see a person from a certain group you have never met, you remember what they did. Then when they do negative behaviors that's also remeberable. So now you paried it. -So you remember when a minority of group you meet again and you associated them with those negative behaviors. -It's what you remember what that minority of group did and negative beahviros and then you think that those two things are going to happen all the time even if they don't -screenshot: Most distinctive/memorable when a minority member is doing something negative. --Negative behaviors, especially those that violate social norms or expectations, tend to be more memorable and can contribute to illusory correlations. People may disproportionately remember instances of negative behaviors within specific groups.

Stereotype :

--beliefs about the characteristics of a particular group of people --And the generalization of a group. Traits. Everyone from this group is x. --ex: all Italians make pizza and are funny = stereotypes --Stereotypes could be positive. Doesn't have to be negative to be a stereotype. Ex: single moms are superheroes. Stereotype but not negative --Example: Imagine a scenario in a classroom setting where a teacher, unintentionally influenced by a stereotype, assumes that a Black student excels in athletics because of their race. The teacher might encourage the student to participate in sports events while overlooking their academic achievements. As a result, the student may feel pressure to conform to the perceived stereotype, potentially neglecting other aspects of their personal and academic development. ------This example highlights how stereotypes can affect perceptions and expectations, influencing behavior and opportunities. It's essential to recognize and challenge such stereotypes to ensure fair and equitable treatment for individuals regardless of their racial or ethnic background. -----The goal is to promote understanding and eliminate biases that can impact people's lives in various aspects. Example: Assuming that all members of a specific ethnic group are good at a particular sport based on a widely held belief, despite individual variations within the group.

o What do men look for in a female partner?

-1 minute (fetrize the egg, to be created) that's the min investment -Not the tyipcaly investment -And that has applications for attrvieness From evolunitary perspectives -Men primary concerns : Will she be able to produce a healthy child? --Men are looking for younger partners (that are fertile) to have babies with while women are looking for older partners because they have resource

Experiencing physical pain produces the same neural (brain) activation as what other experience?

-Feeling excluded or lonely (social pain) is processed in the brain in the same way as physical pain. -Brain process the physically social pain as physical pain but basically the social pain matters as physical pain. You really feel in pain -It hurts really bad being left out like physical pain -Your survival depends on getting back into social groups. So surviving on your own isn't survival. You're supposed to be connected -When feeling left out, creates pain, it motivates you to connect to the group more. -People that are more anxious are more sensitive for physically pain and social rejection -We hate isaoltion so much -So we need social realtinships not having theme is propamatic Ex: -Well, here's something interesting: when you feel this kind of social or emotional pain, the same part of your brain that lights up when you have a headache or stub your toe also gets active. It's called the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and it's like a little helper in your brain that deals with different types of pain. -So, whether you're feeling sad because of something that happened with your friends or you accidentally hurt yourself physically, the ACC in your brain reacts in a similar way. It's like your brain treats social pain (like feeling left out) and physical pain (like a bump or bruise) using some of the same tools.

What are groupthink and group polarization? With group polarization, do attitudes become weaker or stronger after a group discussion? Group decision-making: -Groups are more likely than individuals to come up with the correction solution when there are precise, factual answers (e.g., team trivia) -But when there is no factual answer, group decision-making can have drawbacks -Ex: playing trivia (who won this .. ) if one person knows, you'll get it -Group decision can have dropbacks Two things that can inhire group decision making: promatic = bad

-Groupthink- poor, uncirtical thinking based on goal of reaching consensus -Pressure to make a decision -Pressure to make a decision (people will go along with the flow is, like fine.To make a decision) , not a lot of time, don't want to look stupid -Leader promotes their own idea; discourages critical thinking -Leader 'do you agree" -Cohesive group whee group members desire one another's respect -You want to be liked still. So you'll go with the bad idea to be liked. Don't want to look stupid -No format, pre established rules for making a decision -No one is thinking hard just want to reach a decision -Groupthink can result in poor decision-making and a failure to consider all available information. -ex:Imagine you and your friends are trying to decide on a game to play together. Sometimes, when everyone in the group really wants to agree and get along, you might not share your own ideas or disagree with others. Groupthink is when a group of people cares so much about being friends and getting along that they might make a choice that isn't the best one, just because everyone wants to agree. -Group polarization: group attitudes tend to be more extreme than individuals attitudes (after discussion) -So after discussion the gorup becomes more extreme with their answer by their social influences -Now, think about when you and your friends talk about something you like, like your favorite movie or a game. Group polarization is when, after talking about it together, everyone ends up liking it even more than they did before. It's like your group's feelings become stronger because you share and hear exciting things about the same idea. *after you and your friends chat about ur favorite things, your attitudes your feelings and opinions can become even stronger.

EX:

-If you think African Americans are bad, if you have this association, it's easy to give the good things to European Americans. - Or you might think African Americans are good, but you also don't think European Americans are bad. --whichever you could do the fastest is natural to you (you have those implicit biases (you have associations) already) --Whichever you take longer with, it means it's not natural for you (you don't have those implicit bias already)

Illusory correlations:

-Illusory correlations:The perception that a relationship exists between two variables when in fact, there is no strong relationship. In other words, piercing that some attribute is associated with group membership E.g., Italian people are hot-headed We make this correlation and think it's true. It's an illusory correlation because that doesn't tell us anything about the group. = an ilsution that isn't true but to us we think it's true Illusory correlations are more common in minority groups (perceiving some attribute is associated with group memberships) due to paired distinctiveness. We have beliefs that are wrong

Interpersonal Relationships and Health Know how loneliness differs from social isolation, how loneliness is measured, and the consequences of loneliness.

-Loneliness: predicts subsequent incrase in depressive symptomatology, blood pressure, and more Social isolation vs. loneliness -Social isloaion: a pervasive lack of social contact or communication (objective or actual isolation) -Lack of communicate, has no one to have dinner with, no dm, no one to take them to the airport, etc -We can all see it --Loenliness: feeling of isolation, disconnectedness, and lack of belonging (subjective or perceived isolation) -You can't see it -You have to ask how are you feeling? -How you are feeling --Both social isolation and loneliness increases the likelihood of death (early mortality) --Both bad, both have different reasons, mechanisms screenshot: Measure of loneliness (because it is what you're feeling) Loneliness - is a feeling Measured : Self-Report Scales: Interviews and Qualitative Assessments: Social Network Analysis: --combining self-report measures with other assessments, such as social network analysis and qualitative interviews, provides a more comprehensive understanding of an individual's experience of loneliness. consequences : - Mental Health Impacts: -Physical Health Consequences: -reduced Quality of Life:

Be able to identify an example of the outgroup homogeneity effect.

-Outgroup homogeneity affect: the out-group is all the same. And when looking at the in-group, "look how we are different". I can notice all the differences in the group and not stereotypes. --Of course, all differences exist just that we cn't see it when we aren't in that group and we can see the differences in the in the group because we are in that group Ex: --Imagine a scenario in a school where there are two sports teams, Team A and Team B. Students on Team A perceive their own team members (ingroup) as diverse and unique individuals with distinct personalities, talents, and characteristics. However, when it comes to Team B (outgroup), members of Team A may perceive them as more homogenous. Outgroup Homogeneity Effect: Team A members might view Team B members as all being similar, assuming that they share common traits, behaviors, or values. For instance, they may believe that all Team B members are highly competitive, have similar playing styles, or share specific attitudes. Impact on Interactions: This perception of outgroup homogeneity can influence interactions between the two teams. Team A members might be less likely to recognize the individual differences among Team B members, leading to stereotyping and potentially negative intergroup dynamics. another example : The person from Country A might interact with a few individuals from Country B and perceive them as sharing similar characteristics or behaviors. However, when it comes to their own ingroup (people from Country A), they are more likely to recognize and appreciate the diversity of characteristics, personalities, and behaviors among individuals.

Know how proximity, similarity, reciprocity, and physical attractiveness impact attraction.

