Exam 3 Psych 107
What is the developmental phenomena of the preoperational stage?
-pretend play -egocentrism -language development
The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC.
0.08
On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________.
11
David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to:
12 years of age
David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to: 3 years of age. 8 years of age. 5 years of age. 12 years of age.
12 years of age
David, 15 years of age, has trouble in all his language subjects. This is because he did not get proper exposure to human language from birth to: 3 years of age. 8 years of age. 5 years of age. 12 years of age.
12 years of age.
Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about: 6 months. 18 months. 24 months. 12 months.
18 months
Hypnosis can't:
-give people superhuman strength or change their nature -erase memories -enhance memory or "recover" lost memories -regress people to childhood or "past lives"
Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative?
Benzodiazepines
In which of the following subdisciplines of psychology are researchers often referred to as experimental psychologists?
Cognitive psychology
________________ is a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline with symptoms including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function. A. Down's syndrome B. Alzheimer's disease C. Schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder
B. Alzheimer's disease
Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing.
B. effortful; automatic
Which of the following statements is true about identical twins?
Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.
The brain is not very active during sleep. True False
F
When we choose to be aware of as much of the world around us as possible, we are engaging in selective attention. True False
F
AIM stands for Awake, Images and Movement. True False
F (activation, input, mode)
The concrete operational stage is characterized by the performance of both male and female infants building stone sculptures.
False
The experience of taste results from the combination of flavor and smell.
False
When does sleepwalking usually occur?
During non-REM sleep
What is Stage 2?
Embryo- prenatal period from 2 weeks through 8 weeks
According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder?
MDMA
_________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it. Intuitive thinking Parallel thinking Perceptual reasoning Metacognitive thinking
Metacognitive thinking
it can be freely changed
If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean?
Homeostasis
If we get too hot, we sweat to cool off, shiver to warm up. Body's mechanism
Karolina can see only a part of a stack of books because a box is partially obstructing the view. Karolina, therefore, knows the box is in front of the stack of books. This cue to depth is known as _______.
Interposition
Fluid intelligence
Involves how fast you learn new things - Raymond Cattell
If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean?
It can be freely changed
Which of the following makes human language unique?
It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.
Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep?
It consolidates memory.
Which of the following is true of nicotine?
It increases respiration rate.
____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health
Prenatal programming
____________ for certain phobias also contradicts equipotentiality.
Preparedness
_______ reinforcers are not learned. They are innate and often satisfy biological needs (food, water, sex, artificial sweeteners, caffeine, nicotine)
Primary
Which part of a person's eyes are photoreceptors that help her see the path in front and the trees around her when she is walking in the woods at night?
Rods
________ are photoreceptors in the retina that play a key role in night vision, as they are most responsive to dark and light contrast.
Rods
Chapter 4 Quiz 2
Sadness According to recent research, emotions like ______ could worsen the experience of pain. bottom-up processing Ruth is at a junkyard looking for spare parts for her car. As she wanders through the rows of cars, she happens upon a particular car which has a familiar set of wheels, windshield, doors, hood, and trunk, and she realizes she is looking at her own model of car. This type of visual perception is known as _______. experience of synesthesia According to recent research, the ______ occurs because two different parts of the brain, which are normally kept separate, get activated simultaneously by the same stimulus. top-down processing Lincoln is pretty sure he sees his niece far off in a crowd. When he gets closer, he sees her familiar hair style and unmistakable nose, and knows it is her. This type of visual perception is called _______. purities Luli, who is in a rock band, can distinguish the sound of the guitar from the sound of the bass even though they are both playing the same note—a low E. She has no trouble telling them apart because they give off wavelengths of different _______. Sound waves must travel through some medium or we cannot hear them. Which of the following statements regarding sound waves is true? tympanic membrane Once inside the auditory canal, sound vibrations travel to the _______. Opponent process theory Which of the following is a theory of color vision that can account for the color afterimage of the American flag as well as help explain some instances of color blindness? Hammer, anvil, and stirrup Which of the following are sets of bones from the middle ear that vibrate and amplify sound waves from the tympanic membrane? Oxycodone Sasha has a severe back pain. Which of the following is an opioid that the doctor is likely to prescribe as an analgesic? are strongly connected to specific memories and emotions. Because some fibers of the olfactory bulb are directly connected to the amygdala, some smells we encounter: gate control According to the ________ theory of pain, acupuncture should successfully alleviate pain. closure The Gestalt law of ________ occurs when we perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information. closure Lillian sees a store sign that says CL_ ED. Due to the Gestalt law of _______, Lillian knows the store is closed even though the sign is missing a letter. the combination of taste and smell The experience of the flavor of food results from _______. Pain ________ is a complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. the perception of bodily sensations Interoception is: Synesthesia ________ occurs when a person experiences sensations in one sense when a different sense is stimulated. They contain no taste cells and therefore can taste nothing. Which of the following is true of the papillae at the center of the human tongue? cilia The olfactory sensory neurons contain hairlike projections called _______, which are similar to the hair cells in the inner ear.
_________ (conditioned) reinforcers, such as money, grades, and peer approval, are learned by association, usually via classical conditioning.
Secondary
____________ are defined as people's written or oral accounts of their thoughts, feelings, or actions.
Self-reports
_______ is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world.
Sensation
Which of the following types of scientific studies helps in avoiding the possibility that participants will behave in a biased way?
Single-blind studies
Attention refers to the "focusing of conscious." True False
T
Beta waves are dominant during wakeful periods. True False
T
Each cycle of REM-nonREM sleep periods last about 90 minutes. True False
T
LSD is a hallucinogen. True False
T
Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect?
The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful.
Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs?
The availability heuristic
What is narcolepsy?
a sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles
What is punishment? (SEE CHAPTER 8 NOTES, SLIDE 15)
a stimulus that decreases the frequency of a behavior; punishers decrease the frequency of behavior
*Measures of Sleep* What is eye movements (EOG)?
a technique for measuring the corneo-retinal standing potential that exists between the front and the back of the human eye (EX: recording the eye movements)
The left hemisphere processes information in a(n) _____________ manner.
analytic
In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of 'openness to new experiences.' Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women.
anxious and self-doubting
A teratogen is:
any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.
Classical and operant conditioning do NOT take into account the powerful role of ____________ in the learning process.
association ??????
A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts
associative network
The pinnae collect and funnel sounds into a passage known as the _______.
auditory canal
Which of the following is true with regard to the visual system?
The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system.
_________________ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task.
autonomic
The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as:
awareness.
The _____________ transmits electrical impulses toward the adjacent neuron.
axon
The human nervous system has 2 main parts: central and peripheral.
True
algorithms
_______________ are step-by-step formulas or procedures for solving problems
Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant.
eight
What is extinction?
eliminating it; the weakening and disappearance of a conditioned response in the absence of the pairing of UCS and CS
The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________.
embryo
A(n) ____________ variable is the outcome, or response to an experimental manipulation.
dependent
Alcohol _________ the effects of the CNS.
depresses
What is longitudinal designs?
different individuals are studied at different ages
The major limitation of the correlational approach is that it:
does not establish whether one variable actually causes the other or vice versa.
Cocaine increases the activity of ________ and _________.
dopamine and serotonin
What is sedative-hypnotics?
drugs that depress or slow down the body's functions; often prescribed to assist with anxiety or insomnia
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable.
easy
*Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development* What is sensorimotor stage?
experiencing the world through senses and actions (looking, touching, mouthing) (ages 0-2)
A(n) ______ consists of participants who receive the treatment or whatever is thought to change behavior.
experimental group
*Attachment Types* Define avoidant (insecure)
explore without "touching base"; not upset when caregiver leaves or returns; accept strangers, avoid caregiver
In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time.
fixed-interval schedule
The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation.
sensitivity period
3. In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop?
sensorimotor
Habituation refers to a:
sensory process in which the change is a fairly short-lived one.
What do amphetamines do to the body?
raise heart rate, increase motivation, and elevate mood
Talking on a cell phone while driving ______________.
impairs driving performance as much as being legally intoxicated.
Which of the following holds true for a minimally conscious person?
inability to communicate
What is the renewal effect?
is when a conditioned response (CR) behavior returns when a change of context or environment occurs after extinction
Which of the following statements about the brain of an average 20-year-old is true?
it contains more pre-frontal inhibitory synapses than that of an average 10-year-old.
Which of the following is true of REM?
it is characterized by active dreaming
What is Fixed Interval (FI) schedule?
reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time (EX: say- every 4 seconds)
The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________.
latent learning 305
The deeper, unconscious level, where the true meaning of a dream lies, he labeled the ______ _____.
latent level
A false alarm is:
saying that a stimulus is present when it is not.
Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65.
middle adulthood
Graham displays a heightened sense of awareness of events in his environment. For instance, when he picks a book to read, he pores over every bit of information given about the author, edition, preface, and even the colors and images on the cover page. This is indicative of the fact that Graham is a(n) ________ person.
mindful
People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:
minimally conscious
People show signs of intentional behavior when they are:
minimally conscious.
Millennia thinkers have argued over what determines our personality and behavior—innate biology or life experience—a conflict known as the ______________ debate.
nature-nurture
Alisha believes that human behavior is solely the result of genetic coding. Her point of view is referred to as the ______________ view.
nature-only
Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus?
slowed heart rate
What do narcotics do to the body?
slows down the movements of the body by affecting the nervous system or other organs, and causes the loss of ability to function in a normal manner.
Jenny sees that her mom smokes a cigarette to relax whenever she gets stressed, so she thinks that it will work for her too. This is an example of ___________.
social learning
According to Albert Bandura, the acquisition of smoking behavior--how people become smokers in the first place--is perhaps best explained by ___________.
social learning theory
Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination are topics most likely to be studied by _____________
social psychologists
A representative sample is a:
subset of a population that truly reflects the characteristics of that population.
The active ingredient in cannabis is ____________________ (THC), a plant cannabinoid, which affects the brain and body when people eat or smoke it.
tetrahydrocannibinol
What are night terrors?
the state that occurs when a person walks around, speaks incoherently, and ultimately awakens, terrified, from sleep; DO NOT occur during REM sleep and are NOT associated with dreams
"Association" is the process by which two pieces of information become connected together in our minds.
true
"Positive punishment" means i have added an undesirable consequence to an organism's world.
true
A "prototype" is a best-fitting member of a category.
true
A secondary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a second biological need.
true
A stimulus is a thing or event.
true
Automatic encoding is a primary source of episodic memories.
true
Categories are groups of things with similar features.
true
Classical conditioning is a type of learning.
true
Implicit memory is memory we are not aware of.
true
Removing a bowl of water from my hamster's cage is a negative event.
true
Sounds above 20,000 Hz are called _______.
ultrasonic
Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter? A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin. B. White matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Development of white matter is completed in the embryonic stage. D. White matter is a measure of the number of neurons.
A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin.
Low levels of the neurotransmitter ________________ inhibit memory formation in people with Alzheimer's disease. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine
A. acetylcholine
Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy." A. are depressed or anxious B. develop infections such as the flu towards the end of their pregnancy C. consume less than the required amount of folic acid D. develop gestational diabetes
A. are depressed or anxious
The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. A. bone cells B. zygote C. brain D. blastocyst
A. bone cells
Problems that require finding relationships, understanding implications, and drawing conclusions all require ______________ intelligence. A. fluid B. alternative C. crystallized D. amorphous
A. fluid
Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's:
A. forgetting curve.
According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. A. identity crisis B. sensorimotor stage C. pruning D. neural migration
A. identity crisis
With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disorganized D. insecure-disoriented
A. insecure-resistant
According to Erik Erikson, during one's 20s, the primary conflict is between ___________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation
A. intimacy and isolation
As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. A. larger cerebellums B. fewer neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. more white matter
A. larger cerebellums
When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as: A. object permanence. B. object conservation. C. pruning. D. reversibility.
A. object permanence.
If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life. A. schizophrenia B. Huntington's disease C. anorexia nervosa D. anemia
A. schizophrenia
Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. A. sweet B. salty C. sour D. bitter
A. sweet
From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________.
A. talk
According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health.
A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.
Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. A. the development of moral reasoning in children B. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age C. the cognitive ability of children D. the development of linguistic ability in children
A. the development of moral reasoning in children
Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed D. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed
A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. A. zygote B. fetus C. blastocyst D. embryo
A. zygote
_______ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate
Base rate
__________ refers to how common some phenomena, be it people or events, are in the population as a whole. Regression analysis Gambler's fallacy Phase average Base rate
Base rate
Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning?
Because they could not be observed
Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? A. Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. B. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. C. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. D. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.
C. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.
Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? A. Animistic thinking increases. B. Heart rate decreases. C. Scientific thinking becomes possible. D. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases.
C. Scientific thinking becomes possible.
According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? A. Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. B. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. C. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. D. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.
C. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.
_______________ is an unusual degree of loss in cognitive functions and includes memory problems and difficulty reasoning, solving problems, making decisions, and using language. A. Bipolar disorder B. Cerebral palsy C. Huntington's disease D. Dementia
D. Dementia
With reference to the stages of cognitive development introduced by Piaget, which of the following statements is true regarding the preoperational stage? A. During this stage children develop scientific reasoning and hypothesis-testing skills. B. This stage is characterized my mastering object permanence. C. Typically, children between the ages of 6 months to 1 year are in this stage. D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.
D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change.
Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? A. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. B. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. C. At birth, infants are far-sighted. D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.
D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb.
Which of the following is true of human brain development? A. It is complete during the embryonic stage. B. It is complete during the fetal stage. C. It is complete at birth. D. It continues after birth.
D. It continues after birth.
Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory?
D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks.
Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? A. Parathyroid B. Adrenaline C. Alveolar D. Pituitary
D. Pituitary
Which of the following is true about late adulthood? A. Late adulthood begins around age 55. B. The numbers of neurons (gray matter) increases in late adulthood. C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic. D. The kind of memory involved in processing and maintaining information while making decisions strengthens in late adulthood.
C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic.
Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination? A. The process of myelination is complete before the age of 10. B. Myelination proceeds from the front of the brain to the back. C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls. D. In boys, the increased white matter organization occurs in the right hemisphere.
C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls.
Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):
C. recovered memory.
According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. sensorimotor D. preoperational
C. sensorimotor
The __________________ glands are also called gonads. A. parathyroid B. adrenaline C. sex D. alveolar
C. sex
The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.
C. shaping
Infants cannot see as well as adults until they are at least ___________ months old. A. two B. four C. six D. eight
C. six
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the _____________ child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy
C. slow-to-warm-up
The ______ cortex is located in the parietal lobes.
C. somatosensory
Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. A. prison study B. obedience experiment C. strange situation D. line judgment task
C. strange situation
In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of:
C. syntax and grammar.
The defining anatomical feature of Alzheimer's is ____________. A. the presence of bromelain in the brain B. the absence of synapses in the frontal cortex C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain D. the absence of neurons in the posterior cortex
C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain
With the onset of puberty and adolescence, children begin to focus on ____________. A. egocentrism B. developing their animistic thinking C. the questions of who they are D. motor skills
C. the questions of who they are
The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. theory of mind D. animistic thinking
C. theory of mind
Quinn, who is in pre-school, was the only child to see the teacher take crackers out of the cracker box and fill the box with potato chips instead. When asked what the other children will expect to find in the cracker box, Quinn says "potato chips." This response is evidence that Quinn lacks: A. object permanence. B. conservation. C. theory of mind. D. egocentrism.
C. theory of mind.
Philip Shaw and colleagues in 2006 demonstrated that the brains of highly intelligent children, as compared to the brains of children with average intelligence, have a _____________. A. thicker frontal cortex at age seven B. thinner cortex at age nine C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence D. thinner cortex at age nineteen
C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence
As compared to musicians, nonmusicians have ___________. A. larger cerebellums B. more neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. fewer synapses
C. thinner corpus callosum
According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: A. avoidance of punishments. B. the social consequences of an action. C. universal moral principles. D. individual moral temperaments
C. universal moral principles.
Intelligence
Can be defined as a set of cognitive skills that includes abstract thinking, reasoning, problem solving, and the ability to acquire knowledge
Brain that utilizes inductive & deductive reasoning
Cerebral Cortex
Which of the following best describes child-directed speech?
Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing?
Critical thinking
Which of the following describes critical thinking? A. Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas B. Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas C. Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition D. Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
D. Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
Which of the following occurs by day seven after conception? A. The sex of the embryo is determined and appropriate genitalia develop. B. Major organs like the heart, kidneys, and the brain begin to develop. C. The sperm attaches itself to the female and egg and forms a zygote. D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.
D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall.