-Proximity : so looking for friend or partner, people are looking for location. Where does this person live? Are they near me to me? If they're accessible, im going to like you more. That's is proximity Proximity refers to physical closeness or nearness between individuals. **The reason we care for proximity: when we are decicing wether we want to be with someone we are weighting rewards and costs. --rewards= fun times, material benefits being in a relationship with that person. Costs = we don't like about the person, interactions we mgith have with that person. But if you're proximity and lived near by, i have direct access to have the rewards from the relationship. But if someone is away evem if they're great we aren't going to get the rewards or harder to get. And distance itself could be a lot. **Proximity is a major factor for attentiveness -Ex; nyc. If you live within a few blocks of someone, you much more likely to marry them instead of marrying someone on the other end of the city. That's an example of proximity. Doesn't have to be from nyc and california, could be within the same city and across campus --Proximity and familiarity : Mere exposure: repeat contact with someone usually increases our liking for them -Frequent interaction and proximity create opportunities for individuals to get to know each other, leading to the development of familiarity and comfort. People tend to be more attractive to others that are similar Similarity : people are generally more attracted to others who share their interests, values, attitudes, etc Especially those that are important -So if you're active you are looking for someone that is active. So if you're non smoker you also looking for someone that is non smoker. So the things you have about yourself, you also look for someone similar to you. Espe

Know how implicit and explicit (self-reported) racial prejudice has changed since 2007, according to the research by Charlesworth & Banaji. Did racial prejudice increase, decrease, or stay the same?

-Self-reported preferences we are declining bias over time (explicit) --For the IAT scores: this is also declining over time ( still going to be there in 2025) Northworthy Take-aways: -Implicit prejudice generally decreased less than explicit (self report) prejudice, but both decreased! -Sexuality attitudes showed the greatest shift toward neutrality, and sexuality attitudes are expected to reach neutrality by 2025 -Similar rates of changes across groups -The biggest change is there won't be a preferences for straight people or gay people -Increases in implicit prejudice related tor ace skin tone, disability, and body weight around 2016

Know the consequences of stigma for individuals, including health disparities and attributional ambiguity.

-Stigma can have significant and detrimental consequences for individuals, affecting various aspects of their lives, including mental and physical health. Here are some key consequences of stigma, including health disparities and attributional ambiguity: Self-Esteem and Identity: Stigma can erode self-esteem and contribute to identity challenges as individuals may internalize negative stereotypes and beliefs about themselves. Mental Health: Stigma is associated with an increased risk of mental health issues, including anxiety, depression, and diminished overall psychological well-being. 1.Health disparities (poorer health, increased likelihood of mortality) due to... Stress Social isolation Less access to resources Mistrust= you're not going to produce those resources Health Disparities: Physical Health: Stigma can contribute to health disparities by affecting both mental and physical health. Individuals who experience stigma may be more prone to stress-related health issues, such as cardiovascular problems, compromised immune function, and other stress-related conditions. Access to Healthcare: Stigmatized individuals may face barriers to accessing healthcare due to discrimination or fear of judgment. This can lead to delayed or inadequate medical care, exacerbating health disparities. Health-Seeking Behavior: Stigma may impact individuals' willingness to seek medical care or disclose health-related information, resulting in delayed diagnoses and poorer health outcomes. ex: --Another ex the location where you live and how stigma it is where you live If you live in a high structural stigma, you are less likely to live for a long time compared to a low structural stigma. Attributional ambiguity should i attribute this feedback to my performance or to my stigmatized identity Ex: black person driving gets pulled over

Q: Ally suspects that her boyfriend wants to break up with her. To increase his commitment to their relationship, Ally mentions "I've been thinking about how much time and effort we've spent getting to know each other. And I've been thinking about all the things we share (some friends, some stuff)." Ally is drawing her boyfriend's attention to the _____ component of the Investment model to increase his commitment:

.A. Satisfaction -If it was stasifaction it'll say think how happy you are and how much fun we have and how much happy we are both happy b. Investments -Thinks that share, put into relationship (effort, time, resources= thinks that would be lost) like share friends -Ex: trying to make him reelaize what he will lose like friends .C. Alternatives -If this it would be : Ex: "oh being single, is terrible"= making sure alternatives are low -The less alternatives more commiemnt -The more alternatives the less commitment D. Passion -Passion isn't in the model

Be familiar with the Implicit Associations Test (IAT) measure.

1.Sort concepts (two categories and two photos) = just categorizing 2.Sort evaluation words (instead of sorting faces, you're sorting words that pop into good or bad 3.Categories combined (where data really matters) -Combined either picture or word and sort into the two categories -Ex: hatred - where does it go? African American (good) vs. European American (bad) 4.Switch the location of concepts -Same as 3. European American is (good) vs. African American (bad) and has to do the same as number 3 The whole logic of the IAT is: -How many mistakes do you make -And the stereotypical

Know the two dimensions that stereotypes are based on according to the stereotype content model.

1.Warmth (trustworthiness, friendliness) -Are these people going to be moral, friendly, and trustworthy? 2.Competence (Capability, assertiveness) -Are these people able to act on their good or bad intentions? -Are they skilled or non-skilled? Ex: Warmth: --Description: Members of a specific racial minority group are stereotyped as warm, friendly, and communal. --Implications: The stereotype suggests that individuals from this racial group are perceived as approachable, good-natured, and community-oriented. Warmth in this context is associated with positive social qualities. Competence: --Description: Unfortunately, members of the same racial minority group may face stereotypes of lower competence in certain professional or intellectual domains. --Implications: The stereotype might include assumptions that individuals from this racial group are less competent in academic or professional settings, perpetuating biases that undermine their abilities in areas beyond the perceived warmth and communal traits. --This example illustrates how racial stereotypes can manifest along the warmth and competence dimensions. While warmth stereotypes may emphasize positive social qualities, competence stereotypes may unfairly downplay the abilities of individuals within a racial group. It's crucial to recognize and challenge these stereotypes to foster a more accurate and equitable understanding of individuals from diverse racial backgrounds. The SCM provides a framework for analyzing the nuanced dimensions of such stereotypes.

Research shows that —-- people show an implicit preference for white people on the IAT.

1.White people 2.Black people 3.Neither white nor black people 4.Both white and black people --(When white is paired with good and black is paired with bad) -Both white and black people show a preference for white people for the IAT (implicit preferences) -Self-report measurements: then you see white people prefer white people and black people prefer black people (this is more explicit) --Why? media , outside of awareness

Know how we build closeness/intimacy in relationships.

3 things that have to happen : Self disclosure : sharing something about yourself Responsiveness: listening, understanding, caring Reciprocation: sharing something in response Share something :Personal about yourself. One of the people have to share personal about themselves in responses, the other person has to be like "wow interesting", listening and understning and caring. Then the person also shares something. It creates intimacy Falling in love: Triangular theory of love (sternberg, 1986) Part of love of closeness connection - intimacy Part of love is just choosing to be apart of a relationship - commitment

Secure Attachment:

A child with a secure attachment style has caregivers who are consistently responsive to their needs. The caregiver provides comfort, warmth, and support, creating a secure base for the child to explore the world. Securely attached individuals often grow up with a positive view of themselves and others.

Which of the following is not true about relationships and health?

A,. Received support is goodforheath because it prevents or reduces the negative effects of stress. -Getting support and why is good, it helps stress B. Social integration was goodforhealth because it provides purpose and helps people to avoid loneliness. -purpose , helps them feel better C.Healthy people who are less socially integratedare more likely to die over the next several years than healthy people who are more socially integrated. -More social integrate helps you live more D.All of the above

Arya and Jon are engaged in a heated argument about how to manage their joint finances. Arya says, "You always buy things we don't need and you never think about how it will impact me." Jon responds by crossing his arms, turning away, and giving Arya the silent treatment. Arya's behavior is an example of _____________, and Jon's behavior is an example of ___________.

A. Defensiveness,stonewalling -You always buy things you need and it would be defensiveness "no it's your fault, you always buy more things) = defensiveness B. Criticism,defensiveness C. Criticism,stonewalling -First part : attacking your partner = you never do this, always do that, -Second part: withdrawing form everything, "uh,mhm", not engaging D. Contempt,defensiveness -Contempt : extreme mocking, rolling eyes, calling them names -Criticism - you never do that or this

Which term explains why group projects reduce individual effort?

A. Group Polarization= extreme opinion with the group : the gorup makes a strong opinion and you believe and make that opinion strong. Even if you had another opinion you conform with their opinion. -After discussion, group atttudies -Ex: all the students in the group (we all think trump is a good before the discussion, and after the disscisoun, you truly believe trump is good) it's that the group helps them make their opinion stronger in their own head -(ex: should we invest in this ,,) a group decision will make your decision worse because you with either the leader or something else B. Group think -Make poor decisions, when there's pressure when making decisions, -You want to maintain the group secutral so you go with that the group goes with C. Social Loafing -Idea: stop working hard, when you know other people will do the work for you -Ex: you do this part - you;; do it. But if they say "you all 4 do it', you do less work because others are doing it D. Social Facilitation: -If simple tasks, having other people around, will improve your performed -But if you're doing a novel tasks or difficult tasks, having other people around will worse your perform

Matt enters a competition in which he has to pedal a stationary bike as fast as he can, for as long as he can. The person who sustains the highest speed for the longest amount of time wins the competition. Matt feels confident that he can win because he knows how to ride a bike, and it's a simple task for him. Which of the following would improve Matt's performance in this competition?

A. Having other people present as he performs Social : the idea trying to understand, the impact how you preferme while others are watching Ex: this one, knows how to ride, and easy for him Simple well learned and perfuming with you, makes you better B. Having a private location to perform When it's novel not an easy task, it'll make you do worse So if it was a novel new thing being learned, he will do better in a privet location

Q: Your friend, Scott, has recently become obsessed with a new girl. He keeps says things like "Just seeing her is exciting for me!" and "She always seems to be on my mind." Based on this description, which aspect of love is Scott experiencing?

A. Intimacy -Closeness and connection -We are getting to know each other .B. Commitment "They decided to be insluvie" = commitment Staying in a relationship C. Passion -Ectiment D. All of the above -Passion peaks first then you stop being passion -intimacy build ups slowly -Commitment : might start slow and once commitment you are commtimented

Which of the following is true about loneliness?

A. Loneliness Differs From Social Isolation. -Social isolation: objective experiences, i can look at your by a camera and see you're alone -Lack of contact, nothing hanging out with people -Loneliness: a feeling of discounntted. Something you have to report -Someone can feel super social isolation and not feeling lonely -Lonly - report, social isolation- you can see it B. Loneliness Increases The Likelihood Of Early -Mortality(death). -As dealy smoking cigs -And being social isoaltion incrases it C. Loneliness May Be reduced by taking Tylenol. Study : we talk about in class -Common neural pathway -The same way you feel pain when you burn yourself, the same pain you feel for feeling left out -Tylenol can help: tyleno helps with pshcially pain, and the body process body pain and social rejection and loneliness the same way. "Oh no you're a major risk, pain, pain,". - Common for psyhcially pain and social isolation Social and phsycislly pain are the same thing Being social excluded and being pushed in the face, is the same pain D. All of the above.

Morgan is a daughter, a friend, a sorority president, a mentor, and a cheerleading coach. All of her social roles make it hard to find time to study. Morgan recently got a B+ on an exam. Although that wouldn't be stressful for most people, Morgan is extremely stressed out. Her friend, Bri, tries to help by sending her a link to an online study guide to use next time. Based on this description, which of the following is true?

A. Morgan Perceives That She Has A Lot Of Support Available. B. Morgan Socially Integrated. -We seen she has a lot of social rules -Social rules : how many social rules and measured social integrated -She doesn't say she has a lot of support. But she does have a lot of realtinships C. Morgan Experiencing Objective Stress. -Stressful for her -Not everyone will be stressed out if they got a b -Objective - is your stress not anyones D. Bri Provide Emotional Support Her friend didn't say "you got this, it's fine, etc"

Q5: One study found that, when reminded of their socioeconomic status (SES), students from low SES backgrounds performed worse than students from high SES backgrounds on intellectual tasks. What accounts for these results?

A.AN illusory correlation -Idea that you think there's a connection where there isn't -My belief : Ex: i think ses will do worse because you're poor. = im not right about tha B.Stereotype Threat -Stereotype -The idea that people will have a worsen preferences in other domains that other people aren't expected to do well -Ex's: academic preferences -Ex: You're low SES you won't do well in that test. And you do worse in the test. Because you're concern about -Discretion (you are so focus on people saying you can't do it and not cofrm that you do worse on the exam) -Focus on a stereotype thing and the threat so black and tou cant do well in college because youre black C.Attributional Ambiguity -Part of a stigmaized group, you get a negative feedback, you don't know why you receive that. (is it because i didn't do well, or is it because they're bias towards me) = idk how to take that -You win an awrad and part of stigamized group (did i win it because i trul -Not knowing why something is happening = attributional ambiguity D.Self-affirmation -Self concept (if one domain is affected, you have anothe domain to make up for it), thinking other domaosn to resort positive self concept which self affirmation

Q4: Rafael is Spanish and he knows very few Portuguese people. Which of the following is true?

A.Based ontheoutgroup homogeneity effect,Rafaelprobably assumes that Spanish people all think alike, act alike, and look alike. -The outgeoup is the idea: the other group that im not apart of : said that outgroup acts the same, looks the same, feel the same b.Based on the idea Of Paired Distinctiveness,will be particularly distinctive and memorable when Rafael sees a Portuguese person behaving negatively. -Really distinctive because we don't see that group often and if they do something negtivie it makes more remarkable -Paried distinctiveness: When you have to do distinctive and something negative, put those together and you're going to remember that -Pair distinctiveness: the idea what is remerbal (differnt things thatc oudl happen , -Violet behaviors are more remebrable than normal behsviroals -When a minority group member, a gorup you don't see often, no matter what they do, you remember that -Paried distinctiveness: minoitry group-violet behavior - the pairing Ex: latin person (you never met, hits yo) you never foret that and think that;s how all latins are c. If Rafael has a bias toward Portuguese people,any contact with Portuguese people would help to reduce that bias. -types of contexts, like meagnful interactions, working toward a group, equally powerful (student and student) and a community supporting the bias being reduce - its not contact but types of contexts D.None of the above

Chris is romantically interested in Alyssa, a woman that he goes to school with. Based on what you learned about attraction in class, what should Chris do to increase the chances that Alyssa will like him?

A.Mention that he loves video games, even though Alyssa does not. Chris knows that complementarity is more important than similarity. -Because complemtarity than similarity that isn't true -We attract people that are like us B.Sit near her during classes and stop by her dorm more often to say hi -PROMIXIDE (someone you interact with someone) -The more you see someone, the more you liek them c.Show Alyssa that he likes another woman to make her jealous -Wrong: we prefer people that like us D.Nothing-he should instead sign up for dating site get matched with someone because matching algorithms are highly effective to predict whether two people will like one another. -Can you tell you are likeable or you like a lot of people -Finding that match : they can't do that

Early in relationships, people can build closeness/intimacy by ________. Later in relationships, people can combat relational boredom and maintain passion by _______.

A.Reciprocally self-disclosing and being responsive; engaging in easy and familiar activities together B. Reciprocally self-disclosing and being responsive; engaging in novel and exciting activities together -Asking each other questions -For boredom and maintain passion it's about doing novel activities because in the beginning you're so happy and excited because you're learning new things once you know them, so doing something new brings that passion because it brings exicmenet B C. Deciding to commit to the relationship; engaging in easy and familiar activities together D. Deciding to commit other relationship;engaging in novel and exciting activities together

Which of the following is not true about belongingness interventions?