Anxiety
Disorder that exhibits motor tension, hyperactivity, & apprehension expectation or thoughts
HW 6
Even though he cannot yet speak, 10-month-old Mikey understands what his father means when he says to Mikey, "You're a good boy!" Which part of Mikey's brain is involved in this language comprehension? Wernicke's area Which of the following speech sounds is baby Lola likely to make first? cooing Which of the following correctly states the sensitivity period hypothesis for language acquisition? Children who are not exposed to human language before a certain age will never fully develop language skills. Sociocultural theorists suggest which of the following with respect to language development? Children learn language by hearing other people speak and interpreting it within context. The pioneering linguist who argued that humans are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) is __________. Noam Chomsky Which of the following provides evidence in favor of the nativist view of language acquisition? -Even babies who are born deaf engage in babbling. -Children learn language with ease. -Language develops in the same way at the same time for children worldwide. Athena, one of the zoo's most popular chimpanzees, will never learn to speak language as humans do because __________. chimps do not have the vocal apparatus that humans do and therefore cannot produce the same speech sounds. Which of the following correctly summarizes the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis? The language we speak shapes our thoughts and our understanding of ideas. "All cars sold by this dealership come with satellite radio. This car was sold by the dealership. Therefore, it must have satellite radio." This line of thinking is known as __________. deductive reasoning Jamal said, "Every time there is an event at the nearby stadium I am late getting home because of all the traffic. Today there is an event at the stadium, so I told my wife I will be late getting home." Jamal has engaged in __________ reasoning. inductive Where does language comprehension occur in the brain? Wernicke's area The entire set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language is known as grammar ______ is the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive. Cognitive psychology What percentage of the population cannot engage in visual imagery at all? 2% Sam is wearing a polo shirt, khakis, and shoes with cleats. More people judge that Sam is more likely going golfing than going bowling, but Sam just couldn't find his tennis shoes and was running late. This is an example of estimating the probability of one event based on how typical it is of another event, which is known as the representative heuristic. Although no one knows for sure, it is estimated that grammatical and syntactical language is less than 150,000 to 200,000 years old. Which of the following is not an environmental influence on language? language acquisition device Which of the following theories of language acquisition captures the interaction between nature and nurture? innately guided learning The view that language creates thought as much as thought creates language is also known as the Whorf-Sapir hypothesis. The word ______ means "to know." cognition A ______ is a structure in our mind that stands for something else, such as the external object or thing. mental representation Considering that babies respond to picture books before they learn how to talk, the visual system is probably older, in evolutionary terms, than the verbal system. The process of imagining an object rotating in three-dimensional space is known as mental rotation. Which of the following statements about testosterone, gender, and spatial ability is true? Men with low levels of testosterone and women with high levels of testosterone perform best on spatial skills. What is a concept hierarchy? A concept hierarchy lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and others specific. Melissa and Kristin are arguing about the right answer to a question on their practice quiz. Melissa says that the right answer requires them to consider all of the facts before making a conclusion. Kristin says the correct answer is on page 74 and they should just copy it. Is Melissa using critical thinking to support her position? Yes, because she is considering the facts before drawing a conclusion. Robyn is writing a research paper and she is frustrated because she can't find some of the information she needs to finish writing it. Her awareness that she is missing some information is an example of metacognition Sarah claims that most people are happy; she knows this because she read it on Wikipedia. Jake concludes that Sarah does not have enough evidence to make the claim that most people are happy. What two elements of critical thinking is Jake demonstrating? Evaluating the argument and forming a conclusion based on the evidence Analyzing the facts is a first step in critical thinking. _______is the ability to recognize when you do or don't know something. Metacognition An important step in critical thinking is evaluating the________. argument A cognitive shortcut that speeds decision making is called a(n) heuristic The availability heuristic suggests that we base the frequencies of events on the ease to which information regarding that event comes to mind. People use heuristics because -they save us time. -they save us cognitive energy. -they often lead to correct responses. Ellen's best friend won the lottery with the numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, 42. Now, Ellen buys a lottery ticket every day choosing these same numbers, because she is convinced that she too will win. What error in judgment is Ellen making? Rare but highly memorable events that come to mind easily act so as to increase our beliefs they will happen again even when they don't. Which of the following is an example of the availability heuristic? Bill's brother is injured in the bathtub, so Bill will only take showers, because he is afraid that bathtubs are unnecessarily dangerous. By what age does learning a second language become more difficult? 7 Elka is a bilingual German/English speaker. Her college roommate, Christa, a monolingual English speaker, tells her one night, "You are driving me up a wall." Because they are in their dorm room and not driving anywhere, Elka has no idea what Christa means. Christa's sentence is an example of an idiom. In tests of deductive reasoning, bilingual speakers perform better in their native language. Which of the following is a hallmark of metacognition? -accurately knowing what you know -accurately knowing what you do not know -being able to monitor your thinking as you work on a problem In a meta-analysis of a large body of research, Ricciardelli reported that 20 out of 24 published studies found that bilingual students scored higher on ______ tasks than did monolingual students. creativity
Which of the following is true about explicit memory?
Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events.
Which of the following is true about effortful processing?
It is the basis of semantic memory
What is a difference threshold?
It is the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time.
Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory?
It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning.
Which of the following is an advantage of a double-blind study?
It prevents experimenter expectancy effects.
Which of the following psychologists asserted that psychology can be a true science only if it examines observable behavior, not ideas, thoughts, feelings, or motives?
John Watson
linguistic relativism
Which of the following theories describes how language influences but does not determine thinking and perception?
Causal decision theory
Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals?
Theodore Simon and Alfred Binet
Who among the following developed the concept of mental age?
Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt?
William Dement
A bird has two legs, two eyes, and feathers, and it uses its wings to fly in the sky. The organizing of this information about birds is known as a(n):
concept
A bird has two legs, two eyes, and feathers, and it uses its wings to fly in the sky. The organizing of this information about birds is known as a(n): abstract. schema. heuristic. concept.
concept
In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific.
concept hierarchy
n the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific. inductive reasoning concept hierarchy mental rotation complex distribution
concept hierarchy
Josephine is in the garden picking out flowers of different hues to decorate her living room. She can distinguish between colors primarily due to the functioning of her eyes' _______.
cones
The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______. confirmation bias causal inference conjunction fallacy metacognitive dissonance
confirmation bias
The second stage of long-term memory formation is:
consolidation
The transformation of a short-term memory into a memory that can last for years involves a slowly unfolding biological processes known as:
consolidation
Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition.
contact
Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the ______ stage of language development.
cooing
Nancy is a 4-month-old infant who utters repeated vowel sounds such as "aah and ooh." Until 6 months of age, her speech consists almost exclusively of vowels. Nancy is said to be in the ______ stage of language development. twaddling cooing babbling crib talk
cooing
Light enters the eye at the _______.
cornea
The information in neural transmission which always travels in one direction in the neuron first goes through the ____________.
dendrites
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________.
denial
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):
depressant
*Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development* What is preoperational stage?
representing things with words and images but lacking logical reasoning (ages 2-7)
SCN receives input from ______ (light resets clock).
retina
The ________ is a thin layer of nerve tissue that lines the back of the eye.
retina
After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________.
returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place
During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ___________
develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events
Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.
echoic
______________ are examples of behavioral adaptations.
emotions
What is Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)?
environmental input that always produces the same unlearned responses
The term _____________ can be defined as the study of changes in the way genes are activated or deactivated without changing the sequence of DNA.
epigenetics
What is cross-sectional design?
examine people of different ages at a single time; very easy to fall into
Feathers probably evolved for insulation in flightless dinosaurs, but they turned out to be useful for flight in birds, the dinosaurs' descendants. Feathers are considered ______ because feathers did not evolve for that purpose.
exaptations
According to the nurture-only view, we are all essentially the same at birth and we are the product of our:
experiences.
What is stimulus generalization?
extension of the association between UCS ad CS to include a broad array of similar stimuli
Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______.
extinction
Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is:
extremely drunk
There are two types of explicit memory: declarative and non-declarative.
false
Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):
false memory
A two-month-old baby's vision is ______________.
far less acute than an average 20-year-old's.
Psychology gained its independence from philosophy when researchers started to examine and test human sensations and perception using ______________ methods
scientific
According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development
sensorimotor
Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development.
sensorimotor
Any sensation one receives activates ____________ which take the message to the brain for processing.
sensory neurons
Which of the following is released in the brain when one feels sociable and affectionate?
seratonin
From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called:
serial position effect
The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________.
shaping
_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand.
short term
What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it?
short term memory
Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language?
growth of new neurons
_____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand.
short-term
There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.
habituation
Complete the following analogy: Vision is to photoreceptors as sound is to _______.
hair cells
Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?
hallucination
What are psychedelics?
hallucinogens that create distorted persceptions of reality, ranging from mild to extreme (ex: marijuana, LSD, and psilocybin)
*Attachment Types* Define secure
happy to explore but eager to reunite; upset when caregiver departs and stranger is present
According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis. sensitivity period linguistic determinism innate perception rational choice
linguistic determinism
Hypothalamus
links the nervous system to parts of the endocrine system relevant to emotions
Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests:
lysergic acid diethylamide-25.
Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that:
males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
*Measures of Sleep* What is muscle tone (EMG)?
shows variation across the night; (paralysis during REM due to glycine release in the spinal cord)
Elizabeth Loftus found that eyewitness memory about car accidents could be altered by:
simply phrasing questions slightly differently (e.g., substituting the word "crash" for the word "bump").
By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help.
six
The ___________ lies directly behind the _________. These two regions are "twins."
somatosensory cortex; motor cortex
The ancient Chinese made connections between a person's bodily organs and their emotions. According to these connections, the ______________ housed ideas and intelligence
spleen
The most common way to represent variability in data is to calculate the ____________.
standard deviation
What is AIM?
stands for three biologically based dimensions of consciousness: activation, input, and mode; (brain making sense and pulls info from your memory centers to make the dreams)
Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______.
stimulus generalization ???
The ____________ is the arithmetic average of a series of numbers.
mean
The _______________ is calculated by adding all the numbers together and dividing by the number of scores in the series.
mean
Which of the following is a form of mental training that can be used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of the present moment?
meditation
The _____________ is involved in various kinds of reflexes, such as coughing, swallowing, sneezing, and vomiting.
medulla
Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings?
melatonin
The neuron, like all cells in the body, is surrounded by a(n) ___________.
membrane
A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that:
people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer.
Dr. Hansen is conducting a study to understand whether or not one's level of extraversion stays the same from infancy to adulthood. She is most likely a _____________.
personality psychologist
Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing
phonemic
A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________.
physical movement and body control
Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature?
pituitary
Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the pills that do not contain any active ingredients are said to be __________.
placebos
Psychological dependence: -taking a drug produces a ___________ state -a person is motivated to take the drug in order to maintain a pleasurable state or avoid __________
pleasurable; discomfort
The ____________ serves as a bridge between lower brain regions and higher midbrain and forebrain activity.
pons
A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory.
recovered
Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n):
recovered memory
The trichromatic theory of color vision states that all colors humans experience result from a mixture of:
red, blue, and green
In the context of color vision, humans have cones that are sensitive to:
red, blue, and green wavelengths of light.
What is attachment?
strong emotional ties formed to one or more intimate companions
Matthew has been playing the clarinet for many years, and he can play musical scales without giving much thought to the finger positions involved in the process. Matthew's mastery of the clarinet is most likely a result of ___________.
strong synaptic connections that have been built during years of practice and playing the instrument 316
Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the:
subcortex (273)
The feeling of being in love is attributed to:
subjective consciousness
False memories are an example of:
suggestibility
Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.
synapses ???
Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will:
relive an extremely traumatic event over and over
What is operant conditioning?
the process of changing behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior (ex: a behavior that is rewarded is more likely to occur again)
Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which:
the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.
Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because:
the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.
When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between:
the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder.
What is spontaneous recovery?
the sudden reappearance of an extinguished response
What is instinctive drift?
the tendency for animals to return to innate behaviors following repeated reinforcement
The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work.
theory of mind
*Sleep Stages* What occurs during Stage 2?
theta plus sleep spindles, sleeptalking may occur; cognitive processing is suppressed to promote tranquility, may respond to things like a ringing phone
The temporal lobes are involved in memory and emotion because:
they house and connect with the hippocampus and amygdala.
*Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development* What is concrete operational stage?
thinking logically about concrete events; grasping concrete analogies and performing arithmetical operations (ages 7-11)
What is spermarche?
this is referred to as the first ejaculation (the event that signals readiness to reproduce)
What is menarche?
this is referred to as the first menstrual period (the next major change which is the onset of menstruation)
Atifa's growth and metabolism rates are not normal for her age. After diagnosis, she has been found to have endocrine issues. From this scenario, we can conclude that Atifa's ___________ gland is not functioning properly.
thyroid
Lincoln is pretty sure he sees his niece far off in a crowd. When he gets closer, he sees her familiar hair style and unmistakable nose, and knows it is her. This type of visual perception is called _______.
top-down processing
A heuristic is a mental shortcut for decision making.
true
A memory is a biological representation in our brain.
true
A neutral stimulus is a thing or event that evokes no particular response.
true
A primary reinforcer is a consequence that satisfies a biological need.
true
A response is a behavior.
true
Differences in the number of words heard per hour, show up as measurable differences in vocabulary size later in life.
true
Henry Molaison's initials are HM.
true
Humans are able to represent ideas and thoughts using words and images in our mind.
true
In a hierarchical network, general concepts are linked to specific concepts.
true
Like people, dogs salivate when preparing to eat.
true
Linguistic Relativism suggests that language "influences" our thinking, it does not "determine" our thinking.
true
Modeling refers to observing and imitating behavior.
true
Nativist theorists propose that language acquisition is more like discovery than learning.
true
Rehearsal is a control process that prevents information in working memory from being lost.
true
Sensory memory holds the initial input of information from the environment into the brain.
true
Short-term memory is the same memory system as working memory.
true
Some information in working memory can be transferred into long-term memory.
true
Syntax refers the rules humans use for arranging words into sentences or sentence phrases.
true
The Serial Position Curve refers to the results of a memory task for learning a list of items.
true
The term "operant," is derived from the term "operate."
true
The visuospatial sketchpad holds visual information in working memory.
true
To become a conditioned stimulus, a neutral stimulus must be presented right before the unconditioned stimulus.
true
Fraternal twins develop from:
two different eggs fertilized by two different sperm.
Once inside the auditory canal, sound vibrations travel to the _______.
tympanic membrane
After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______.
unable to form new memories
Since dogs always salivate at the sight of food, salivation in this case would be called a(n) ___________.
unconditioned response (UCR)
A tap just below your kneecap will cause your leg to jerk forth. This is an example of a(n) ___________.
unconditioned stimulus
According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on:
universal moral principles.
Unconditioned simply means "_________"
unlearned
*Attachment Types* Define Anxious-resistant (insecure)
upset when caregiver leaves and angry with her when she returns
What is a myoclonic jerk?
usually caused by sudden muscle contractions (positive myoclonus) or brief lapses of contraction (negative myoclonus)
In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed.
variable-interval schedule
In a ____________, the number of responses needed for reinforcement differs from time to time and it produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement.
variable-ratio schedule 300
______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.
visual imagery
______ consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present. Verbal concept Visual perception Mental grouping Visual imagery
visual imagery
Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the:
visuospatial sketch pad
Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of:
wakefulness and awareness
*Measures of Sleep* What is summated brain wave activity (EEG)?
wakefulness, eyes closed
Gestalt psychology proposed that
we perceive things as wholes rather than as a compilation of parts.
One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment.
wisdom
What is Neutral Stimulus (NS)?
(the bell), which by itself will not produce a response, like salivation
Broca's area is critical for comprehending human speech.
False
By 7 months of age, most babies can drive a car.
False
In a single-blind study, only the research participants know if they are receiving the treatment or not.
False
Science combines observation with evidence to produce measurement.
False
Syntax refers to the rules for combining symbols and sounds to express concepts like plurals and possessives. True False
False
The "fovea" is a thin layer of sensory neurons.
False
a person's everyday abilities
Most current diagnoses of intellectual disability emphasizes on _____________
Which of the following is an example of positive reinforcement?
B) Ravi is given a candy by his mother for cleaning his shoes.
Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory.
C. semantic
*Sleep Stages* What occurs during Stage 5 Rapid Eye Movement (REM)?
dreaming; paradoxical sleep, consciousness rises from deep sleep to a nearly awake slate, reduced frontal lobe activity, after an emotionally exhausting day we spend more time in REM
During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain.
heart
Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's:
lack of conservation
Association, which is a form of learning, can be defined as the ______.
link between two events in the environment
After undergoing surgery to remove parts of his medial temporal lobes, Henry Molaison never _______________________.
made another explicit memory
Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.
preconventional
According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6.
preoperational
According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development.
preoperational
Puberty causes changes in _______ and _________ ___ characteristics.
primary and secondary sex
Susan was watching fireworks during the 4th of July celebration. She noticed that she always saw the crackers burst before she heard its sounds. Which of the following explains Susan's experience?