AThey involvetelling college students that although most people initially worry about whether they belong, they typically feel more like they belong over time (it gets better). -Tell college students, "all college students, go through this" and gets better B. They back fire for White students(lead to poorer academic performance). -They don't do anything, no stoerytpe threat, nothing to repair C.They lead Black students to maintain higher GPA throughout college. D.They promote health and well-being for Black students. POSTIVE impact for black students and nothing for white people

Question:

Associated better with health, so B Received support can be great but it could be damage So if you perceived the support you know it's there

Question:

B is the answer. Passion= just excitement, I like you intimacy= you share something, I share something etc Commitment = decision to remain in a relationship

question

B. Culture

How does attachment orientation/style form?

Best: Attahcmently security 3 S's of secure attachment : Seen Sood Safely Repair (have to let kid be seen,sood,sfetly) so they can have a secure attahcemnt. Then to repair you have to say sorry, "how can we improve". So you want some mess up and repairs. Because not everyone will be perfect with your child In childhood : Secure base script: if icry out, even quietly, my dad/mom/etc. Will come quickly. I'll feel safe Specfiic beliefs: My caregiver is reliable, trustworthy loving I am loveable, valuable, and worthy The world is safe So other people are reliable, trustworthy, because your parents gave you that Attachment security : So belief of caregivers, yourself, and the world.

Is there an antidote to boredom?

Boredom: -Early stage realtinships are exciting because of rapid -Self expansion: taking on new self attributes -So to add exicment : -Antidote : -Contice engaging in novel and exciting experiences (trying something new with each other) -Boredom and self expansion: -Novel interesting, challenging activities can revitalized feelings of self expansio (coulter and malouff) -So when passion is leaving these acivties can increase it (rebuild) the excitement

But stereotypes are often wrong because.....

But stereotypes are often wrong because..... --Stereotypes are often the result of illusory correlations False stereotypes persist due to .. --Even if you have illusory correlations --Sef fulfilling prophesies *A self-fulfilling prophecy refers to a situation in which a belief or expectation influences a person's behavior in such a way that it causes the belief or expectation to come true. In other words, the expectation itself, whether accurate or not, leads to actions that ultimately fulfill that expectation. ---Explaining away counter stereotypical examples ( exceptions with stereotype) with subtyping ex: Stereotype: that these ^^ (cow) fans are violet, fighting, are crazy. So you think the whole gorup is all the same --But when meeting new (cow) fans. Well, they're not like those other fans. -Make a small sub group to say okay "the cow fan" isn't like the rest of them but the rest are like cow fans --sub tying: Subtyping is a cognitive process where individuals encounter someone who does not fit their existing stereotypes, and rather than adjusting the stereotype, they create a new category or subtype for that individual. It is a way of accommodating information that doesn't align with preexisting beliefs about a particular group. --But stereotypes are often wrong because: --We falsely perceive that out-group members are more similar to one another and that in-group members are more diverse (outgroup homogeneity effect) Stoerytpes often wrong because we perceived that the out-group is all the same

Does received support have any potential downside?

Costs of received support: receiving support could make people feel bad about themselves "I saw you were struggling with level 10, so I beat it for you" = 'you think you couldn't think I could do it "I know you're worried about the organic chem, exam because if you fail you will have to change majors, but I'm sure you're going to be fine" "I am 100% sure you will get that job" = and "i feel like a failure if I don't". Well support could be helpful but still make someone feel stressed

Be able to identify examples of each of the 4 horsemen of the apocalypse (destructive conflict behaviors)?

Criticsm: verbally attacking partner's character, suggesting a personal defect (e.g., you always, you never, you're the type of person who) Personal attack: ex: you're always selfish, you're always mean Destructive: because how do you respond with that Then it comes Ex: "You always ignore my needs. You're so selfish and inconsiderate. I can't rely on you for anything." Defensiveness: victimizing yourself to ward off a perceived attak and reverse the blame. Can including denying responsibility for the problem and cross complaining Denying the blame for the problem Victim blaming yourself Ex: Partner: "You never help with the household chores!" Defensiveness: "I'm always busy with work, and you never appreciate the effort I put in. It's not just my responsibility." Contempt: Attacking partner with intent to inult (e.g., eye rolling, name calling, sarcasm,mockery) Uncomfortable meanness Naem calling Biggest predictor for breakup Ex: "Oh, great job on forgetting our anniversary again. You're really showing how much you care about this relationship." Stonewalling: Withdrawing to avoid conflict (e.g., stony silence discoonection, monosyllabic muttering .. mhm .. yea) Ex: forget it ex: During an argument, one partner stops responding, avoids eye contact, and walks away, leaving the other partner feeling ignored and dismissed. Contempt: mocking too Stonewalling: not paying attention, just looking around, not responding just checked out Criticism: "you don't do this" "you say this" "you never that" Defensiveness: "you're always doing this .. " "and i can't do this .." "money is important to you but not important to me but i don't get it" (i don't there's a problem, you're making it up, i don't even know the problem)

Question:

D because the greater the alternatives the less committed you are. The less the more you're commitment

Questions

D is the answer A. Attachment can change Attachment : ex: secure go through a nasty divorce become insecure Insecure, go through good relationships that can build secure attachment B. Not super different but a few differences C. People who are looking for what is familiar and what feels right Ex: what feels familiar to you ? is that what you want in the future? You should think about that Dating someone that is toxic could be something you're familiar with

Be able to differentiate between social integration, received support, and perceived support.

Do you have any? How many? what kind? 1.Social integration: participation in a broad range of social relationships Father, brother, soccer coach = all of these roles are a broad range of social relationships Have a lot of relationships Example: A person with high social integration may have a close-knit family, a circle of friends, and active involvement in community organizations, contributing to a rich and diverse social life. Example: An individual who regularly participates in community events, has a close-knit group of friends, and is actively involved in social organizations exhibits high social integration. What actually happens in your relationships? 2.Received support: actual receipt of support (psychological and material resources) Actual stuff (words and experiences) that are support Actually, receiving support from those relationships Example: If someone is going through a tough time and their friends provide them with emotional support, practical help, or guidance, that constitutes received support. Example: If someone is going through a difficult time, received support may include friends helping with daily tasks, family members offering emotional comfort, or colleagues providing advice and assistance.

According to the economic perspective, why/when does intergroup bias occur?

Economic Perspective : -Scarcity increases intergroup conflict -If we feel like we don't have enough resources, there's an increase of intergorup bias -"Not like me" = competition -So economic perspective competition against other groups for ressources -"Scarcity" refers to the state of being in short supply or having limited availability of a resource in comparison to the demand for that resource. Economic Perspective: money --Groups compete for limited resources E.g., immigrants compete for limited jobs in the US E.g., eagles and rattlers competed for status and rewards at camp --( always limited resources. So people want to make sure they get that. So prejudices happen because they want to get what they need and their only gorup) ==Why we have intergorup bias because we are completing for limited resources

According to evolutionary theories of attraction...

Evolutionary perspective : -Evolutionary theories of attraction propose that certain traits and behaviors associated with mate selection and attraction have evolved over time due to their adaptive benefits in ensuring the survival and reproduction of the human species. Goal: pass on your genesis, which you can do by... Reproducing Ensuring you survive long enough to reproduce Having offspring that survive long enough to reproduce (this is what exist in the DNA the thing that allows us to reproduce for offspring, and this will be overrepsted and who we become. That is evolunitoary.

Online dating: Matching algorithms

Ex: eHarmony= they will tell you they can find you, your right partner with research -is attraction really predictable ? -Speed dating study : what the research shows (we can predict desires others in gneerally, this person tends to find others attractive. They're getting higher ratings across boards to people that they're indirceting with) -We can determine wether a person will be desired by others (this person has attributes that most people deireed, like kind or attractiveness) -What we are bad at is unique desire (this person likes this person, and they're going to have a good connection) -So these online dating that say, they can find you their perfect partner, they can't, but they can find someone that is similar to you, like some interests in you, they might be able to find a good start, but they can't find the partner for you like unique desire

Know whether Black people show an implicit preference for Black people or for White people on the IAT.

Ex: white is good and blck is bad -On both cases, for white and black people they show a impicnt prefernces for white people -It's a strong prfercnes for white participates than the black participates --meaning= black people are bad for both black and for white people. And for white people they have a stronger impicait preferences for white people --For explicant (self reported) black people say i like black people. And for the white people they also say i like white people. But for implicant prefercnes both black and white prefer white pople. -Members of their own group -What has shown? --Results of the stigmatized groups tend to have a more positive impact on attitudes toward their own groups than those not in the group. ---However, there is still a moderate preference for the more socially valued group. --When taking the:: For implicit: People associate good with white people Black people have positive implicit attitudes toward their own group (blacks). But have more moderate preferences for white people. Is it more true for white people to give themselves good implicit attitudes? While the explicit black people show explicit preferences for blacks. Results: when words are with White and parped with good. Both white and black people have it easier to pair white with good Implicit bias: not our fault. Apart from our control. something you can't control just happens. But you still should think differently and control it.

When does the presence of others improve performance and when does the presence of others impair performance?

Group Processes: -The social and psychological behavior that underlies the behavior of groups -Performances Within groups -Group decision making -Emergent properties of groups (didn't exist before) screenshot: -A- simple well learned so others around improves this = right answer -But b - difficult and novel so hard to do with people around -But c: most people will do less in this context because of social loafing Notes: -Found that prefersence of others -> arousal -> incrase in dominant response (so whatever you're natural going to do) -So a simple task, well learn, performance is imrpooved if people are around. It helps you to do better -But if the task is novel or difficult, having other people around might impaired your performance Social Facilitation: -The more presence of others helps to irmpove performance sometimes -Mere presence of others improves performance on simple or well learned tasks -Mere presence of others impairs performance on difficult or novel tasks

What is health psychology?

Health psychology is a field of psychology that focuses on how psychological factors and behaviors contribute to health and well-being. It involves the study of how individuals think, feel, and behave in relation to their health, as well as how they interact with the healthcare system. Ex: Imagine a community health initiative aimed at reducing smoking rates in a specific population. Health psychologists, as part of a collaborative effort with public health officials, design and implement a smoking cessation program. Key Components of the Program: -Understanding Motivation: Health psychologists conduct research to understand the motivations behind smoking within the community. They explore psychological factors that contribute to smoking, such as stress, peer influence, or coping mechanisms. -Tailoring Interventions: Based on their research, health psychologists design interventions that are tailored to the specific needs and preferences of the target population. This may involve considering cultural factors, socioeconomic status, and individual differences in motivation to quit.

Is it easy for people who do not want to appear prejudiced to deny their prejudice on the IAT measure?

How are implicit and explicit measures related together --IAT scores and self-reported bias measures are positively --(Remember, when one goes up, the other goes up too. If one goes down, the other goes down) --If someone has higher explicit bias (self-reported prejudice), they will also show higher implicit bias on the IAT --If someone has lower explicit bias (self-reported prejudice), they will also show lower implicit bias on the IAT --But they're not the same thing. --People demonstrate stronger bias on the IAT than on explicit self-report measures. --Because people don't want to tell your true extent of their explicit bias and we all experiences the implicat bias from the media. -Research on the Implicit Association Test (IAT) has suggested that individuals may find it challenging to deliberately manipulate their responses to appear less prejudiced on the test. The IAT is designed to measure automatic or implicit associations, and participants typically do not have conscious control over these associations - the design of the IAT, with its emphasis on speed, randomness, and the measurement of implicit associations, makes deliberate manipulation challenging. It's important to note that the IAT is not foolproof, and researchers consider its limitations when interpreting results.

Q2: CJ took the IAT. First, "young" and "good" were paired together one side of the screen and "old" and "bad" were paired together on the other side of the screen. CJ was able to respond very quickly and made no mistakes. When the labels switched ("old"-"good" paired together and "young"-"bad" paired together), it took CJ much longer to do the task and he made more mistakes. This suggests that CJ has an _______ preference for _________.

IAT: impluisve associate test A. implicit;old people(prefers old people over young people) B. implicit;young people(prefers young people over old people) C. explicit;old people(prefers old people over young people) D. explicit;young people(prefers young people over old people) -Implicit - automatic, unsciounces, associations in your brain - measure by the IAT -IAT- NOT SELF REPORT, SOMETHING YOU BELIEVE = EXPLICT -Hard to fake the implicit test = IAT -Whiel you can fake the self report which is explicit -Answer b= because when it quicks, it's the natural pariring -When it takens longer, then it's not a natural pairing young-good(something that he autmoics believes) -While old and good isn't autmoic for him -Implicit - outside of awareness -Racial iat : implicant preferences for white people (for both white and black) while explicit ( white chose white and black people chose black)

According to research on ideal partner preferences, what set of traits do men and women consistently have the strongest preference for?

Ideal partner preferences : research for both women and men -People (men and women!) consistently have the strongest preferences for warmth/trustworthiness traits -But the gender differences get all the attention ! -Attractive (gender differences but there's a lot of gender similarities. But both men and women care about warm and trust traits )

· Know what implicit measures like that IAT assess and how that differs from what self-report measures assess.

Implicit Association Test (IAT) Measures strength of associations between concepts (e.g., black people, gay people) and evaluations (e.g., good, bad) or stereotypes (e.g., athletic clumsy) -Assessment Focus: Implicit measures assess unconscious or automatic associations and attitudes that individuals may not be consciously aware of. The IAT, for example, measures the strength of associations between concepts in memory, often revealing implicit biases. Explicit: controlled. What do you think? What can you say out loud while Implicit: uncounseled, out of your control, out of awareness because of things you have seen - automatic thinking Ex: The stereotype of Hispanics work a garden job. Because of the media and everything around you (society, too) that keeps pushing that Hispanics work in the garden, without thinking, you have made an implicit bias outside your awareness. Still, explicitly, you say, I like Hispanics. You know they work other jobs too. But the implicit association is still there, but the explicit belief that you know that isn't true. Implicit - no control Explicit - yes control Self-Report Measures: --Assessment Focus: Self-report measures assess explicit, consciously held attitudes, beliefs, and opinions that individuals can consciously report. These measures rely on individuals' self-awareness and willingness to disclose their thoughts and feelings. Implicit measures focus on unconscious or automatic processes, whereas self-report measures rely on conscious reflection and self-awareness. differences: Implicit measures like the IAT get at the automatic thinking While self-report measures get at the controlled thinking

Self-Report Measure Example:

In a self-report survey on racial attitudes, participants might be asked to respond to statements or questions about their explicit beliefs and opinions. For example: --Participants could be presented with statements like "I believe all racial groups are equal" and asked to rate their agreement on a scale from strongly disagree to strongly agree. This self-report measure aims to capture individuals' consciously held attitudes and beliefs about racial equality. Feelings terminal (self-report measures) ex : Attitudinal Statements: Please rate your agreement with the following statements on a scale from 1 to 5, where 1 is "Strongly Disagree" and 5 is "Strongly Agree.""I believe in the importance of racial equality.""I feel comfortable interacting with people from diverse racial backgrounds." By combining the results of the implicit measure (IAT) and the self-report measure, researchers can gain a more comprehensive understanding of an individual's attitudes toward different racial groups. This dual approach helps distinguish between implicit biases that may operate outside of conscious awareness and explicit attitudes that individuals are willing to report consciously.

stereotypes,prejudice,discrimination

In summary, stereotypes are generalized beliefs about a group, prejudice is the emotional response or attitude toward that group, and discrimination is the unfair or unequal treatment based on those attitudes. It's important to recognize and challenge these phenomena to promote fairness, equity, and positive social interactions.