Sound waves travel much more slowly than light waves.
G-factor Theory
Spearman's theory that intelligence is a single general (g) factor made up of specific components
Melinda sees a bear in the woods and becomes extremely scared. She decides to run away as fast as she can. When she gets home, she calms down, because the bear did not follow her. In this situation, the ________________ prepared Melinda's body to deal with this emergency, and the ______________ relaxed her body after the crisis.
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
What is negative punishment?
the removal of a stimulus to decrease behavior (EX: revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling)
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________.
unconditioned stimulus (UCS)
According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis.
B. linguistic determinism
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy
D. easy
How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?
Increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses.
Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception.
four to six months
Without the neurotransmitter ______________, the nervous system would literally be out of control, never ceasing activity.
gamma-aminobutyric acid
Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of:
increased energy
Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks?
increased heart rate
Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress?
increased heart rate
What does cocaine do to the body?
increases heart rate and produces a short-lived but intense rush of euphoria; can lead to a sense of invulnerability and power
What does nicotine do to the body?
increases heart rate and rate of respiration, and it creates a feeling of arousal
Anna is conducting research to find out if people who interact extensively with other people via Facebook are more or less outgoing than those who do not. Anna is most likely a ______________ psychologist.
personality
The tendency to preferentially recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the:
primacy effect
There are two kinds of reinforcers:
primary and secondary
What does REM stand for?
rapid eye movement
A ________________ shows its effects only when both alleles are the same.
recessive allele
Coping
refers to anything people do to deal with or manage stress or emotions
According to recent research, emotions like ______ could worsen the experience of pain.
sadness
If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life.
schizophrenia
This sensory cortex is located in the parietal lobes.
somatosensory cortex
What are depressants?
substances that decrease or slow down central nervous system activity which includes: alcohol, sedatives, and opioids (narcotics)
What are dreams?
the succession of images, thoughts, and feelings we experienced while asleep
Operant conditioning is the process of modifying an organism's behavior by manipulating the consequences of that behavior.
true
Reasoning is the process by which people form conclusions about events in the world.
true
_____________ marks the beginning of adolescence. A. Symbolic thinking B. Puberty C. Animistic thinking D. Egocentrism
B. Puberty
The second stage of long-term memory formation is:
B. consolidation.
On average, boys reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15
C. 13
Repression is an example of:
C. blocking.
______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. A. Computer B. Cellphone C. Video game D. Television
D. Television
False memories are an example of:
D. suggestibility.
______ is a kind of MRI adapted for better imaging of myelinated fibers, specifically for white matter.
Diffusion tensor imaging
Which of the following statements is true of dreams?
Dreams can occur in non-REM stage.
Which of the following is true about short-term memory?
It is the part of memory required to deal with and solve a problem at hand.
Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training?
Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.
Newborns of many species, especially humans, spend more time in ________ sleep.
REM
A ________ is not reporting a stimulus that is not present.
correct rejection
Common sense, rather than the scientific method, is used by:
folk psychologists.
Neuroimaging studies of people learning to navigate a virtual maze show:
increased activation in the hippocampus.
By conservation, developmental researchers refer to recognition of the fact that even though some properties of an object change, other properties remain constant.
True
The "axon" is a long projection extending from one side of the cell body.
True
The "blind spot" is located where the optic nerve exits the eyeball.
True
The "corpus callosum" connects the left and right hemispheres of the brain.
True
The "experimental group" is the research group receiving the "treatment."
True
The "forebrain" is the largest part of the human brain.
True
The "lens" bends the path of light particles.
True
Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to?
Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input.
Personality
Unique & relatively enduring set of behaviors, feelings, thoughts and motives that characterize an individual
intelligence comprises into two parts: fluid and crystalline
Which of the following best describes Raymond Cattell's theory of intelligence?
group differences in IQ scores are caused by different ethnic and educational environments
Which of the following best describes a cultural test bias?
ch 5
Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? A. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. B. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. D. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories. C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. The _____________ is the first major organ to form in a developing fetus. A. heart B. brain C. liver D. kidney B. brain During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. A. skull B. liver C. intestine D. heart D. heart The ____________ stage of development begins at conception and lasts for two weeks. A. embryonic B. fetal C. germinal D. cephalocaudal C. germinal When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________. A. zygote B. fetus C. blastocyst D. embryo A. zygote Which of the following occurs by day seven after conception? A. The sex of the embryo is determined and appropriate genitalia develop. B. Major organs like the heart, kidneys, and the brain begin to develop. C. The sperm attaches itself to the female and egg and forms a zygote. D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall. D. The blastocyst travels down the fallopian tube and attaches to the uterine wall. Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage B. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote C. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote D. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage The formation of the brain, spinal cord, heart, ears, eyes, and palate takes place in the ___________ stage of development. A. cephalocaudal B. fetal C. embryonic D. germinal C. embryonic The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. A. heart B. intestine C. liver D. central nervous system D. central nervous system The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________. A. blastocyst B. embryo C. fetus D. zygote B. embryo The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________. A. bone cells B. zygote C. brain D. blastocyst A. bone cells Bevin and Essien's obstetrician tells them that their baby has entered the fetal stage. The key event that distinguishes this stage from the embryonic stage is the development of ___________ in their baby. A. brain B. bone cells C. limbs D. external genitalia B. bone cells Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. A. two B. five C. six D. eight D. eight Find the correct statement about the embryonic stage: A. It begins immediately after the zygote divides. B. It begins when the fertilized egg is a single-celled zygote. C. It starts at the moment of implantation. D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs. D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs. In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? A. Germinal stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Blastocyst stage B. Embryonic stage The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst C. fetal Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________. A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain of the fetus are completely developed D. the taste buds of a fetus are completely developed A. the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope A baby begins to move its limbs in the ____________ stage of development. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst C. fetal Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. A. one to two months B. two to three months C. four to six months D. seven to eight months C. four to six months Tevy and Gellert are convinced that their baby will be able to recognize their voices and familiar songs at birth if they begin singing and talking to their baby before it is born. At which stage of prenatal development should Tevy and Gellert expect their baby to be able to respond to these sounds? A. Blastocyst stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Zygote stage C. Fetal stage A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. A. 8 B. 12 C. 18 D. 26 D. 26 By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, ___________. A. the head of the fetus has grown to 70% of its adult weight B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain are complete D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? A. Increased rate of neuron development B. Slowed heart rate C. Turning over of the fetus D. Greater frequency of kicking B. Slowed heart rate Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased rate of pruning C. Increased heart rate D. Increased rate of neuron development C. Increased heart rate Babies born prematurely—who would otherwise still be developing in the womb—prefer ______________ flavors to other flavors. A. sweet B. salty C. sour D. bitter A. sweet The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ___________. A. taste B. vision C. hearing D. touch B. vision Which of the following statements is true regarding fetal vision? A. Vision gets fully developed during the germinal stage. B. By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, the vision of the fetus is very much like that of an adult. C. At birth, infants are far-sighted. D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb. D. Fetuses do not open their eyes when in the womb. Infants cannot see as well as adults until they are at least ___________ months old. A. two B. four C. six D. eight C. six teratogen is: A. a brain region responsible for the ability to speak. B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. C. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. D. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly. B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. Which of the following is true about pregnancy sickness? A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness. B. Pregnancy sickness is worst during the second trimester of pregnancy. C. Foods such as cheese and mushrooms help reduce pregnancy sickness. D. Pregnancy sickness is also known as "evening sickness." A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness. ____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. A. Prenatal programming B. Neuron migration C. Pruning D. Generativity A. Prenatal programming Pregnancy sickness occurs most commonly with exposure to foods susceptible to molds and to ____________ substances. A. sweet B. spicy C. salty D. bitter D. bitter Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. A. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters B. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder C. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change D. the environment affects gene expression D. the environment affects gene expression If a mother contracts an infection, such as flu, at four to six months of pregnancy, this can increase the chance that the child will develop _____________ later in life. A. schizophrenia B. Huntington's disease C. anorexia nervosa D. anemia A. schizophrenia Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? A. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. B. A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. C. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Which of the following is most likely to cause mental retardation, low birth weight, and behavioral problems to a developing baby? A. Anorexia nervosa B. Diarrhea C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? A. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking C. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet D. Developing an infection during pregnancy B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy." A. are depressed or anxious B. develop infections such as the flu towards the end of their pregnancy C. consume less than the required amount of folic acid D. develop gestational diabetes A. are depressed or anxious A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. A. physical movement and body control B. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings C. peer relationships and status D. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers A. physical movement and body control By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help. A. two B. three C. four D. six D. six Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Taste D. Smell A. Vision Which of the following senses is almost fully developed at birth? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell B. Hearing By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. A. 1 or 2 B. 3 or 4 C. 5 or 6 D. 8 or 9 B. 3 or 4 Gibson and Walk's classic visual cliff experiment on infants was designed to assess infants' ____________. A. brain-to-eye size ratio B. ability to recognize faces C. ability to detect colors D. depth perception D. depth perception With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. rewiring D. enriching B. pruning Which of the following is true of human brain development? A. It is complete during the embryonic stage. B. It is complete during the fetal stage. C. It is complete at birth. D. It continues after birth. D. It continues after birth. Which of the following statements is true about pruning? A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. B. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. C. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. D. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections. A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. Gray matter is a measure of the number of ___________. A. axons B. myelins C. neurons D. lobes C. neurons Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? A. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. D. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin. B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter? A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin. B. White matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Development of white matter is completed in the embryonic stage. D. White matter is a measure of the number of neurons. A. White matter is made up of the axons and myelin. Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. A. gray matter B. number of neurons C. number of axons D. myelin D. myelin Which of the following terms refers to the fatty insulation that makes nerve impulses travel faster? A. Plasmalogen B. Cephalin C. Myelin sheath D. Choline C. Myelin sheath As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________. A. larger cerebellums B. fewer neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. more white matter A. larger cerebellums As compared to musicians, nonmusicians have ___________. A. larger cerebellums B. more neurons C. thinner corpus callosum D. fewer synapses C. thinner corpus callosum Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? A. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. C. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. D. It has always caused brain growth. B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. Jean Piaget pioneered theories in ____________ development. A. emotional B. cognitive C. language D. moral B. cognitive Hey this is who I'm studying for the PLT! Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? A. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational C. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational A. sensorimotor According to Piaget, mastering object permanence is the hallmark of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. concrete operational B. formal operational C. sensorimotor D. preoperational C. sensorimotor When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as: A. object permanence. B. object conservation. C. pruning. D. reversibility. A. object permanence. In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational A. Sensorimotor During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jack has developed ___________. A. seriation B. transduction C. object permanence D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning C. object permanence Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? A. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. C. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. D. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking. B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. According to Piaget, animistic thinking is a characteristic of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational D. preoperational According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational B. preoperational Entrance into Piaget's preoperational stage of development is marked by ____________. A. emergence of symbolic thought B. development of abstract reasoning C. an understanding of conservation D. the ability to reason scientifically A. emergence of symbolic thought According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational D. preoperational With reference to the stages of cognitive development introduced by Piaget, which of the following statements is true regarding the preoperational stage? A. During this stage children develop scientific reasoning and hypothesis-testing skills. B. This stage is characterized my mastering object permanence. C. Typically, children between the ages of 6 months to 1 year are in this stage. D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change. D. During this stage children cannot recognize that amounts stay the same when shapes change. Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. A. individuation B. object permanence C. egocentrism D. animistic thinking C. egocentrism When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that Kiet is in the ____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations B. preoperational Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. A. matter conservation B. animistic thinking C. egocentrism D. social referencing B. animistic thinking Which of the following is an example of animistic thinking? A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs. B. A child is unable to distinguish between the names of two animals. C. A child cannot recognize that quantities remain the same even when shapes change. D. A child realizes that objects still exist even when they are not being sensed. A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs. _____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Pruning A. Egocentrism ____________ is the ability to recognize that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as mass) remain constant. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Conservation D. Conservation Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's: A. egocentrism. B. animistic thinking. C. lack of conservation. D. lack of understanding of object permanence. C. lack of conservation. According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage. A. preoperational B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. sensorimotor C. concrete operational During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. A. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error B. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events D. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events According to Piaget, children acquire the ability to conserve during the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. concrete operational C. preoperational D. formal operational B. concrete operational According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. preoperational D. concrete operational D. concrete operational Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Typically, children between ages 2 and 4 are in this stage. B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes. C. According to Piaget, this is the last stage of cognitive development. D. During this stage, children learn the concept of object permanence. B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes. Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. B. This is the second stage of cognitive development. C. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. D. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence. A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop? A. Formal operational B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Sensorimotor A. Formal operational Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? A. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. B. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning. C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. The term ______________ refers to our knowledge and ideas of how other people's minds work. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. theory of mind D. animistic thinking C. theory of mind Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. A. egocentrism B. animistic thinking C. object permanence D. theory of mind D. theory of mind Quinn, who is in pre-school, was the only child to see the teacher take crackers out of the cracker box and fill the box with potato chips instead. When asked what the other children will expect to find in the cracker box, Quinn says "potato chips." This response is evidence that Quinn lacks: A. object permanence. B. conservation. C. theory of mind. D. egocentrism. C. theory of mind. Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________. A. the development of moral reasoning in children B. the physical development of children less than 5 years of age C. the cognitive ability of children D. the development of linguistic ability in children A. the development of moral reasoning in children According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, ____________ level is the least developed level of moral reasoning. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. formal operational D. postconventional B. preconventional Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. A. sensorimotor B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational B. preconventional According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma? A. "Heinz should steal the drug! Who cares?" B. "Heinz should not steal the drug because he will be caught and sent to jail." C. "Heinz should steal the drug and not worry about punishment because it is the right thing to do." D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong." D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong." When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. A. postconventional B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational A. postconventional According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the ______________ level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. functional operational D. postconventional D. postconventional According to Kohlberg, postconventional moral reasoning is based on: A. avoidance of punishments. B. the social consequences of an action. C. universal moral principles. D. individual moral temperaments C. universal moral principles. Which of the following is the level of moral reasoning which, as proposed by Kohlberg, appears to be limited to Western cultures? A. Functional operational level B. Postconventional level C. Preoperational level D. Conventional level B. Postconventional level According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the ________________ child is predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy D. easy According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. B. The difficult child is happy most of the time. C. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions D. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating. A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, the _____________ child is mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating. A. difficult B. conventional C. slow-to-warm-up D. easy C. slow-to-warm-up Some animals, especially birds, follow and imitate the first large creature they see immediately after birth. This behavior is called ____________. A. pruning B. imprinting C. animistic thinking D. egocentrism B. imprinting In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. A. cognition B. imprinting C. attachment D. sublimation C. attachment Nine-month-old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at the day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. Terrell is likely experiencing _____. A. preoperational thinking B. secure attachment C. object permanence D. separation anxiety C. object permanence Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment with a procedure known as the ____________. A. prison study B. obedience experiment C. strange situation D. line judgment task C. strange situation According to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants often show little to no distress in separation episodes, and when the mother returns, the infants tend to ignore and avoid her, focusing instead on something else in the room. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-disorganized B. insecure-avoidant With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ________________ infants cannot be comforted by the mother on reunion and show difficulty in returning to play. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disorganized D. insecure-disoriented A. insecure-resistant With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-attached C. insecure-disoriented With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____________ classification is considered the most insecure because the infant's fear of their attachment figure inhibits the development of a strategy for effective regulation of stress. A. insecure-attached B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-resistant D. insecure-disorganized D. insecure-disorganized Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition. A. contact B. protection C. attention D. training A. contact Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. A. cried less B. gained significantly more weight C. slept significantly more D. fell ill more frequently B. gained significantly more weight _______________ is a movement disorder caused by brain damage at birth. A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Cerebral palsy D. Osteoporosis C. Cerebral palsy By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. A. 2 years B. 3 months C. 1 year D. 7 months D. 7 months Nine-year-old Jen has learnt to control her tears when she is in a social gathering. She also knows when it is appropriate to smile in public. Based on this information, it can be said that Jen has _____________. A. developed social referencing B. achieved object permanence C. developed emotional competence D. mastered animistic thinking C. developed emotional competence Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. A. two B. three C. four D. five B. three In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. A. self-assured and flexible B. highly career oriented C. anxious and self-doubting D. emotionally sterile and calculating C. anxious and self-doubting In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young boys tended to become ______________ young adults. A. self-doubting B. extremely emotional C. anxious D. self-assured and flexible D. self-assured and flexible One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________. A. be nonassertive and over anxious B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors C. suffer from prolonged depression D. attempt suicide B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. A. 15 B. 18 C. 22 D. 25 B. 18 The __________________ glands are also called gonads. A. parathyroid B. adrenaline C. sex D. alveolar C. sex On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15 B. 11 On average, boys reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15 C. 13 Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature? A. Parathyroid B. Adrenaline C. Alveolar D. Pituitary D. Pituitary The female gonads are called _____________. A. vagina B. fallopian tubes C. ovaries D. uteri C. ovaries The male gonads are called ______________. A. testes B. thymus C. penises D. adrenals A. testes Lee, who is thirteen, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders. Which of the following hormones is responsible for these developments? A. Leptin B. Estrogen C. Testosterone D. Oxytocin C. Testosterone ____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. A. Testosterone B. Estradiol C. Leptin D. Oxytocin B. Estradiol _____________ marks the beginning of adolescence. A. Symbolic thinking B. Puberty C. Animistic thinking D. Egocentrism B. Puberty Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? A. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. B. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. D. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems. C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. The _____________ are the last areas of the brain to fully develop, and they continue to mature until late adolescence or early adulthood. A. abducens nuclei B. medulla oblongata C. globose nuclei D. frontal lobes D. frontal lobes Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully? A. Animistic thinking increases. B. Heart rate decreases. C. Scientific thinking becomes possible. D. The possibility of developing anorexia nervosa increases. C. Scientific thinking becomes possible. Which of the following statements is true about brain development during adolescence? A. Brain development starts in adolescence, with the frontal lobes being the first part of the brain to develop. B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections. C. Animistic thinking begins during adolescence. D. Egocentrism is the hallmark of brain development in adolescence. B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections. Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. A. bottom of the brain to the top B. top of the brain to the bottom C. frontal lobes to the back of the brain D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes Which of the following statements is true regarding myelination? A. The process of myelination is complete before the age of 10. B. Myelination proceeds from the front of the brain to the back. C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls. D. In boys, the increased white matter organization occurs in the right hemisphere. C. The rate and locations of myelination differs between boys and girls. Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. B. children develop egocentrism. C. the size of the frontal lobe increases. D. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought. A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. Philip Shaw and colleagues in 2006 demonstrated that the brains of highly intelligent children, as compared to the brains of children with average intelligence, have a _____________. A. thicker frontal cortex at age seven B. thinner cortex at age nine C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence D. thinner cortex at age nineteen C. thicker frontal cortex at midadolescence During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. A. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain B. overload their frontal lobes C. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus D. overload their flocculonodular lobe B. overload their frontal lobes With the onset of puberty and adolescence, children begin to focus on ____________. A. egocentrism B. developing their animistic thinking C. the questions of who they are D. motor skills C. the questions of who they are Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. A. poorer performance in school B. more conflicts with authority figures C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood D. more conflicts with parents C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood In the teen years, _____________ start to replace parents as a source of identification. A. teachers B. seniors C. siblings D. peers D. peers According to Erik Erikson, a(n) _____________ is an opportunity for adaptive or maladaptive adjustment. A. identity crisis B. sensorimotor stage C. pruning D. neural migration A. identity crisis Arnett calls the phase between adolescence and young adulthood ____________, which spans the ages 18-25 years. A. primary adulthood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. preliminary adulthood B. emerging adulthood Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. A. rewired B. migrated C. myelinated D. pruned C. myelinated During their studies in 2009, Aberg and colleagues found positive correlation between ______________ and better cognitive scores. A. vision B. muscular strength C. size of the anterior lobe D. cardiovascular fitness D. cardiovascular fitness Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? A. Animistic thinking B. Having a child C. Symbolic thinking D. Graduating B. Having a child According to Erik Erikson, during one's 20s, the primary conflict is between ___________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation A. intimacy and isolation Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. A. pruning B. rewiring C. intimacy D. object permanence C. intimacy Which are the biggest predictors of hearing loss? A. Social class and gender B. Profession and social class C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender D. Age, gender and profession C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family. A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________. A. career and family B. intimacy and isolation C. generativity versus stagnation D. creativity and conventionality C. generativity versus stagnation Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. A. pruning B. neural migration C. prenatal programming D. generativity D. generativity According to Erik Erikson, parenting, starting a business, and creating a work of art are examples of ____________. A. neural migration B. generativity C. individuation D. stagnation B. generativity According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when: A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. A. the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others. Which of the following is true about late adulthood? A. Late adulthood begins around age 55. B. The numbers of neurons (gray matter) increases in late adulthood. C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic. D. The kind of memory involved in processing and maintaining information while making decisions strengthens in late adulthood. C. The older brain does not change as rapidly as the younger brain, but it remains dynamic.
In the fourth step of the scientific method, scientists use mathematical techniques to ______ the results and determine whether they are significant and whether they closely fit the prediction.
interpret
What is assimilation? *look at slide 8*
interpreting one's new experience in terms of existing schemas
In _____________, the answers are often open-ended and not constrained by the researcher.
interviews
What are reinforcements?
any internal or external event that increases a behavior
The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring information or evidence that contradicts one's beliefs is known as ______.
confirmation bias
Which of the following is an example of animistic thinking? A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs. B. A child is unable to distinguish between the names of two animals. C. A child cannot recognize that quantities remain the same even when shapes change. D. A child realizes that objects still exist even when they are not being sensed.
A. A child believes that a tree is smiling and waving its limbs.
Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. A. middle adulthood B. late adulthood C. emerging adulthood D. early adulthood
A. middle adulthood
A pediatrician is assessing nine-month-old Chiara's motor development, which involves observing changes in Chiara's _____________. A. physical movement and body control B. emotional relationships with her parents and siblings C. peer relationships and status D. ability to see clearly and to recognize numbers
A. physical movement and body control
Cognition
mental processes involved in acquiring, processing and storing knowledge
People with Parkinson's disease have problems with __________ functioning.
midbrain
The ______________ is the statistic that represents the most commonly occurring score or value.
mode
(conventional level) -rules/laws= _____
moral
Which of the following can be classified as an opioid?
morphine
What is non-conscious processing?
no critical or logical analysis of non-conscious information BUT the brain can redirect attention to very important stimuli
What is withdrawal?
the adverse effects people with physical dependence experience if they stop using a drug
What is activation?
the amount of neural activation and ranges from low to high activation
The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage.
primacy
Freud used ______________ to uncover the ______ meaning of his clients' dreams in order to help them resolve the hidden conflicts from which their problems arose.
psychoanalysis; latent
Sarah is observing high school students use Facebook and Skype. Her purpose is to see how these students perceive information, how they acquire and use language, and how these media change the way they communicate in the society. She is most likely a student of
psychology
The earliest researchers in psychology examined the subjective experience of physical sensations. This area of study is known as
psychophysics.
Luli, who is in a rock band, can distinguish the sound of the guitar from the sound of the bass even though they are both playing the same note—a low E. She has no trouble telling them apart because they give off wavelengths of different _______.
purities
What is a Fixed Ratio (FR) schedule?
reinforcement follows a set number of responses
Aphasia can be defined as a deficit in the ability to:
speak or comprehend language.
Meditation:
stabilizes attention
Episodic memories are personal and autobiographical.
true
Sleep plays an important role during consolidation.
true
The ____________ cortex is located in the occipital lobes.
visual
Which of the following terms can be defined as the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text? A. Cyberbullying B. Phishing C. Pruning D. Brandjacking
A. Cyberbullying
Harry Harlow said that _____________ is as essential a function of nursing in humans as is nutrition. A. contact B. protection C. attention D. training
A. contact
Entrance into Piaget's preoperational stage of development is marked by ____________. A. emergence of symbolic thought B. development of abstract reasoning C. an understanding of conservation D. the ability to reason scientifically
A. emergence of symbolic thought
Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n):
A. false memory.
Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which: A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. B. children develop egocentrism. C. the size of the frontal lobe increases. D. new synapses are formed in order to accommodate newer knowledge and scientific thought.
A. the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient.
Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance?
Addiction
Of the many principles of brain plasticity that have emerged since the 1990s, which of the following is true?
Almost every major structure of the neuron is capable of experience-based change.
According to Piaget, children move into the ____________ stage of cognitive development at around age 2 and this period lasts until about age 5 or 6. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
B. preoperational
When asked where the sun goes at night, 4-year-old Kiet explains to his dad that it goes to sleep. Later that day, Kiet gets upset because he believes his sister's glass contains more juice than his glass. Both glasses actually contain the same amount of juice, but Kiet is confused because of the tall and thin shape of his sister's glass. From these instances, we can say that Kiet is in the ____________ stage of Piaget's cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operations D. formal operations
B. preoperational
Nine-month-old Terrell is screaming and crying because his mother has dropped him off at the day care. He displays this distress each time she leaves him. Terrell is likely experiencing _____. A. preoperational thinking B. secure attachment C. object permanence D. separation anxiety
C. object permanence
Which of the following is the correct order of the stages of Piaget's principles of cognitive development, from earliest to latest? A. Preoperational, sensorimotor, formal operational, concrete operational B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational C. Preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational, sensorimotor D. Sensorimotor, preoperational, formal operational, concrete operational
B. Sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational
While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer?
B. The treat
Jean Piaget pioneered theories in ____________ development. A. emotional B. cognitive C. language D. moral
B. cognitive Hey this is who I'm studying for the PLT!
Some animals, especially birds, follow and imitate the first large creature they see immediately after birth. This behavior is called ____________. A. pruning B. imprinting C. animistic thinking D. egocentrism
B. imprinting
During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________. A. gain the ability to systematically solve problems without resorting to trial and error B. gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events D. develop the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed
C. develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events
Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________. A. individuation B. object permanence C. egocentrism D. animistic thinking
C. egocentrism
The formation of the brain, spinal cord, heart, ears, eyes, and palate takes place in the ___________ stage of development. A. cephalocaudal B. fetal C. embryonic D. germinal
C. embryonic
A baby begins to move its limbs in the ____________ stage of development. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst
C. fetal
Becky, who is pregnant, will most likely feel the fetus moving for the first time at about ____________ after conception. A. one to two months B. two to three months C. four to six months D. seven to eight months
C. four to six months
Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________. A. career and family B. intimacy and isolation C. generativity versus stagnation D. creativity and conventionality
C. generativity versus stagnation
The ____________ stage of development begins at conception and lasts for two weeks. A. embryonic B. fetal C. germinal D. cephalocaudal
C. germinal
Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. A. pruning B. rewiring C. intimacy D. object permanence
C. intimacy
Lee, who is thirteen, is experiencing new growth of facial and pubic hair, a deepening of his voice, and a widening of his shoulders. Which of the following hormones is responsible for these developments? A. Leptin B. Estrogen C. Testosterone D. Oxytocin
C. Testosterone
Gray matter is a measure of the number of ___________. A. axons B. myelins C. neurons D. lobes
C. neurons
The female gonads are called _____________. A. vagina B. fallopian tubes C. ovaries D. uteri
C. ovaries
Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language?
Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.
_______ is the most powerful natural stimulant.
Cocaine
Find the correct statement about the embryonic stage: A. It begins immediately after the zygote divides. B. It begins when the fertilized egg is a single-celled zygote. C. It starts at the moment of implantation. D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs.
D. It is marked by the formation of the major organs.
Epigenetics is the study of how ____________. A. a genetic disorder is passed on to sons but not to daughters B. an individual gets affected by a recessive disorder C. a dominant gene becomes resistant to change D. the environment affects gene expression
D. the environment affects gene expression
Erik Erikson defined _______________ as the creation of new ideas, products, or people. A. pruning B. neural migration C. prenatal programming D. generativity
D. generativity
During the development of a fetus, the ___________ develops about a week after the brain. A. skull B. liver C. intestine D. heart
D. heart
According to Piaget, egocentrism is a characteristic of the _____________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational
D. preoperational
In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young boys tended to become ______________ young adults. A. self-doubting B. extremely emotional C. anxious D. self-assured and flexible
D. self-assured and flexible
Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________. A. egocentrism B. animistic thinking C. object permanence D. theory of mind
D. theory of mind
Which of the following is true about event-related potential (ERP)?
ERPs provide excellent temporal resolution but poor spatial resolution.
_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective
Egocentrism
A "variable" is any characteristic of a thing that does not change.
False
A brain scan of someone looking at a car will look very different from someone imagining looking at a car. True False
False
A correlation coefficient of -.92 is a weak correlation.
False
According to Noam Chomsky, humans are biologically built to fly. True False
False
________ in the visual cortex analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements.
Feature detectors
__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language. Semantics Prototype Syntax Grammar
Grammar
Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood?
Having a child
Which of the following is NOT one of G. Stanley Hall's achievements?
He coined the term psychophysics.
Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep?
Infradian rhythm
The three domains of research challenged traditional learning theory:
conditioned taste aversion, instinctive drift, and latent learning
When interpreting correlations, it is important to remember that a
correlation does not mean there is a causal relationship between the two variables.
What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device?
decrease in parietal lobe activity
*Sleep Stages* What occurs during Stages 3 and 4 (delta waves)?
deep sleep, bedwetting/sleeptalking may occur; growth hormones released/hard to wake up, auditory cortex still responds to certain stimuli (ex: baby crying)
If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n):
depressant.
Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing.
effortful;automatic
Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________
egocentrism
Piaget and Inhelder (1967) designed the 'three mountains task' to measure young children's ______________.
egocentrism
Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________.
enactive learning
The natural painkiller in the human body is:
endorphin
___________ entails collecting observations, or data, from the real world and evaluating whether those data support our ideas or not.
Science
Which of the following occurs after the frontal lobes have developed more fully?
Scientific thinking becomes possible.
ch 4 vocab
Sensation the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world. Eye are sensitive to light waves, ears to sounds, skin to touch and pressure, tongues to taste, and noses to odors. Perception the act of organizing and interpreting sensory experience. Sensory adaptation the process by which our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses. Transduction the conversion of physical into neural information. Cells in the retina change light waves to neural energy, when hair cell in the inner ear change sound waves to neural energy, when chemicals in the air bind to receptors in the nose, when food chemicals stimulate taste buds on tongue, and when pressure and temperature stimulate nerve cells in skin. Absolute threshold the lowest intensity level of a stimulus we can detect half of the time. Signal detection theory the viewpoint that both stimulus intensity and decision-making processes are involved in the detection of stimulus. Difference threshold the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time. Weber's law the laws of just noticeable differences in sensory perception go back Ernst Weber, who in 1834 discovered that the size of the JND is a constant fraction of the intensity of the stimulus. Cornea a clear, hard covering that protects the lens. Pupil the opening in the iris through which light enters the eye Iris the colored part of the eye, adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering. Function of the eye -sense visual stimuli. -transduce physical energy into neural information. Lens the structure that sits behind the pupil: it bends the light rays that enter the eye to focus image on the retina. Rods play a key role in night vision, as they are most responsive to dark-and-light contrast. They work well at low illumination. Cones responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light. Fovea a spot on the back of the retina, contains the highest concentration of cones in the retina. We see images with the greatest clarity when they are focused on the fovea. Visual acuity our ability to see clearly, depends on our cones. Ganglion cells the axons of which make up the optic nerve. Optic nerve transmits signals from the eye to the brain. Optic chiasm the point at which strands of the optic nerve from half of each eye cross over the opposite side of the brain. Feature detectors neurons analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements. Perceiving motion we perceive movement when an image moves across the retina. Apparent motion tricking our retinas that thinking something is moving when it is not. Depth perception the ability to see things in three dimensions and to discriminate what is near from what is far. Binocular depth cues aids to depth perception that rely on input from both eyes. One key binocular cue to depth comes from the fact that the eyes are separated by few inches, so images from each are separated by few inches, so the images from each eye provide slightly different viewpoints. The difference, or binocular disparity in these retinal images plays a key role in our ability to perceive depth Monocular depth cues aids to depth of perception that do not require two eyes (allow one eye to perceive some depth). Linear perspective involves parallel lines that converge, or some together, the farther away they are from viewer. The more they converge, the greater distance we perceive. Atmospheric perspective comes from looking across a vast space into the distance in the outdoors. Perceptual constancy the brain's ability to preserve perception of objects in spite of changes in retinal image when an object changes in position or distance from the viewer. Size constancy we see things as the same size regardless of the changing size of the image on the retina, because we know what the size of the object is. Similarity a Gestalt law that says we tend to group like objects together in visual perception. Continuity a Gestalt law that says we see points or lines in such a way that they follow a continuous path. Proxmity a Gestalt law that says we tend to group objects together that are near one another. Law of closure the tendency to perceive a whole object in the absence of complete information. Bottom-up procssing the idea that perception is a process of building a perceptual experience from smaller pieces. Top-down processing perception on the whole based on our experience and expectations, which guide our perception of smaller elemental features of stimulus. Color spectrum the spectrum of color visible to humans ranges from 350, which most of us perceive to be the color violet, to 750 nm, which most of us perceive as red. Light that we perceive as green is at 550 nm. Afterimages visual images that remain removal of the stimulus. Color blindness a weakness or deficiency in the perception of certain color, usually resulting from an inherit pigment deficiency in the photoreceptors. Sound's loudness in descibels (dB), starting with 0, which is the threshold for normal human hearing. The scale has no upper limit but sounds above 150 to 170 dB are seldom registered anywhere. Frequency measured in units called hertz (Hz), which is how many times the wave cycles per second. Range of human pitch perception ranging from 20 Hz to about 20,000 Hz, but most people can not hear sounds at either extreme. Tympanic membrane eardrum, sounds vibration travel though it. the sound waves on the tympanic membrane set into motion the bones of the middle ears; the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. These bones do more than just vibrate, however: they amplify the waves, so that they have more than 20 times the energy they had entering the ear. Semicircular canals the structures of the inner ear involved in maintaining balance. Cochlea a bony tube, curled like a snail's shell and filled with fluid. Bodily senses senses based in the skin, body, or any membrane surface, which include knowing where our body part are. Mechanorecptors receptor cells in the skin that are sensitive to different tactile qualities, such as shape, grooves, vibrations, and movements. Nociceptors pain receptors from the skin that are sensitive to heat, cold, chemical irritation, and pressure. Gate control theory of pain the spinal cord regulates the experience of pain by either opening or closing neural channels, called gates, which transmit pain sensations to the brain. Controlling pain in addition to thought and feeling that control the experience of pain, our bodies have natural pain killer call endorphins (stimulating the release of neurotransmitters that interfere with pain messages in the spinal cord and brain. Olfactory bulb a forebrain structure that send information either directly to the smell-processing areas in the cortex or indirectly to the cortex by way of the thalamus. Paillae texture structures on surface of the tongue; they contain thousands of taste buds. Taste buds structures inside the paillae of the tongue; they contain taste receptor cells. Taste receptors cells sensory receptors for taste that reside in the taste bud. Synesthesia occurs when a person experiences sensation in one sense when a different sense is stimulated.