Insecure Attachment:

Insecure attachment styles develop when caregivers are inconsistent, unresponsive, or overly intrusive in meeting the child's emotional needs. There are two main types of insecure attachment:

Is there an alternative to addressing intergroup bias "in people"?

Intergroup contact expanded: -Not just your own intergroup contact ... -Extended contact: knowing that an ingroup member has a relationship with an outgroup member --Can reduce your bias to them. Ex: brother dating someone from the group i have bias. It's not direct contact but it's extendent contact --Someone in your having content with the other group is also benfitucal --Vicarious contact: observing an in-group member interacting with an outgroup member --So if i see someone that i associate with, talking to someone from other group, indirtly with other group, it'll reduce your bias from the other gorup too Imagined contact: imagining a positive interaction with an -----*outgroup member Thinking about it -Overall you need direct contact to reduce Social Categorization Approach: Decategorization (or personalization): seeing people as instinct individuals rather than group-based identities (ex: i know your name instead of putting them in a racial or general group) I'm thinking about just you Recategorization: common superordinate group "we" (we are all the same in a way in a way) "We are all Americans" - Biden Why am I not supported the same way? (backfire) 'We are all orange"- Chancellor Syverud backfire: Can lead to a defensive response if existing identity is highly valued If there is diffrenerces it's going to backfire

According to the motivational perspective, why does intergroup bias occur? Is it primarily because of out-group hostility or in-group favoritism? Do groups have to differ on a meaningful category (gender) or can this happen for minimal groups (e.g., eye color).

Motivational perspective: -We show in-group favoritism because our group status and accomplishments boost our self-esteem -Prefer groups members and help in-group members to boost the group status (and our own self-esteem) -It doesn't matter what differentiates us and them (doesn't matter the differenties in each group, it's still us vs them.) INFO: -Us vs. them -Who is apart of my group and who isn't apart of my group =We show in group favositism ( i want my group to succeed) because we want to see ourselves as positive so then we want to see our gorup also positive. The groups accomplishments -boost our self esteem too. Motivational Perspective: -From this perspective, intergroup boas is primarily driven by in-group favoritism (a preference for us) rather than by out-group hostility (dislike toward them) In group favoritism can create bias, discrimination, etc -Intergroup bias can occur for both meaningful categories (e.g., race, gender) and minimal groups. -Even when groups are minimal and have no prior history or meaningful differences, individuals may still exhibit in-group favoritism and, in some cases, out-group hostility. -Out-group hostility refers to negative attitudes, feelings, or behaviors directed towards individuals who are perceived as members of a social group different from one's own, known as the "out-group." Cognitive Perspective: --Automatic categorization is merely applied to social groups Stereotyping is useful Especially when we're mentally taxed Notes: --You see something. Ex: baby see people, black or white, latinto or white --Sterotypes and schemes is useful. The problem is we applied to people and we often wrong --Automatic catgerogization: this group is like this and i know how to respond --When we are mentally taxed (we used schemes and stereotypes) when needed

Be able to determine someone's implicit attitude from a description of their results (like we did in class).

NUMBER A = ANSWER --When you see pairing A, you see gay is bad and straight is good. And it's easy to do because you already categorized those in your brain. --While in b, it's gay and good, and in your brain, you don't categorize it like that. So you will have more mistakes, and it'll take longer.

Know the consequences of attachment style/orientation for relationship satisfaction.

Overall : Adult attachment in relationships : Secure (compared to insecure) More satisfying, lasting, trusting relationships Less severe conflicts Relationships are the greater source of positive emotions, less negative emotions. Better personal health and well-being -higher relationship satisfaction. Anxiously attached (anxious/preoccupied style) More conflict, more concern about conflict, looking at the phone, jealous Are especially distressed by perceived threats to the relationship (conflict, perceived rivals) Worry, cling, monitor Often paired with avoidantly attached partners People who find partners that meet expectations for the world You worry that no one will be there for you, so you find someone that won't be there for you and go oh "You see i was right" -lower relationship satisfaction Avoidantly attached (avoidant/dismissing style) Provide less support, especially when a partner is distressed Withdraw, especially in emotionally charged situations Avoid affection and physical intimacy Often part with anxiously attached partners stonewalling, no affection, etc -lower relationship satisfaction.

Prejudice

Prejudice is/are feelings and attitudes about a group of people, whereas stereotyping is/are beliefs about the characteristics of a group of people. breakdown: -prejudice involves feelings and attitudes about a group. -Stereotyping involves beliefs about the characteristics of a group. -These concepts are interconnected, as stereotypes can contribute to the development of prejudices. Prejudice refers to preconceived opinions, attitudes, or judgments about an individual or a group of people based on their membership in a particular social category. Prejudice often involves making assumptions about others without considering their individual qualities or characteristics, and it can lead to unfair and biased treatment. Characteristics: Prejudice is often characterized by negative feelings or attitudes toward a specific group, and it can lead to biased treatment or discrimination. --Example: A person holding a negative belief about individuals from a certain ethnic background, assuming they are lazy or unintelligent based solely on their ethnicity, demonstrates prejudice. --Example of Prejudice: --imagine a situation in which an individual holds a negative belief about a particular religious group. Let's say someone holds the belief that members of this group are inherently dishonest. This person may harbor this prejudice without having personal experiences with individuals from that religious group or without considering the diversity of characteristics and behaviors within the group. ---As a result of this prejudice, the individual might treat members of that religious group unfairly, perhaps by avoiding interactions with them, making negative assumptions about their actions, or denying them opportunities based on the unfounded belief in their inherent dishonesty. --In this example, prejudice is evident in the form

Alameda county study showing benefits of social integration:

Prospective study 1. Recruit healthy men and women; measure their social integration 2. Seven years later, assess who died; calculate relative risk of death Least socially integrated people were twice as likely to die as people with the most integration (connections/roles)

Why is received support good for health?

Received (enacted) support : 1.Emotional support = Expressions of caring, solidarily, encouragement, valuing, and/or a belief in other's competence and ability Ex: "we can get through this together" Ex: "I know you'll figure it out; you've solved problems like this before" Ex: "that race sounds like a fun challenge. You should try it" 2.Instrumental/practical support: Provision of tangible assistance and/ or specific resources Ex: "Your toilet was running so I replaced the fill value. It's as good as new." "here's 500 to help you out. Pay me back whenever you can. 3.Informational support Advice and factual information that helps to define and/or understand the situation Ex: "i read about a loan forgiveness program. I'll see you the website" "It seem like the best way to solve this i to tell her you feel directly" Received (enacted) support : Beneficial because It buffers 9reducess,attenuates) stress

Know the effects of belongingness interventions, based on the data presented in class.

Self-affirmation instructions: Choose 2 or 3 items that are important to you (from list) Describe something else that is important to you (open-ended) Reflection on why these things are important to you. Self affirmation intervention Keeps people engaged so they can perform at this capacity Increases sense of efficacy and belonging Belonging interventions goal/audience: Developed for minority college students, who have lower rates of college completion, perhaps due in part to "uncertainty about belonging" Belonging intervention:- Everyone initially feels like they don't belong- but people feel more like they belong over time (it gets better!) (everyone is feeling like this; it's not only you) --Finding from the study: --impacts of belongingness intervention: * the belongingness intervention helped black students to still feel like they belonged at the university when they faced high adversity (problems, stresses) * black students who completed the belonging intervention engaged in more achievement behavior (e.g., attending review sessions) -Black students who completed the belonging intervention mained higher gpas over the 4 years of college than black students without the intervention Overall (impacts of belongingness intervention) Compared to black students without the intervention, black students who complated the beloginess intervention had: Better self reported health Fewer docotr bists during senior year Greater self reported happiness Less belonging uncertainty Less self doubt

Why is social integration good for health? Be familiar with the results of the Alameda county study showing benefits of social integration.