Tricyclic antidepressants appear to work by blocking the reuptake of
Serotonin
______________ plays a role in dreaming and in controlling emotional states such as anger, anxiety, and depression.
Serotonin
Most people dream numerous times each night, but typically we do not remember our dreams on awakening. True False
T
The Cognitive theory of dreams, suggests that dreams are similar to our everyday thinking experience. True False
T
The Cognitive-Biological theory of dreams combines the Cognitive theory and the AIM theory. True False
T
The degree to which a person can monitor information from the environment and one's own thoughts is "awareness." True False
T
Tobacco is used throughout the world. True False
T
Wakefulness is the degree to which a person is awake or asleep. True False
T
______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy.
Television
______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness. The representativeness heuristic Anchoring and adjustment Integrative thinking The availability heuristic
The availability heuristic
EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal:
abnormality in sleep spindles.
*Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development* What is formal operational stage?
abstract reasoning (ages 11 or 12 through adulthood)
Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy?
amphetamines
What is post hoc fallacy?
an argument that draws the conclusion that one event is directly caused by another event without evidence to prove this
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child?
The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.
G factor theory
Theory answers the question "how intelligent are you?"
Privacy and confidentiality protect the privacy of research participants by keeping their responses confidential.
True
Psychophysics is a science of the relationship between the external physical world and the internal psychological world
True
Reasoning is the process by which people form conclusions about events in the world. True False
True
Research has shown that our intuitive ideas about people's thinking and behavior is "wrong."
True
Synaptic pruning reaches its final stage during the formal operational stage.
True
Syntax refers the rules humans use for arranging words into sentences or sentence phrases. True False
True
WISC is for children while WAIS is for adults
What is the difference between the WISC and WAIS?
Which of the following topics is most likely to be studied by a developmental psychologist?
What is the effect of gender on interest and participation in social networking sites?
HW 5
What is the distinction between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? Classical conditioning involves learning based on associations, and operant conditioning involves learning based on consequences. In Pavlov's classic experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a conditioned stimulus (CS). By pairing a flashing light with a loud noise, a researcher has taught a rat to exhibit a fear response to the light. In this study, the rat's conditioned response (CR) is the fear response. Thorndike's law of effect states that the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood of that behavior's being repeated. Which of the following best describes how operant conditioning works? Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. What is the distinction between negative reinforcement and punishment? Negative reinforcement seeks to increase the frequency of a behavior, and punishment seeks to decrease the frequency of a behavior. Which of these techniques would work best to change a behavior? Orin's parents bought him a new toy truck for being nicer to his little sister. Which of the following scenarios best depicts variable-ratio reinforcement? Dexter continues to put money into slot machines because he never knows how many pulls of the arm it will take to win the jackpot. Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. The phrase "use it or lose it" is particularly relevant to neural processes in that synaptic connections will lose strength if they are not used regularly, and we may forget information. Ted wants to teach his dog, Bailey, to "wave goodbye." He begins to reward Bailey every time he lifts his paw in the air. Then, Ted rewards Bailey any time he lifts his paw and moves it even slightly. Finally, he rewards him only when he makes a full waving motion. Which of the following techniques is Ted using with Bailey? shaping _______________ is the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others. Modeling Which of the following are all external rewards for behavior? candy, money, praise "Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior but also for those who watch." This statement is most closely linked to the theory of social learning. Imprinting is the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth. Which theorist proposed the concept of latent learning? Edward Tolman Konrad Lorenz studied imprinting extensively in birds. Which of the following statements about mirror neurons is false? Mirror neurons are located in the temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex. Behavior modification techniques have been particularly effective in getting people to quit smoking. There are several possible means by which ______ facilitates learning, but one of the main mechanisms involved is the spontaneous replay and consolidation of daily events. sleep Julie works at a factory that produces toy clowns. As the toy clowns come down the assembly line it is Julie's job to add a red nose to each clown as the last step in completing each toy. For every 100 clowns Kelly completes, she receives $10.00, which is a(n) positive reinforcement. To increase productivity, the clown factory decides to have a contest. The person who completes the most clowns on Monday does not have to come to work on Tuesday. The factory is using __________ as a motivator. negative reinforcement The clown factory's bosses do not like laziness. If a worker completes fewer than 20 toys during the morning hours, they do not get to take a lunch break. This behavioral tactic is an example of ___________. negative punishment The clown factory's bosses also do not like mistakes. If a worker forgets to put a nose on a clown, the bosses publicly scold the worker. This behavioral tactic is an example of __________. positive punishment As you can see from the examples above, the clown factory's bosses use _________ to increase behaviors they like and ________ to decrease behaviors they do not like. reinforcement; punishment Behavior that is rewarded some but not all of the time is on a __________ schedule of reinforcement. intermittent The ____________ schedule of reinforcement reinforces behavior only after a specific number of responses are made. fixed ratio Edwin Employer pays his workers at 5:00 p.m. every Friday. Edwin is using which schedule of reinforcement to reward his employees? Fixed interval The reinforcement schedule that typically yields the highest response rate is the ___________ schedule of reinforcement. variable ratio Professor McMann loves to give pop quizzes in his psychology class. Students are always studying for this class because they never know when Professor McMann will give the next quiz. Sometimes he gives a pop quiz every other class session. Sometimes he gives a pop quiz every third session, and sometimes he even gives a pop quiz every class session. Professor McMann is using which schedule of reinforcement to keep his students studying? Variable interval What is a neutral stimulus? a stimulus that doesn't cause a response unless it is associated with a UCS A child sees her lunch box and then feels hunger pangs. In this example, the hunger pangs are a(n) CR. How does food in the mouth cause a dog to salivate? by stimulating a reflexive response How is the neutral stimulus related to the CS? The neutral stimulus becomes the CS once conditioning has occurred. Alika is allergic to grass. Whenever he would sit on the grass, his skin would break out in hives that made him feel very itchy. Now, if you just say the word "grass" to him, he starts to feel itchy. In this example, grass is a(n) CS. A cold wind blowing in my face makes me shiver. In this example, shivering is a(n) UCR Which of the following is an example of operant conditioning? -getting an allowance after completing chores -getting spanked for running in the street -getting relief from pain after taking an aspirin Positive reinforcement ____________ and negative reinforcement ________________. strengthens behavior by adding a stimulus; strengthens behavior by removing a stimulus Which of the following is an example of positive punishment? getting spanked for running in the street John lost his wallet. He hopes it is somewhere in his bedroom. He has searched for it but the room is so messy he hasn't found it and can't be sure it is there. If John stops leaving his room in a mess in the future, then losing his wallet has functioned as a negative punishment. Molly lives in the desert but wants to be a surfer. Her father promised her that if she gets straight A's on her next report card, the family will vacation on the coast and she can learn to surf. If Molly gets straight A's on her next report card, then the surfing vacation has functioned as positive reinforcement. Larry is a chain smoker who just flew 10 hours straight from Honolulu to Sydney, Australia. When he gets off the plane, he lights up as soon as he finds a smoking area so his terrible cravings will disappear. In this example, smoking is a negative reinforcement.
When does stress occur
When a situation overwhelms a persons perceived ability to meet the demands of that situation
Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness?
When the various sensory elements get integrated.
the rules for arranging words and symbols in sentences
Which of the following explains the word "syntax"?
Spatial Intelligence
Which of the following is one of Howard Gardner's eight forms of intelligence?
Which of the following statements is true regarding white matter?
White matter is made up of the axons and myelin.
According to Jung, individuation is the process by which:
a person's personality becomes whole and full.
*Correlation vs. Causation:* What is correlation?
a relationship between two things or events. It's common in science to find correlation between two events, without being able to claim that there is causation.
What is sleepwalking?
a sleep disorder characterized by activities occurring during non-REM sleep that usually occur when one is awake, such as walking and eating
Sedative-Hypnotics has three classes:
barbiturates, nonbarbiturates, benzodiazepines
Konrad Lorenz demonstrated that in mammals and birds, there is a rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver very soon after birth when he:
became an imprinted parent to a flock of goslings
What is bidirectional influences?
being both genetic predisposition and environment, being both relevant in the way humans develop psychologically.
In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus.
central executive
In order to discourage smoking, some public health campaigns show pictures of diseased lungs or smokers who look older than they are. This is an example of ___________.
classical conditioning
Lillian sees a store sign that says CL_ ED. Due to the Gestalt law of _______, Lillian knows the store is closed even though the sign is missing a letter.
closure
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____.
conditioned response (CR)
Behaviorism is an extreme form of _____________.
environmentalism
Structures or features that perform a function that did not arise through natural selection are often called _____________.
exaptations
Unexpectedly, caffeine relaxes the skeletal muscles. True False
f
Consolidation is storing new memories for access when needed.
false
The episodic buffer holds auditory information in working memory.
false
The primacy effect refers to memory for important items on a list.
false
The recency effect occurs because of items still in short term memory.
false
The term "positive," in the context of learning, means favorable.
false
If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row.
five
What are nightmares?
frightening or distressing dreams
The __________, wrapped around the thalamus, plays a vital role in learning and memory.
hippocampus
After three-month-old Sayuri watches her father stick out his tongue, she sticks out her own tongue too. It is likely that ____________ neurons are involved in Sayuri's learning and imitation of this behavior.
mirror
_________ is a well known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks.
parallel distributed processing
Informed consent to participate in a psychological study means that the:
participant knows his or her role in the study and understands its risks and benefits.
The cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy are called _______.
photoreceptors
*Motor Development* Influenced by ________ ________, as well as cultural and parenting practices.
physical maturity
What is egocentrism?
viewing the world from one's own perspective and not being capable of seeing things from another person's perspective
According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________.
wisdom
Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?
rehearsing the stored process
Correlation coefficients tell us whether two variables (e.g., X and Y) relate to each other and that they range between -1.00 and +1.00. Coefficients near 0.00 are an indication of:
the lack of any relationship between variables X and Y.
As compared to nonmusicians, musicians have _________.
larger cerebellums
"Feature detectors" are specialized neurons in the visual cortex.
True
"______" (like Valium) are widely used and can be highly addictive.
"Benzos"
What is the developmental phenomena of the formal operational stage?
-abstract logic -potential for moral reasoning
A child can form adultlike sentences at around
2.5 to 3 years
A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception
26
Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible. B. This is the second stage of cognitive development. C. Typically, children between the ages of 2 to 4 years are in this stage. D. During this stage children learn the concept of object permanence.
A. During this stage formal logic becomes possible.
Which of the following statements is true about pruning? A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia. B. Pruning is usually independent of the quality of the environment in which the brain develops. C. Neural pruning results in the huge increase in the number of neurons and stimulates the unused neurons. D. Normal and enriched environments create less developed neural connections.
A. Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia.
According to the model of temperament developed by Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess, which of the following statements is true regarding the difficult child? A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations. B. The difficult child is happy most of the time. C. The difficult child is predictable in daily functions D. The difficult child is mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating.
A. The difficult child is slow to adapt to new situations.
When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development. A. postconventional B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational
A. postconventional
Eniko is currently 8 months old. According to Piaget's stages of cognitive development, she is in the ______ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. preoperational C. concrete operational D. formal operational
A. sensorimotor
_________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world.
A. Schemas
According to Jung, individuation is the process by which: A. a person's personality becomes whole and full. B. neurons move from one part of the brain to their more permanent home. C. unused synapses die off to make the brain more efficient. D. the individual becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family.
A. a person's personality becomes whole and full.
Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep?
An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2.
Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device?
An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.
can be best defined as the study of human culture and origins
Anthropolgy
Which of the following would be considered a pseudoscience?
Astrology
Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes?
Auditory
Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? A. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. C. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. D. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low.
B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death.
Which of the following is the level of moral reasoning which, as proposed by Kohlberg, appears to be limited to Western cultures? A. Functional operational level B. Postconventional level C. Preoperational level D. Conventional level
B. Postconventional level
On average, girls reach puberty at about age ______________. A. 9 B. 11 C. 13 D. 15
B. 11
Which of the following statements is true about brain development during adolescence? A. Brain development starts in adolescence, with the frontal lobes being the first part of the brain to develop. B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections. C. Animistic thinking begins during adolescence. D. Egocentrism is the hallmark of brain development in adolescence.
B. The brain develops more myelin around the axons as well as more neural connections.
Arnett calls the phase between adolescence and young adulthood ____________, which spans the ages 18-25 years. A. primary adulthood B. emerging adulthood C. early adulthood D. preliminary adulthood
B. emerging adulthood
Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants?
B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.
Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect?
B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle.
The _____________ is the first major organ to form in a developing fetus. A. heart B. brain C. liver D. kidney
B. brain
Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing:
B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
Which of the following is true about behavioral measures?
Behavioral measures provide more objective measurements because they come from a trained outside observer.
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. How can Sarah ensure that the results of her study are more accurate?
By ensuring that the sample accurately represents people of different ethnicities
How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration?
By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses
Which of the following is a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses?
CREB
________ is the world's most commonly consumed psychoactive drug, ingested by 90% of North American adults on a daily basis.
Caffeine
In the teen years, _____________ start to replace parents as a source of identification. A. teachers B. seniors C. siblings D. peers
D. peers
According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the ______________ level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. functional operational D. postconventional
D. postconventional
A fetus begins to respond to sound around _____________ weeks after conception. A. 8 B. 12 C. 18 D. 26
D. 26
_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. A. Bipolar disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Down syndrome D. Alzheimer's disease
D. Alzheimer's disease
*Schedules of Reinforcement* ____________ _____________ does not occur after every response.
Intermitten reinforcement
Identify a true statement about visual representation.
It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.
What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior?
Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for.
Some of the thinking in the new cognitive movement was based on a book by the British psychologist Frederick Bartlett (1886-1969). Which of the following statements most accurately reflects the views of Frederick Bartlett?
Memory is not an objective and accurate representation of events but rather a highly personal reconstruction based on one's own beliefs, ideas, and point of view.
What did studies on the effects of ancient calming techniques by psychologists and neuroscientists indicate?
Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence.
______________ is formally defined as a feedback process whereby nature favors one design over another, depending on whether it has an impact on reproduction.
Natural selection
Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit?
Operant conditioning
What did B. F. Skinner conclude about the effectiveness of reinforcements and punishments?
Reinforcements are more effective than punishments for modifying behavior.
can be best defined as medicine men or women who treat people with mental problems by driving out their demons with elaborate rituals, such as exorcisms, incantations, and prayers
Shamans
What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences?
Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement
Mary Ainsworth studied infant attachment in an experiment known as the ____________.
Strange Situation
Cortisol
Stress hormone
In which of the following approaches to psychology was introspection the primary research method used to understand thoughts and behavior?
Structualism
The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
What happens when one learns something new and stores it as short-term or long-term memory?
Synaptic connections get strengthened.
A circadian rhythm refers to a 24-hour sleep-wake cycle. True False
T
Alpha waves are dominant when we are drowsy. True False
T
An example of a "loss of consciousness" is "fainting." True False
T
Schumacher Exam 2
The size and shape of neurons can vary True Communication between neurons is by the axon False Dopamine is a neurotransmitter True Glia cells support neurons. True The strength of an action potential stays the same. True How does L-DOPA affect someone with Parkinson's disease? It temporarily relieves the symptoms What is the advantage of an action potential over electrical conduction in the nervous system? An action potential doesn't diminish in strength In comparison to other body cells, what is distinctive about neurons? Their varied shapes What is the relationship between neurotransmitters and their receptors? The brain has many neurotransmitters, and each has several types of receptors When an axon membrane is at rest, the inside has what kind of charge, relative to the outside? negative (-70 to be exact) The three parts of a neuron are the cell body, the __________, and the __________. dendrites; axon Which part of a neuron releases neurotransmitters into the synapse? terminal button If a drug prevents the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA from attaching to its receptors, what happens to the postsynaptic cell? will produce more action potentials than usual What happens to the strength of an action potential as it travels along an axon? remains constant The __________ is a single, long, thin, straight fiber with branches near its tip. Some are covered with __________, an insulating sheath that speeds up the transmission of impulses. Axon; myelin Suppose your finger touches something. WHEN do you get the sensation? a split second later The study of axons and action potentials enables us to understand how Novocain and other anesthetic drugs block pain. The part of a neuron receiving messages is the ____. The part sending messages is the ___ dendrites, axon Which of the following is a widely used treatment for Parkinson's disease? L-DOPA, converts into dopamine What do a neuron's dendrites do? receive info a single neuron can have many dendrites After neurotransmitter molecules detach from their receptor, some of them diffuse away. What happens to the others? the presynaptic cell takes them back to use them again. Otto Loewi devised a clever experiment that demonstrated neurons communicate by releasing chemicals If a drug prevents sodium from crossing an axon membrane, what happens? axon stops transmitting action potentials Parkinson's disease results from a deficiency in which neurotransmitter? dopamine What is a neurotransmitter? a chemical that travels from one neuron to another a mouse, a dog, and a giraffe all get toe pinches. Which responds fastest? Mouse One of the main symptoms of Parkinson's disease is impairment of initiating voluntary movemet You would feel a pinch on your shoulder (very slightly) sooner than a toe pinch. Why? shorter distance to the brain The nervous system is made up of two types of cells called __________ and __________. neurons; glia Which of the following is caused by a loss of dopamine in the brain? Parkinson's disease What happens at a synapse? release of a chemical that affects another cell Which of the following is true of an action potential? strength remains the same from start to finish What is the long fiber that conducts impulses from a neuron's cell body toward another cell? axon In what way do synaptic messages differ from the way computers store information? vary in speed and duration
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?
There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy
Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario?
This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.
What is the rooting reflex?
This reflex begins when the corner of the baby's mouth is stroked or touched. The baby will turn his or her head and open his or her mouth to follow and "root" in the direction of the stroking. This helps the baby find the breast or bottle to begin feeding
In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal?
Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas.
Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience?
Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon
Institutions conducting research should evaluate every proposed study's beneficence, which is:
minimizing costs for participants and maximizing benefits.
The wavelength range of colors visible to humans ranges from 350 nm to 750 nm. Light that we perceive as ________ is at 450 nm.
blue
What is applications? (CHAPTER 8 NOTES, SLIDE 9)
both; (EX: operant- disciplining your child; classical- )
The dream that we consciously recall after waking up is only the surface level, which Freud called the ________ _____.
manifest level
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines are:
prescription sedatives that slow the heart rate, relax skeletal muscles, and tranquilize the mind
___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli.
priming
A study was conducted by a group of researchers in Asian cities to determine the driving abilities of people of different age groups. The study found that older adults are better drivers than young adults. Another group of researchers conducted the same study in North American cities to determine if they could duplicate the results of the first study. In this scenario, the scientific method followed by the second group of researchers can be termed as ______.
replication
What is stimulus discrimination?
restriction of a CR (such as salivation) only to exactly the CS to which it was conditioned
*Attachment Types* Define disorganized-disoriented (insecure)
seem fearful, dazed, and/or depressed in both situations; sometimes abused or neglected
Walter is attending a lecture where his professor requests all the students to give their undivided attention to an important concept he intends to explain. The professor is actually interested in the students'________ attention.
selective
During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer?
semantic
In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing.
semantic processing
____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory.
sensation
_____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory.
sensation
exam 2
sensation bottom-up process perception top-down process amplitude (sound) how tall a wave is, loudness wavelength (sound) the measurement of trough to trough purity combination of wake patterns pinna captures wave tympanic membrane ear drum; mechanical vibrations ear bones hammer, anvil, stirrup; amplify sound waves oval window opening in the middle ear that connects it to the inner ear to transfer vibrations cochlea snail shaped; filled with liquid; balance basilar membrane a stiff structural element that separates two liquid-filled tubes that run along the coil of the cochlea light intensity amount of energy per wavelength wavelength (light) height of wavelength determines color of light saturation wavelength (hue), amplitude (brightness), purity (saturation) photoreceptors help differentiate between colors rods picks up light; helps with night vision cones picks up three color pigments and in combinations; sharpness subliminal might make you think something but never strong enough to make you do it JND (weber's law) smallest detectable difference in energy is a constant fraction of stimulus intensity bottom-up processing when you are taking in stimuli and processing it through your thalamus top-down processing taking what you already know and applying it to a similar stimuli encoding information that is put into a memory acoustic encoding information as sound visual encoding information as an image semantic encoding information as general knowledge storage maintaining memory; 3 stages (sensory, STM, LTM retrieval remembering, two types (recall, recognition) maintenance rehearsal shallow memory, repetition, good short-term memory elaborative rehearsal deep memory, relating new info to old info, visual imagery and organizational encoding, mnemonics sensory stage briefly holds info for processing, possibly limitless capacity, lasts about 2 seconds, if attended goes on to STM STM (short-term) stores info for a small amount of time, lasts 12-30 seconds w/o rehearsal, with rehearsal moves on to LTM LTM (long-term) what people think of as memory, stores for long periods of time, very large storage capacity semantic LTM i know that.... episodic LTM i remember when.... procedural what i can do.... working memory concerned with immediate conscious perceptual and linguistic processing rehearsal sends short term memory to long term chunking organizing information into relatable groups primacy effect remembering it because it was the first thing you saw recency effect remembering it because it was one of the last things you saw transience forgetting over time/ getting old method of savings learning decay memory fading over time; cannot remember everything retroactive interference new info hurts recall of old info proactive interference old info hurts the ability to remember new things correctly absent-mindedness lapse of attention causing memory failure blocking tip of the tongue; failure to retrieve info anterograde amnesia unable to remember past events before an incident retrograde amnesia unable to be able to form new memories after an incident; can obtain new motor skills clive wearing suffers from retrograde and anterograde amnesia HM removed hippocampus to solve a problem of seizures; then developed retrograde and anterograde amnesia non-associative learning simplest learning habituation adapting to a constant stimulus associative learning process when two pieces of information from the environment repeatedly linked so that they are connected in our minds associative learning types classical and operant conditioning unlearned response natural response to a stimulus unconditioned stimulus input that always elicits the same unlearned response conditioned stimulus previously neutral stimulus that now elicits a conditioned response conditioned response learned response that is elicited by a conditioned stimulus extinction gradual disappearance of the conditioned response reconditioning quick relearning of the conditioned response after extinction spontaneous recovery reappearance of conditioned response after extinction stimulus generalization stimuli similar enough to the conditioned stimuli to elicit the conditioned response stimulus discrimination stimulus different enough from conditioned stimuli to not elicit a conditioned response law of effect more likely to repeat behaviors rewarded; less likely to repeat behaviors that are punished positive reinforcement reinforcement of a response by the addition or gain of a pleasant event negative reinfocement reinforcement of a response by subtraction or elimination of an unpleasant event positive punishment applies an unpleasant stimulus negative punishment removal of a pleasant stimulus primary reinforcer meets an organisms basics needs (food) secondary reinforcer reward that organism learns to like (working for money) shaping a process of behavior modification in which a subject in encouraged to behave in a desired way through positive and negative reinforcement fixed ratio after and exact number of responses are made; more responses=more reinforcement; high rate of response variable ratio reinforcement after a varying number of responses; responding at a high, steady rate; hardest to extinguish fixed interval first response after fixed amount of time has passed; not response driven; second slowest rate of response variable interval first response after some period of time; slowest but most steady response rate latent learning learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement; not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs cognitive map mental representation of the environment insight "eureka" "aha" moments, something clicks observational learning watching someone do something and doing it because it got a positive reinforcement "social learning" vicarious conditioning learn by watching consequences of other people's actions social learning theory people can learn by purely watching others phoneme smallest unit of sound with meaning (a, b); long/short vowels morpheme smallest unit of language with meaning; prefixes/suffixex (pre, wed, run) word combinations of morphemes (running, wedding) syntax phrases, sentences; determines how words are combined to make sentences semantics rules that govern the meaning of words and sentences surface word strings produced deep structure abstract relationships; why sentences can have two meanings cooing 6 months babbling 5-12 months one-word 12-18 months two-word 18-30 months sentence phase 2.5-3 years critical period of language development if children are never exposed to any human language before a certain age, the skills never fully develop nativist language development is an innate, biological capacity algorithms step by step problem solving procedure guaranteed to return a solution (formal reasoning) heuristics time saving mental shortcuts used for making judgements quickly & efficiently (informal reasoning) anchoring-adjustment tendency to use a rough estimation as a starting point or 'anchor' and adjust from there representativeness tendency to classify something according to how similar it is to a typical case availability heuristics tendency to base a judgment on how quickly or easily examples come to mind false-consensus effect application to self-other judgement conjunction fallacy thinking that two events are more likely to occur together than either event alone framing effects give different answers to the same problem depending on how its framed confirmation bias seeking out information that confirms what you currently think mental sets stick with an old strategy even though a new strategy might work better functional fixedness the tendency to use familiar objects in familiar ways rather than creative ways multiple hypotheses hard to focus on multiple theories; most available theories are not always most correct intelligence no exact definition; but is the mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from experiences aptitude test measure a person's readiness to learn and one's cognitive abilities achievement test measure what a person has accomplished reliability consistency is key; test-retest (time); internal (do the items correlate) validity accuracy is hard to establish; constructs (does it measure what it is supposed to?); predictive (is the performance related to real-world outcomes) ratio IQ (mental age/physical age) * 100 deviation IQ (test score/average of age group) * 100 binet assumed that reasoning, thinking, and problem solving depend on intelligence; aptitude v. achievement stanford-binet added things for adults; supply missing words, repeat 6 digit numbers backwards, make a sentence out of several unrelated words, describe similarities between concepts army; Goddard WWI military recruits; alpha/beta test; 47% scored a 13 or lower intelligence test IQ measured objectively; in a standardized manner
The two main branches of the autonomic nervous system are the _____________ and the ___________.
sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system
Kandel, Fields, and others have shown that learning results in the growth of new ____________ in the brain.
synapses
_____________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy.
television
Epigenetics is the study of how ____________
the environment affects gene expression
What is puberty?
the period when sexual maturation begins, marks the beginning of adolescence.
While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the secondary reinforcer?
the treat 294
Psychoanalysis assumes that
the unconscious mind is the most powerful motivator of behavior
Psychologists created the false-belief task to determine when children develop ___________.
theory of mind
Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?
Attending to a stimulus
Sound terms
A _______ is a wiggle in time, because it needs time to go back and forth. vibration A wave is defined as "a wiggle in time and space." Why? Because it must travel from one place to another. How are vibrations described? By frequency—how frequently vibratory motion occurs. How are waves described? By frequency, speed, amplitude, and wavelength. Define amplitude. Distance from the midpoint to the crest or trough. Define frequency. Number of to-and-fro vibrations in a given time unit: 1 vibration per second = 1 Hertz. Define period. The time it takes for a complete vibration to occur. What is the unit for period? Time, usually a second. Period = ? 1/frequency Wave ______ describes how fast a distrubrance moves through a medium speed T or F: Wave speed is related to both the frequency and wavelength of a wave. True. A wave with wavelength 1 meter and frequency of 1 Hz has a speed of ? 1 m/s What are the names of the two common types of waves that differ because of the direction in which the medium vibrates compared with the direction of travel? Longitudinal and Transverse waves. Sound travels in ________ waves. longitudinal Sound creates vibrating compressions and ________ through air. rarefactions What is the speed of sound? 340 m/s Define refraction. The bending of wave due to the change in the medium and/or speed of the wave. When do sound waves refract? (2) When parts of the wave fronts travel at different speeds. When air near the ground is warmer or cooler than above. What is the Doppler effect? The change in frequency as measured by an observer due to the motion of the source or listener. ________ changes in regards of motion to the source. Wavelength When a fire truck passes, the frequency of waves received by an observer ______ as a sound source approaches. Wave frequency ______ as the source recedes. increases, decreases Describe the two cones of a shockwave. A high pressure cone with its apex at the box. A low pressure cone with its apex at the tail. The vibrations along a transverse wave move in a direction ____________ to the wave. perpendicular T or F: The Doppler effect occurs only for sound. False, also for light. What does natural frequency depend on? elasticity shape of object When does resonance occur? Whenever successive impulses are applied to a vibrating object in rhythm with its natural frequency. What are the two types of interference? constructive and deconstructive What happens with constructive interference? Crest of one wave overlaps crest of another wave, adding to a wave of increased amplitude. What happens with destructive interference? Crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another, amplitude effects are reduced. Describe longitudinal waves. Slinky wave; waves moves right and left, direction of vibration is in the same direction as the wave. Describe transverse waves. Wave moves up and down, motion of the string is perpendicular to the direction of wave. What is forced vibration? Setting up of vibration in an object by a vibration force Factory floor vibration caused by running of heavy machinery is an example of ________ vibration. forced __________ waves appear as if the string is making an almond loop. Standing What are nodes? The ends of the wave, and areas on the wave with no motions (where it overlaps back and forth). The doppler effect is the change in frequency as measured by an observer due to the motion of the ____ ( in light) or _____ (sound). source, listener Frequency of waves received by an observer _______ as a sound source approaches, wave frequency _______ as the source recedes. increases, decreases The vibrations along a transverse wave move in a direction ___________ to the wave. perpendicular T or F: Interference affects both sound and light. True. When a fire engine approaches you, the frequency of sound _________. increases T or F: The doppler effect occurs for both sound and light. True. Can light travel in a vacuum? Why or why not? Yes. Light is a vibration of nonmaterial electric and magneticfields, a vibration of pure energy. What is amplitude? The distance from the midpoint to the crest or the trough of the wave. The _________ of a wave matches the frequency of its vibrating source. frequency The frequency of a wave matches the frequency of its vibrating source. Is this true of light or sound waves? Both. The speed of periodic wave motion is related to which to components of the waves? Frequency and wavelength! When we measure how much time passes between the arrival of one crest and the arrival of the next one, what are we observing? Period! The the distance between crests is the ___________. wavelength The speed of a wave = ? wavelength/period or frequency x wavelength Period is the _______ of frequency. inverse Right-angled, or sideways motion, is called _____ motion. transverse Waves in the stretched strings of musical instruments on the surfaces of liquids are _________ waves. transverse Electromagnetic waves are _________ waves. transverse T or F: Both transverse and longitudinal waves transfer energy from left to right. True. A ____________ wave is one in which the direction of wave travel is along the direction in which the source vibrates. longitudinal The ______________ of a sound wave is the distance between successive compressions or, equivalently, the distance between successive rarefactions. wavelength Sound waves of frequencies lower than 20 Hz are called _______ waves, and those of frequencies higher than 20,000 Hz are called _________ wave. infrasonic, ultrasonic T or F: We can hear infrasonic waves, but not ultrasonic waves. False, cannot hear either. Most sound is transmitted through air. Can other substances transmit sound? Any elastic substance can! Air is a _____ conductor of sound compared with solids and liquids. poor The transmission of sound requires a ___________. medium Sound requires ____ to travel from one place to another time T or F: The speech of sound does not depend on loudness or frequency, it depends on wind conditions, temperature, and humidity. True. All sounds travel at _______ speeds in a given medium. the same How does water vapor in the air affect the speech of sound? Increases it slightly. The reflection of sound is called a(n) _____. echo Sound reflects from a smooth surface the same way that light does. What is this mean? The angle of incidence (angle between the direction of the sound and the normal to the reflecting surface) is equal to the angle of reflection. Sometimes, when sound reflects from the walls, ceiling, and floor of a room, the surfaces are too reflective and the sound becomes garbled. What is this called? Reverberation. What happens when reflective surfaces are too absorbent of sound? The sound level is low and the room may sound dull and lifeless. When does refraction occur? When sound continues through a medium and bends. When do sound waves bend? When parts of the wave fronts travel at different speeds. Does the refraction of sound occur underwater? Yes. T or F: The speed of sound does not vary with temperature underwater. False, it does. How does swinging on a swing illustrate resonance? When pumping a swing, you pump in rhythm with the natural frequency of the swing. Timing. Even small pumps, or pushes, if delivered in rhythm with the frequency of the swinging motion produce large amplitudes. If tuning forks are not adjusted for matched frequencies, the timing of pushes is off. What does this inhibit? Resonance. T or F: Resonance is restricted to wave motion. False, it is not. Cavalry troops marching across a footbridge near Manchester, England, in 831 inadvertently caused the bridge to collapse. How? They marched in rhythm with the bridge's natural frequency. When the crest of one wave overlaps the crest of another, what happens? Individual effects add together-- constructive interference. When the crest of one wave overlaps the trough of another, what happens? Their individual effects are reduced-- destructive interference. T or F: Interference is a property of all wave motion, whether the waves are water waves, sound waves, or light waves. True. ___________ sound interference is at the heart of antinoise technology. Destructive How is sound interference demonstrated in a monaural signal? When one speaker is sending a compression of sound, the other is sending a rarefaction. Describe "beats." When two tones of slightly different frequencies are sounded together, a fluctuation in the loudness of the combined sounds is heard; the sound is loud, faint, then load, the faint, so on. The periodic variation of loudness is referred to as "beats." How is the use of beats incorporated into tuning a piano? A piano turner listens for beats produced between a standard tuning fork and those of a particular string on the piano. When the frequencies are identical, the beats disappear. What happens in a standing wave? The nodes are stationary. Where do antinodes occur? Halfway between nodes. How are standing waves produced? When two sets of waves of equal amplitude and wavelength pass through each other in opposite directions. Incident and reflected waves interfere to produce a _________ wave. standing T or F: Standing waves can only be produced with transverse vibrations. False, transverse or longitudinal What is an increase in light frequency called? Why? Blueshift, increase is toward a higher frequency (blue end of spectrum). What is a decrease in light frequency called? Why? Redshift, increase is toward a lower frequency (red end of spectrum). When the source of waves travels as fast as the waves it produces, what happens? A wave barrier is produced. What causes a "sound barrier"? The waves overlap to produce a barrier of compressed air on the leading edges of the wings and on other parts of the aircraft. When the bug swims faster than wave speed, it produces a pattern of overlapping waves. What do the overlapping waves form? A V shape, called a bow wave, which appears to be dragging behind the bug.. The bug is swimming faster than wave speed. How is a shock wave produced? By overlapping spheres that form a cone. Overlapping at the edges occurs only when the bug swims _______ than wave speed. faster The conical shell of compressed air that sweeps behind a supersonic aircraft reaches listeners on the ground below, and the sharp crack they hear is a _____. sonic boom Why don't we hear a sonic boom from subsonic aircrafts? Only when the craft moves faster than sound do the waves overlap to reach the listener in a single burst. Describe the composition of a shock wave. One high pressure cone generated at the bow of the supersonic aircraft and a low-pressure cone that follows toward (or at) the tail of the aircraft. How do the two cones of a shock wave factor into sonic booms? Between these two cones, the air pressure rises sharply to above atmospheric pressure, then falls below atmospheric pressure before sharply returning to normal beyond the inner tail cone This overpressure, suddenly followed by underpressure, intensifies the sonic boom. What is the distinction between supersonic and ultrasonic? Supersonic has to do with speed, ultrasonic has to do with frequency. A shockwave and its resulting sonic boom are swept continuously _____ an aircraft that is traveling faster than sound. behind What determines the pitch of a note? fundamental frequency Partial tones that are whole multiples of the fundamental frequency are called ____________. harmonics