Social integration: how many people you're connected to in two ways Behavioral: active engagement in social activities Cognitive: a sense of connection to a broader community Social roles are a good indicator of social integration -Social integration: the evidence -Prospective study : -Recruit healthy men and women; measure their social integration -Seven years later, assess who died; calculate the relative risk of death -Prospective study: you're starting with all healthy people and what will predict their differences. Calcucing their death by connections --Results : At least socially integrated people were twice as likely to die as people with the most integration (connections/roles) Social integration: why does this matter Good for health because : -Avoid loneliness (a big predictor of death) -Having a relationship gives people a purpose -Have a sense of purpose/meaning -Peer pressure and social control encourage health behaviors -Ex: did you get your flo shot ? Having social integration is super important and matters for health

· What is the name of the term that explains that idea that individuals exert less effort when they're working on a group task where individual contributions cannot be monitored?

Social loafing : group -Pulling your efforts, working together, to meet a goal -Don't know who is putting more less or more effort -Tendency to exeter less effort when working on a gorup task in which individual contributions cannot be monitored -Ex: toguaward. I don't pull as much so less effort because of social loafing -Group performances -Social Loafing: Social loafing refers to the tendency of individuals to exert less effort when working on a group task compared to when working individually. This phenomenon occurs when people believe that their individual contributions are less noticeable or necessary within a group, leading to a reduction in motivation and effort. The diffusion of responsibility within a group can contribute to social loafing, as individuals may feel that their impact on the overall outcome is diminished. Social loafing can negatively affect group performance and may result in lower productivity and quality of work.

Know the 3 predictors of commitment, according to the investment model and how each is related to commitment (positively or negatively correlated).

Staying committed : what makes people stayed committed Investment model of commitment 3 reasons : 1.Satisfaction -> commitment Happiness in the relationship (based on an evaluation of rewards and costs in the relationship relative to expected rewards and costs) ^^(Making the judgment how happy you expect to be) Person getting into a relationship that is mid. But that person feels super happy in that relationship because it's meeting their expectations. While it could be the other way around where the persson in a mid relationship and super sad because it's not their expectations. So the more satisfaction the more commitment they are Alternative (negative correlation) -> commitment (one goes up one goes down0 Availability and appeal of alternatives to the relationship (alternative partners and or possibility of being single) Ex: abuse women. They didn't stay in relationships because they were satisfaction but because they didn't have other alternatives The fewer alternatives you have the more you're commitment When you have a lot of alternatives you commitment goes down Also alternatives are't just partners Investments -> commitment Time, effort, resources invested into the relationship; things that will be lost if the relationship ends (e.g., mutual friends; shared possessions) (ex: friends you made because of your bf. Don't want to leave because i lose them too) (ex: we brought a house, i'll stay in this realtinship because we brought something, i don't want to lose that) When people are committed, staying in a stable relationship, and having high alternatives is devaluing those alternatives (here is what wrong with them) and look away. To stay committed. Naturally. Having alternatives is good because it makes the person to chose and want the person

Understand the definition of stereotype threat and how stereotype threat impacts performance.

Stereotype threat --Stereotype threat is a psychological phenomenon where individuals, particularly those from stereotyped groups, experience the fear of confirming or being judged by negative stereotypes about their group. This fear can lead to anxiety and reduced performance in situations where the stereotype is relevant. --Impaired performance in stereotypically weak domains resulting from fear of confirming negative stereotypes about one's social group --Due to extra stress or distraction --(Under preferences in weak domains. Negative stereotypes, weak domains, is where the stereotype threat comes in because the individual doesn't want to conform to the stereotyped identity ) Ex: --Stereotype: The negative stereotype suggests that students from this racial group are not as proficient in academic subjects as other groups. Stereotype Threat Scenario: Students from the targeted racial group are about to take a standardized test. The students are aware of the stereotype that their racial group is academically disadvantaged. Impact on Performance: Due to the fear of confirming the stereotype, students may experience heightened anxiety and stress before and during the test. The cognitive load associated with stereotype threat may impede their working memory and hinder their ability to perform at their full potential.

How is attachment measured in childhood?

Strange situation : Secure = (is good that baby is distressed and should care that mom left ) Separation: upset, distressed Reunion: soothed by mother, returns to exploration --Attachment in childhood is often assessed using a method called the "Strange Situation Procedure," developed by Mary Ainsworth. This procedure is a structured observational measure designed to evaluate a child's attachment to their caregiver. Here's an overview of how attachment is measured in childhood using the Strange Situation Procedure: Strange situation : Secure = (is good that baby is distressed and should care that mom left ) Separation: upset, distressed Reunion: soothed by mother, returns to exploration Avoidant = Separation: not upset (when a partner leaves the room, the child looks to the door and keeps playing. Don't care or am interested that they left. No cries) Reunion: resists mother (push away, they don't want to be near caregiver) Evlounary: you should feel safe with the caregiver, and if they don't feel safe, then the attachment style goes wrong. Attachment styles are adaptive, too Aodiant = means parents don't give their babies the needs, so the baby adapts to survive and be on it's own Anxious-ambivalent = working hard to gain that attention Separation: extremely upset Reunion: cannot be soothed; continues to cling and cry Anxious ambivalent: sometimes gives attention and sometimes no. so babies elarn that if I really work and try, I'll get the attention They really work hard to maintain the connection Both had to be additive to these environments

What is the difference between objective and subjective stress?

Stress: Objective stress: experience of situations that people tend to think of as difficult Measure life events: (we can see it) not everyone who experiences objective stress won't experience subjective stress Ex: College students report : Death of a close friend Finals week Ending a steady dating relationship Difficulties with roommate Subjective stress: Feeling unable to cope with the demands of the environment (i can't see it) Measure perceptions: How often have you felt .. Difficulties were pilling up so high that you could not overcome them > Confident about your ability to handle your personal problems?

Be able to differentiate between social integration, received support, and perceived support. part 2

What do you expect in your relationships? Perceived support: belief or expectation that others will provide support, if necessary If I need something I have someone to ask Example: Even if someone doesn't receive concrete support, they may feel supported if they believe that their friends and family would be there for them if needed. On the other hand, someone might receive support but still feel unsupported due to a perception that the support is not genuine or sufficient. Example: Even if an individual is not currently receiving specific support, their perceived support may be high if they feel confident that they can rely on their social network in times of need. This perception can contribute to a sense of security and well-being. Social Integration: Focuses on the overall connectedness and involvement in social networks. Received Support: Focuses on the concrete assistance and support actively provided by others. Perceived Support: Focuses on an individual's subjective belief in the availability of support, regardless of whether it is actively provided

Know how proximity, similarity, reciprocity, and physical attractiveness impact attraction. = part 2

Why do we care so much about physical appearance ? -Indicates health/fertillity The other reason is -Halo effect ("beautiful is good"): we assume that those who are beautiful also have other good qualities -We assume that those beautiful people have more positive (good) qualities like nice and smart and so on They might be right. That physical people could make me smarter or kinder. Not because of phsycially appearance but because ofSelf-fulfilling prophecies we might be right. =So overtime we bring out behaviros that we expect from other people, we have a believe that what is beautiful is good, so then a beautufle child so then adults indicaotr with them with more kindness and more attention and that child might grow up being more nicer and might grow up more smarter because they have more input So attractiveness matters but because of society that we live we kind of made it matter. So believe beautiful is good so we might have actually made that true in some cases Self fulfilling prophecies: im approaching you, i'm expecting you (because i think you're going to be) ex: i'm nicer to you and youre nice to me so i confirm my own expectations because you were nice. I created that behavior that i expected to see. Reciporcity : We like others who like us You like me so i like you. You like others that like us Back in day in online dating apps it would state, "she is checking you out right now", now iu the day "swipe=tinder", senses of that person likes you, we have a preferences to be liked. So if someone likes us that tends to be attractive. Evem if they don't fufill all your requirements. you' ll put yourself out there more

o Which sex/gender is less selective (choosy) and why?