_____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory.
A. Absent-mindedness
Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? A. Age B. Gender C. Ethnicity D. Social class
A. Age
_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Pruning
A. Egocentrism
Which of the following is the correct order of prenatal development—from the earliest stage to the latest stage? A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage B. Embryonic stage, germinal stage, fetal stage, zygote C. Germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage, zygote D. Fetal stage, zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage
A. Zygote, germinal stage, embryonic stage, fetal stage
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their last stage in dealing with the end of life is ____________. A. acceptance B. depression C. anger D. denial
A. acceptance
The lowest intensity levels of a stimuli a person can detect half of the time is known as _______.
Absolute Threshold
Incentive
Any external object or event that motivates behavior
Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________. A. 15 B. 18 C. 22 D. 25
B. 18
______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number.
B. Blocking
In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur? A. Germinal stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Blastocyst stage
B. Embryonic stage
____________ is the sex hormone that initiates the growth of breasts, widening of hips, and increase in body fat in girls. A. Testosterone B. Estradiol C. Leptin D. Oxytocin
B. Estradiol
Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? A. Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. C. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. D. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words
B. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.
Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus? A. Increased rate of neuron development B. Slowed heart rate C. Turning over of the fetus D. Greater frequency of kicking
B. Slowed heart rate
One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________. A. be nonassertive and over anxious B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors C. suffer from prolonged depression D. attempt suicide
B. engage in thrill-seeking behaviors
Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because:
B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits.
Jiao, who is 13 years old, watches videos of several teen music idols smoking cigarettes and thinks that all 'cool' people smoke. Therefore, she begins to smoke. This is an example of ___________.
C) modeling
Five-year old Hannah learns how to operate the TV remote by watching her mother use it. This is an example of ___________.
C) observational learning
Hebb's law states that:
C. neurons that fire together wire together.
ch 5 vocab
Human development the study of change and continuity in an individual across the life span. Germinal stage the first prenatal stage of development, which begins at conception and last 2 weeks. Zygote the single cell that results when a sperm fertilizes an egg. Embryo A developing organism from 2 weeks until about 8 weeks after conception. Embryonic stage the second prenatal, from 2 weeks to weeks after conception, when all major organs form. Fetal stage the third prenatal stage, which begins with the formation of bone cells 8 weeks after conception and end at birth Prenatal programming the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. Teratogens substances that can cause permanent damage to the developing embryo or fetus. Temperament the biologically based tendency to behave in particular ways from very early in life. High heart rate in a 36 week old fetus foreshadowed less predictable eating and sleeping habits and 3 and 6 months after birth. A high heart rate also predicted a less emotional infant at 6 months after birth. Fine motor skills the coordination of many smaller muscles, along with information from the eyes, in the service of some task. Fine motor development shows up, for example, in children's drawing skills. Pruning the degradation of synapses and dying off of neurons that are not strengthened by experience, which is the nature's way of making the brain more efficient. J.E. Richard find that the brain is becoming more organized and efficient during the first 6 months of life, and this increased brain organization leads to increased ability to pay attention and focus on one thing during the first year of life. Jean Piaget's principles of cognitive development the cognitive development from birth throughout childhood outline stages at which certain cognitive capacities appear. Relying primarily on observation of his own 3 children, he outlined 4 phases of cognitive development from birth through adolescence, which he called the sensorimotor. Sensorimotor stage Piaget's first stage of cognitive development (ages 0-2), when infants learn about the world by using their senses by moving their bodies. Object permanence the ability to realize that objects still exist when they not being sensed. Preoperational stage the second major stage of cognitive development (age 2-5), which begins with the emergence of symbolic thought. The cognitive limitations of the preoperational stage include animistic thinking, egocentrism and lack of conservation. Animistic thinking the idea that inanimated object are alive. Egocentrism the tendency to view the world only from one's own perspective. Conservation the ability to recognize that, when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as volume) remain constant). Concrete operational stage Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, which spans ages 6-11, during which the child can perform mental operations, such as reversing on real objectives or events. Formal operational stage Piaget's final stage of cognitive development, from age 11 or 12 through adulthood, when formal logic is possible. Zone of proximal development Lev Vygotsky, the distance between what a child can learn alone and what that child can learn assisted by someone else, usually an adult. Theory of mind ideas and knowledge about how other people's minds work Lawrence Kohlberg studied the development of moral reasoning in children and adults by giving them a moral dilemma and recording the reasons they provided for their responses. Their responses were less important to him than was the reasoning behind them. Preconventional level the first level of Kohlberg' theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards. Conventional level the second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, during which the person value caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness. Postconventional level the third level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, in which the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules. Easy child predictable in daily functions, is happy most of the time, and is adaptable (about 40% of children fell in this category). Difficult child unpredictable in daily functions, is unpredictable in daily functions, is unhappy most of the time, and is slow to adapt to new situations (10% fell into this category). Slow-to-warm-up child mildly intense in his or her reactions to new situations and mildly irregular in the daily patterns of eating, sleeping, and eliminating (10% fell into this category). Imprinting the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of caregiver very soon after birth. Attachment the strong emotional connection that develops early in life between infants and their caregivers. Separation anxiety the distress reaction babies show when they are separated from their primary caregivers (typically shown at around 9 months of age). Insecure resistant an insecure-resistant infant can not be comforted by the mother on reunion and shows difficulty in returning to play. Some babies actively resist contact with the parents at this stage, and other act more passive. The infant's resistance and distress during the reunion may reflect the infant's lack of confidence in being comforted (~10% to 15% of infants). Insecure-disorganized/disoriented these infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. They might approach the mother on reunion, but they do so with their heads averted. Or they might freeze in place for 50 seconds in the mother's presence. These infants are frightened and are afraid of their parents. Social referencing the ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person-especially a caregiver-in an uncertain situation. Emotional competence the ability to control emotions and to know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions. Peer interaction children begin to interact socially during play at about age 3. By mid-to late childhood, peer are probably an even bigger influence than parents on a child's development. Adolescence the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about 11 or 12 and lasting until around age 18. Puberty the period when sexual maturation begins; it marks the beginning of adolescence. Menarche the first menstrual period. Sperarche the first ejaculation. Neural synchrony the ability of certain types of brain wave to work together to allow for coordinated activity in the brain, also increases through adolescence and possibly into early adulthood. Abnormal neural synchrony appear to play a role in such disorders as autism and schizophrenia Synaptic pruning rarely used synapses are allowed to die off to make the brain more efficient. Gonads the sex glands, a testis or ovary. Erik Erikson's model of personality development 1. Infancy (hope) basic trust vs basic mistrust. 2. Early childhood (will) autonomy vs shame and doubt. 3. Play age (purpose) initiative vs guilt. 4. School age (competence) industry vs. inferiority. 5. Adolescence (fidelity) identity vs identity confusion. 6. Young adulthood (love) intimacy vs. isolation. 7. Adulthood (care) generativity vs stagnation. 8. Old age (wisdom) integrity vs. despair, disgust. Emerging adulthood the transitional phase between adolescence and young adulthood include ages 18-25 years. Intimacy as defined by Erikson, the ability to fuse one's identity with another without the fear of losing it. Individuation the process of a person's personality becoming whole and full. Generativity a term Erik Erikson used to describe the process in adulthood of creating new ideas, products, or people. Stagnation a situation in which an adult become more self-focused than oriented toward others and does not contribute in a productive way to society or family. Fluid intelligence raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning that can be applied to a problem one has never confronted before. Crystallized intelligence the kind of knowledge that one gain from experience and learning, education, and practice. Wisdom the ability to know what matters, to live well, and to show good judgement. Dementia a loss of mental function, in which many cognitive processes are impaired, such as the ability to remember, reason, solve problems, make decisions, and use language. Alzheimer's disease a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline and characterized by a collection of symptoms, including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function. Old age starting 60 or 65, the conflict of old age is between integrity and despair.
In the 17th century, ______________ proposed the view that the mind and body were separate entities.
René Descartes
A cluster of the neuron cell bodies in the thalamus form the ______.
lateral geniculate nucleus
Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________.
three
The male gonads are called ______________. A. testes B. thymus C. penises D. adrenals
A. testes
Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex.
B. priming
Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing?
C. Long-term memory
When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. A. Parkinson's disease B. a bipolar disorder C. a stroke D. Alzheimer's disease
C. a stroke
Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited:
C. excellent memories.
The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception. A. germinal B. embryonic C. fetal D. blastocyst
C. fetal
Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of:
C. retroactive interference
According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma? A. "Heinz should steal the drug! Who cares?" B. "Heinz should not steal the drug because he will be caught and sent to jail." C. "Heinz should steal the drug and not worry about punishment because it is the right thing to do." D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."
D. "Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."
By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces. A. 2 years B. 3 months C. 1 year D. 7 months
D. 7 months
____________ is the ability to recognize that when some properties (such as shape) of an object change, other properties (such as mass) remain constant. A. Egocentrism B. Object permanence C. Animistic thinking D. Conservation
D. Conservation
Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized intelligence? A. Crystallized intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning. B. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence crystallized intelligence. C. Typically, crystallized intelligence is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood.
D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood.
Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that:
D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes.
Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing.
D. automatic
Pregnancy sickness occurs most commonly with exposure to foods susceptible to molds and to ____________ substances. A. sweet B. spicy C. salty D. bitter
D. bitter
During their studies in 2009, Aberg and colleagues found positive correlation between ______________ and better cognitive scores. A. vision B. muscular strength C. size of the anterior lobe D. cardiovascular fitness
D. cardiovascular fitness
The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop. A. heart B. intestine C. liver D. central nervous system
D. central nervous system
Karen has been using her stethoscope for many days to listen to her fetus' heartbeat. Today, for the first time, she detected her fetus' heart beat. Karen must be at least _____________ weeks pregnant. A. two B. five C. six D. eight
D. eight
How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective:
D. encoding.
According to research, video games can _____________. A. enhance mathematical skills in adolescents B. impair linguistic skills C. impair motor skills D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking
D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking
The _____________ are the last areas of the brain to fully develop, and they continue to mature until late adolescence or early adulthood. A. abducens nuclei B. medulla oblongata C. globose nuclei D. frontal lobes
D. frontal lobes
There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______.
D. habituation
With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, the _____________ classification is considered the most insecure because the infant's fear of their attachment figure inhibits the development of a strategy for effective regulation of stress. A. insecure-attached B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-resistant D. insecure-disorganized
D. insecure-disorganized
Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________. A. gray matter B. number of neurons C. number of axons D. myelin
D. myelin
Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting.
D. negative punishment
Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________.
D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus
According to Piaget, animistic thinking is a characteristic of the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. preoperational
D. preoperational
Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns.
D. reflexes
By ____________ months, many babies can sit by themselves, without any help. A. two B. three C. four D. six
D. six
By 13 to 15 weeks after conception, ___________. A. the head of the fetus has grown to 70% of its adult weight B. the vision of the fetus is fully developed C. the neurons connecting the ear to the brain are complete D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's
D. the taste buds of a fetus look very much like an adult's
According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________. A. emotional intelligence B. exuberance C. lack of fear D. wisdom
D. wisdom
Steve is conducting a research on how cell phones and other electronic methods of communication have changed the way teenagers interact with others. This information indicates that Steve is a(n) ______________ psychologist.