Women are more selective (choosey) than men. -Women will be more selectivie and choosey, above avaerage than men. -Once women is pregenat, women invest a lot in baby -Women are less likely to engage in causal sex because it produces a minimal investment if they have causal sex that resutls in a baby -On the other hand, males, with a lower reproductive investment (typically limited to sperm production), may be less selective and more willing to mate with a variety of partners. This is known as "male mating effort" or "male competition." Males may compete with each other for access to females and may be more willing to mate with multiple partners. -Male mating effort" refers to the various behaviors, actions, and investments that males engage in to increase their chances of successfully attracting and reproducing with a mate -to make kids basically

o What do women look for in a male partner?

Women is : to make for their offspring Min. investment = 9 months (baby,fetus, carry it long term) = min Primary concerns different for women = base of evlouniatry history that shape our preferences Women (primary concerns): for kids How will i feed and protect this child ? Will the child be healthy So they prefer a partner with resources (weath, status, olrder) = more likely allow to take care of their child (feed) and help them survive etc. women have less access to resosucres so instead they have needed wealthy man with higher statues. which isn't true today but these prefernces may have involved that are still in there and could moviate behavior even if it isn't a concer today according to evolutionary theories

Which of the following is consistent with evolutionary theory?

a.Men are particularly attracted to women with resources (wealth, status). -Women are attracted to men with reoruces (wealth,stuts) not men b.Women are particularly attracted to men who are young and attractive because these factors indicate men's fertility. -Nope men like that instead of women . men like young and attractive - to have a higher fertility and good gienes c.Men are more likely (than women) to go to bed with someone they just met because they are less selective (choosy) due to their minimal required parental investment. -MEN ARE more likely to go with bed because they are less selctivty because their invesemnt is a few seconds -While women have a 9 months invemesent d.People who are looking for partners should mention their hobbies and interests. -Good idea but similarities not this theory

Q3: Which of the following is true?

a.The economic perspective suggests that intergroupbiasis primarily driven by in-group favoritism (a preference for "us") rather than out-group hostility (dislike for "them"). b.The motivational perspective suggests that intergroupbiasis particularly likely to occur when resources are scarce. c.The cognitive perspective suggests that intergroupbiasoccurs because automatic categorization tends to be efficient and useful. d.All of the above -Motivated : we see ourselves and our group as positive -Ex: i went to nyu and i really like nyu people and i put them before anyone from syracuse (in group favoritism) -Economic which is desrciebe in answer b (my gorup gets most, so pick before us) -A ANSWER IS SUPPOSE TO BE WITH b anser -The economic perspective suggests :that intergroupbiasis particularly likely to occur when resources are scarce. -The motivational perspective suggests : that intergroupbiasis primarily driven by in-group favoritism (a preference for "us") rather than out-group hostility (dislike for "them").

All of the following are true about attachment EXCEPT:

a.To Develop a Secure Attachment,childrenneedtofeelseen,be soothed, and feel safe. -A is true: three s's - seen soothed and safe b.Attachment can be measured inchildrenby observing child's behavior during the separation and reunion phases of the "strange situation" task. -Strange situation vidoe c.Adults with a secureatt achment stylehavemoresatisfyingand lasting relationship than people with either an anxious or avoidant attachment style. -Having better relationships d.An adult who is concerned about becoming toocloseandisnot willing to share their feelings is probably anxiously attached. -Avoidant relationship not anxosutly attached -Anxiously - being scared being left, wants to be close, a lot of reassuracnes

ways to fix this

criticsm : Antidote: using "i" statements Contempt : antidote: showing affection Defensiveness: anitdoate : accepting responsibility Stonewalling: antidote: problem solving

Defining and assessing intergroup bias:

definition: Intergroup bias is a concept in social psychology that refers to the tendency of people to favor members of their own social group over members of other groups. This bias can manifest in various forms and has been widely studied to understand its underlying mechanisms and consequences assessing: Assessing intergroup bias involves examining the attitudes, behaviors, and perceptions that individuals or groups have toward members of their own group (in-group) versus members of other groups (out-groups). --- Measuring feelings/ attitudes toward groups (prejudice): measuring in two says how: -Self-report measures *surveys and Questionnaires: -Implicit measures *Implicit Association Test (IAT):The IAT measures implicit attitudes and beliefs by assessing the strength of associations between concepts (e.g., in-group and out-group) and evaluations (e.g., positive and negative). This test aims to capture unconscious biases that individuals may not be aware of.

What is the halo effect?

halo effect is a cognitive bias that occurs when our overall impression of a person influences how we feel and think about their character. In other words, if we perceive someone positively in one aspect, we are more likely to assume they have positive qualities in other areas as well. The term "halo" suggests a glow of positivity that extends from one particular trait to influence our perception of the whole person. ---Halo effect ("beautiful is good"): we assume that those who are beautiful also have other good qualities We assume that those beautiful people have more positive (good) qualities like nice and smart and so on They might be right. That physical people could make me smarter or kinder. Not because of phsycially appearance but because of ---Self-fulfilling prophecies we might be right. So overtime we bring out behaviros that we expect from other people, we have a believe that what is beautiful is good, so then a beautufle child so then adults indicaotr with them with more kindness and more attention and that child might grow up being more nicer and might grow up more smarter because they have more input --So attractiveness matters but because of society that we live we kind of made it matter. So believe beautiful is good so we might have actually made that true in some cases --Self fulfilling prophecies: im approaching you, i'm expecting you (because i think you're going to be) ex: i'm nicer to you and youre nice to me so i confirm my own expectations because you were nice. I created that behavior that i expected to see.

Be able to differentiate the 3 components of love based on the triangular model and know the trajectory of each over time in romantic relationships. FINDINGDS : 1. peaks is passion : early stage, attention, award, pubby love Intimacy: building overtime Commitment : on and off Commitment isn't the most important thing, it keeps the raltinship going but there could be other factors. Also passion doesn't last, it dies down at some point. You're not going to consticuly have passion with someone (it can't and shouldn't last. Doesn't rebuild once passion is lost) you will have another passion relationship. And thats why people go to realtinsip to relationship. But it is possible for the passion to last but not tyicpal.

intimacy: D: Intimacy refers to the emotional closeness, connection, and sharing of feelings between partners. It involves feelings of warmth, trust, and support. Trajectory Over Time: Intimacy often tends to increase gradually over the course of a relationship. As partners get to know each other better, share experiences, and build trust, the emotional bond deepens. This component is likely to show a positive trajectory, becoming more profound as the relationship progresses. Passion: D:Passion involves the intense physical and emotional attraction, desire, and arousal between partners. It includes romantic and sexual aspects of the relationship. Trajectory Over Time: Passion is often high in the early stages of a romantic relationship, commonly referred to as the "honeymoon phase." Over time, the trajectory of passion can vary. In some cases, passion may remain stable or even increase, especially if partners continue to prioritize physical and emotional connection. However, in other cases, passion may naturally decrease, requiring effort to maintain or reignite the flame. Commitment: D:Commitment refers to the decision to maintain the relationship and work towards its long-term success. It involves loyalty, dedication, and the intention to overcome challenges together. TOT: Commitment tends to grow and solidify as the relationship progresses. Initially, commitment might be more tentative, but as partners invest time, energy, and effort into the relationship, commitment strengthens. In mature and lasting relationships, commitment becomes a foundational aspect, providing stability and resilience during challenging times.

Review : Q1: Beliefs about the characteristics of specific groups are called __________, and tend to be based on these two dimensions:

on these two dimensions: A. stereotypes;warmth and competence BELIEFS OF THE GROUP. I THINK ITLAIANS ARE LIKE THIS Often stoetype context model. Ex: older people, we think about warmth (warm/like them) and competence (achieve, what they can achieve etc) B. stereotypes;strength and valence C. prejudice;warmth and competence -Sterotypes - beliefs towards a group -Prejudice- feelings towards a gorup D. prejudice;strength and valence -Discrimination is the behaviro towards the group