Developmental
Collectivism
Dimensions of personality reflects how people in Asian cultures tend to be more concerned about the impact of their behavior on their family, friends & social groups
Chapter 4 terms
Dualism the mind is physically distinct from the brain Attention conscious awareness, being able to focus selectively on some things and avoid focusing on others Automatic tasks that are so well learned that we do them out much attention Controlled slower than automatic processing, but it helps people perform in complex or novel situation Shadowing a participant wears headphones that deliver one message to one ear and and a different message to another. the person is asked to repeat the message but can only say the message they were listening to Freudian slip occurs when an unconscious thought is suddenly expressed at an inappropriate time or in an inappropriate social context Global workspace model posits that consciousness Aries as a function of which brain circuits are active Persistent vegetative state people who are in comas after brain injuries. they have sleep/wake cycles- they open their eyes and appear to be awake, close their eyes and appear to be asleep- but don't respond to their surroundings and when this condition lasts longer than a month Minimally conscious state people with brain injuries are able to make deliberate movements such as following an object with their eyes. may try to communicate Brain death irreversible loss of brain function Suprachiasmatic nucleus information about light detected by the eyes is sent to a smaller region of the hypothalamus called the ________ Pineal gland this region then sends signals to a tiny structure cAlled the ------- Melatonin a hormone that travels through the blood stream and affects various receptors in the body including the brain alpha waves when people really focus their attention on something or when they close their eyes and relax brain activity slows and becomes more regular Beta waves the EEG shows sensory activity as short, frequent, irregular brain signals K-complexes large waves, some researchers believe that these bursts are signals from brain mechanisms involved with shutting out the external world and keeping people asleep Delta waves large, regular brain patterns, very hard to wake ppl up and they are disoriented Slow-wave sleep delta waves,ery hard to wake ppl up and they are disoriented Rapid eye movements REM sleep, eyes dart back and forth rapidly beneath closed eyelids Paradoxical sleep sleeping body with active brain Pseudoinsomnia ppl dream they rant sleeping, EEG will indicate sleep but if you rouse them they would have claimed to be awake REM behavior disorder opposite of narcolepsy, the normal paralysis that accompanies REM sleep is disabled, sufferers act out dreams while sleeping, often striking their partners. mostly seen in elderly males, no cure Somnambulism sleepwalking, relatively common behavior occurs during slow wave sleep typically within 1st 2 hours of falling asleep. Unihemispherical sleep cerebral hemispheres take turns sleeping Restorative theory sleeping allows the body and brain to rest and repair itself Microsleeps in which they fall asleep during the day for periods ranging from a few secs to a min Circadian rhythm theory proposes that sleep has evolved to keep animals quiet and inactive during times of the day when there is greatest danger, usually when its dark The manifest content the dream they way the dreamer remembers it Latent content hidden meaning go your dreams Posthypnotic suggestion the hypnotist suggests that the listener will experience change in memory, perception, or voluntary action. accompanied by the instruction to not remember the suggestion Sociocognitive theory of hypnosis hypnotized people behave as they expect hypnotized people to behave, even if those expectations are faulty Neodissociation theory of hypnosis acknowledges the importance of social context to hypnosis but views the hypnotic state as an altered state Hypnotic analgesia a form of pain reduction Concentrative meditation you focus your attention on one thing such as your breathing pattern, a mental image or specific phrase Mantra breathing pattern, mental image, or specific phrase Mindfulness meditation you let your thoughts flow freely, paying attention to them but trying not to react to them Zen/yoga most forms of meditation popular in the west are meant to expand the mind, bring about feelings of inner peace, and help people deal with the tensions and stresses in their lives ... ... Transcendental meditation (TM) involves meditating with great concentration for 20min twice a day. benefits include lower blood pressure, fewer reports of stress, and changes in the hormonal responses underlying stress Runner's high one min they're in pain and feeling fatigued and the next they are euphoric and feeling a glorious release of energy Religious ecstasy religious ceremonies often decrease awareness of the external world and create feelings go euphoria Flow particular kind of experience that is so engrossing and enjoyable that it is worth doing for the its own sake even though it may have no consequences outside itself Psychoactive drugs mind-altering substances that people typically take for recreational purposes. change brains neurochemistry by activating neurotransmitter system either by imitating the brain's natural neurotransmitters Stimulants drugs that increase behavioral and mental activity. heighten central nervous system also activate sympathetic nervous system Depressants reduce behavioral and mental activity by depressing the central nervous system, alcohol, anti-anxiety drugs Opiates herion, morphine, and codeine. relieve pain Hallucinogens produce alterations in cognition, mood, and perception Lysergic acid diethylamine (LSD) made from a chemical found in certain. types of fungus called ergot, lasts 12 hrs. changes sensory experiences and can produce extreme hallucinations good and bad Psilocybin mushrooms produces hallucinogenic effects, have been used in various religious rites Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) produces a relaxed mental state , an uplift or contented mood, and some perceptual and cognitive distortions Cannabinoid receptors appears to adjust mental activity and perhaps alter pain perception, large concentration in the hippocampus may partly explain why marijuana impairs memory Tolerance a person needs to consume more of a particular substance to achieve the same effects Withdrawal a physiological and psychological state characterized by feelings of anxiety, tension, and craving for the addictive substance theta waves stage 1 light sleep, if woken up will deny you were sleeping
Most current diagnoses of intellectual disability emphasizes on
Every day activities
______________ psychology is the branch of psychology that aims to uncover the adaptive problems the human mind may have solved in the distant past and the effect of evolution on behavior today.
Evolutionary
sequence of human sexual responses
Excitement, plateau, orgasm & resolution
Marijuana actually contains few, if any, of the carcinogens found in cigarette smoke. True False
F
Nicotine is the world's most commonly used psychoactive drug. True False
F
John Watson was the founder of Cognitivism.
False
The combining of an egg and a womb is called "fertilization."
False
The primary sense for most mammals is vision.
False
Vision is the best developed sense of a fetus.
False
_______ experience effects of depressants more heavily.
Females
What is Stage 3?
Fetus- prenatal period from 8 weeks to birth
Maslow's hierachy of human needs
From the bottom to the top Phsyiological Needs Safety & security needs Love & belongingness needs Esteem needs Self actualization We need to be fed & out of danger's way before we can pay attention to higher-level needs
Alcohol and sedatives increase the activity of ____, the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, and decrease the activity of _________, the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
GABA; glutamate
The quantitive trait loci approach looks for the location of specific bits of DNA on particular genes that might be associated with particular traits. These specific bits of DNA are also known as
Genetic markers of behavior
_________ can be defined as all the genetic information contained in DNA.
Genome
What is Stage 1?
Germinal- zygote (the fertilized egg); 2 week period of rapid cell division (undifferentiated blastocyst)
Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter?
Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence
Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis?
Hallucination
Which of the following are sets of bones from the middle ear that vibrate and amplify sound waves from the tympanic membrane?
Hammer, anvil, and stirrup
What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal?
Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning
Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions?
Hippocampus
What happened when Phineas Gage sustained an injury to his frontal lobes when he was shot through the head with an iron bar in a railroad accident?
His personality changed
Which of the following conditions occurs through monogenic transmission?
Huntington's disease
Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis?
Hypnotized people are in reality awake
When the body's blood sugar level drops, the_______ triggers the drive to obtain food
Hypothalamus
region of brain plays a role of sexual arousal
Hypothalamus
Savant
IQ below 70 and gifted in one area
Nate is farsighted. Which of the following happens to visual images focused on his retina?
Images focus behind the retina.
____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth.
Imprinting
Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence?
In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.
Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development?
Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.
If language is defined as being "open," what does it mean? It follows fixed tenets. It allows other languages to freely borrow. It can be freely changed. It creates a real connection between a sound and the idea associated with it.
It can be freely changed
How can concentration meditation help an individual?
It can lead to an increase in sustained attention.
Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning?
It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus.
Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth?
Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games
Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking? Lionel, who makes profits and gives half of it to child welfare. Brad, who visualizes the universe before he sets about doing physics. Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home. Donna, who uses a frying pan to iron her clothes as the iron is dysfunctional.
Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.
Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage
unconscious
Layer of consciousness that is just below the surface of awareness
Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other?
Linguistic determinism hypothesis
Types of memory
Long term, short term & sensory
Which of the following is true about magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?
MRI provides static pictures, and it is very useful for looking at structures and abnormalities in structures.
What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do?
Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time
Conformity
Maria buys pink & green shoes because everyone in her school wears shoes of the same colors. Behavior is an example of
Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS?
Marijuana
_________ comes from the blossoms and leaves of the Cannabis sativa plant. They use the blossoms to alter consciousness and for medicinal properties.
Marijuana
__________ requires the ability to think and then to reflect on one's own thinking and to question it.
Metacognitive thinking
Which of the following brain cells fire when an individual performs a task or observes another person do the same task? Spindle neurons Mirror neurons Inter neurons Neurons
Mirror neurons
Which of the following terms, coined by Albert Bandura, refers to the process of observing and imitating behaviors performed by others?
Modeling
Which of the following scenarios best depicts spontaneous recovery?
Months ago, Dora stopped having panic attacks when crossing bridges. However, she had a panic attack today when crossing a large bridge.
What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal?
Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes.
Which of the following statements was considered true about neural growth until the early 1900s?
Nerve cells are incapable of growth and adult brain did not change.
Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training?
Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood
Pavlov's Classical Conditioning involves five primary components: (page 288 in the book)
Neutral Stimulus (NS) Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Conditioned Response (CR)
Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness?
New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically.
Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this?
New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain.
________ from tobacco is the most used. It is extremely addictive, creates high tolerance, physical dependence, and unpleasant withdrawal symptoms.
Nicotine
Which of the following is ethically permissible while conducting research on humans?
Not informing the participants of the research hypothesis
Sasha has a severe back pain. Which of the following is an opioid that the doctor is likely to prescribe as an analgesic?
Oxycodone
________________ measures blood flow to brain areas in the active brain.
Positron emission tomography
According to Kohlberg, a person who is at the ______________ level of moral development acknowledges both the norm and the law, but argues that there are universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules.
Post-conventional
What modern view of psychological disorders developed at the end of the 1800s?
Psychological disorders are a form of illness that should be diagnosed and treated.
________ is the study of how people psychologically perceive physical stimuli such as light, sound waves, and touch.
Psychophysics
What is the sucking reflex?
Rooting helps the baby become ready to suck. When the roof of the baby's mouth is touched, the baby will begin to suck. This reflex does not begin until about the 32nd week of pregnancy and is not fully developed until about 36 weeks. Premature babies may have a weak or immature sucking ability because of this. Babies also have a hand-to-mouth reflex that goes with rooting and sucking and may suck on fingers or hands.
Social norms
Rules about acceptable, behavior imposed by the cultural context in which one lives
According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true?
Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.
According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English?
She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.
According to psychologists, which of the following is most likely true of Marta, who is fluent in Spanish and English? She performs better on cognitive tasks than those who speak only one language, but is most likely not to do so later in life. She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language. She is most likely to develop dementia more than four years earlier than do elderly speakers of only one language. She is most likely to have a lesser neural density than those who speak only one language.
She is most likely to be capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one language.
________ takes into account both stimulus intensity and the decision-making processes people use in detecting a stimulus.
Signal detection theory
Which of the following fetal reactions indicates attention, interest, or orienting response on the part of the fetus?
Slowed heart rate
___________ sciences study humans both as individuals and as groups.
Social
Which of the following terms best represents the view that biological systems involved in thought and behavior—genes, brain structures, brains cells, etc.—are inherited but are still open to modification from the environment?
Softwiring
________________ means that biological systems involved in thought and behavior—genes, brain structures, brains cells, and so on—are inherited but open to modification from the environment.
Softwiring
Which of the following describes critical thinking?
Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
Which of the following describes critical thinking? Using theological principles to deduce only the weaknesses and flaws in ideas Solving problems through a nonrational approach to new ideas Employing an interdisciplinary method to analyze how humans should, can, and do reach conclusions through intuition Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
Solving problems by analyzing, making comparisons, drawing inferences, and evaluating arguments
Consciousness is considered to be a combination of wakefulness and awareness. True False
T
Hypnosis has been found to help with pain during childbirth. True False
T
In a dichotic listening task, a different message is directed to each ear at the same time. True False
T
Melatonin is a hormone that makes us sleepy. True False
T
Moderate alcohol use can be beneficial for the cardiovascular system. True False
T
REM stands for Rapid Eye Movements. True False
T
Which of the following terms can be defined as a statistic that compares two means to see whether they could come from the same population?
T-test
Long-term potentiation occurs when synaptic connections between neurons strengthen.
TRUE
Which of the following will be paramount for an air traffic controller?
The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during continuous and repetitive activity.
Which of the following parts of the human ear is a bony tube, curled like a snail's shell, and filled with fluid?
The cochlea
Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day?
The cognitive theory
Which of the following is most likely to be the focus of educational psychology?
The effectiveness of particular teaching techniques
Comorbidity
The existence of 2 or more disorders at the same time
Which of the following is true about the principles of research design?
The first step in obtaining a sample is for the researchers to decide the makeup of the entire group.
Dr. Adriana conducts a study to determine if players who wear a new type of soccer uniform made from a specially designed fabric will perform better in soccer matches. She recruits a professional soccer team to participate in her study. She randomly assigns half of the men to wear the new-material uniforms made in the color blue and the other half to wear old-material uniforms made in the color red. Although the men know about the test, they are not told which of the two uniforms is made from the new material. They are asked to wear their assigned uniforms and score as many goals as possible in a game against one another. Dr. Adriana notes the number of goals scored. Ultimately, the players who are wearing the old uniforms score more goal, and therefore, win the game. Dr. Adriana speculates that the new uniforms are not more beneficial to performance than the old uniforms, but she decides to rerun the test a few more times. What is the dependent variable in Dr. Adriana's study?
The number of goals scored
*Levels of Morality* What is the conventional level?
The second level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, during which the person values caring, trust, and relationships as well as the social order and lawfulness; (society's norms determine morality)
Which of the following, in all probability, creates a consolidation of discrete experiences that evokes a holistic experience of something?
The synchrony of cell assemblies
*Levels of Morality* What is the postconventional level?
The third level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, in which the person recognizes universal moral rules that may trump unjust or immoral local rules; (morality decided upon by individual)
Which of the following is true about theories?
Theories organize and explain what we have observed.
Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second?
There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.
Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second? Humans speak because they want to convey an idea or a feeling and not because they have been reinforced to do so. There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages. There are many learning processes involved in the actual process of language learning. All human beings learn languages through the process of reinforcement and shaping
There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.
Which of the following is a view linguist Noam Chomsky would second? Humans speak because they want to convey an idea or a feeling and not because they have been reinforced to do so. There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages. There are many learning processes involved in the actual process of language learning. All human beings learn languages through the process of reinforcement and shaping.
There is essentially a single universal grammar underlying all human languages.
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy?
There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Without chance mutations, which of the following would occur?
There would be no evolution.
Which of the following is true about brain waves?
Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves.
From the following, identify an accurate statement about case studies.
They are based on one-on-one relationships.
"Cones" are the photoreceptors responsible for color vision.
True
The "opponent process theory," is a theory of color vision.
True
In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, which of the following refers to the two types of categories? Overt and covert Latent and visible Well-defined and fuzzy Inductive and deductive
Well-defined and fuzzy
The area of the left temporal lobe, called ____________, is responsible for speech comprehension.
Wernicke's area
individualism & interpersonal relatedness
Western cultures tend to emphasize individualism, where as asian cultures tend to emphasize interpersonal relatedness
how well a person does on tests relative to norms established by testing people of the same age
What are the current IQ scores based on?
a person's intelligence can be accurately indicated with a single number
What does the g-factor theory imply?
When do people respond easily to hypnosis?
When they are relaxed.
ch 6 cont
Which of the following views did psychologist Ernest Hilgard subscribe to? A. Under hypnosis, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind come to the fore. B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input. C. Hypnotized individuals actually involve in role-playing by behaving the way they think a hypnotized person would behave. D. Hypnosis does not alter consciousness, nor do hypnotized individuals give up control of their behavior. B. Under hypnosis, one aspect of a person's mind can remain aware and open to stimulation from the outside while other parts are cut off from external input. What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate? A. It is a heightened state of imagination. B. It is more like role-playing. C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences. D. Hypnotized individuals do not give up control of their behavior. C. It is a real activity that the brain experiences. What did research by neuroscientist Amir Raz and colleagues reveal? A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning B. Highly hypnotizable people had more activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning C. Less hypnotizable people were able to suppress the Stroop effect D. Both the highly hypnotizable and less hypnotizable people could remain resistant and show the same activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning A. Highly hypnotizable people had less activity in the areas of the brain that normally process word meaning What were the results of the experiments conducted on participants who were variously administered mild pain, imagined pain, and hypnotized pain? A. Participants reported actually feeling pain only for real pain. B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain. C. Participants reported not feeling pain for hypnotically induced pain. D. Participants reported feeling pain for imagined pain. B. Participants reported actually feeling pain for both real and hypnotically induced pain. _____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic. A. Leptokurtic reaction B. Circadian dysrhythmia C. Excessive sleepiness D. Delirium tremens D. Delirium tremens Which of the following symptoms of alcohol withdrawal can be best described as convincing sensory experiences that occur in the absence of an external stimulus? A. Hallucinations B. Insomnia C. Tremors D. Seizures A. Hallucinations Which of the following can be best described as a condition that results from habitual use or physical and psychological dependence on a substance? A. Hallucinations B. Addiction C. Stroop effect D. Hypnosis B. Addiction Salim likes to have coffee. He has begun to consume several cups of coffee even when he has nothing much to keep himself busy. He says that coffee keeps his spirits up by alleviating boredom. This indicates that Salim A. has kept himself away from an overdependence on coffee. B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee. C. has developed a physical dependence on coffee. D. is experiencing withdrawal symptoms. B. has developed a psychological dependence on coffee. If a drug slows down central nervous system activity while increasing the activity of the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, then it is most likely to be a(n): A. depressant. B. vasodilator. C. corticosteroid. D. opioid. A. depressant. Which of the following is the most widely used depressant? A. Morphine B. Analgesic C. Alcohol D. Coffee C. Alcohol The legal limit of blood alcohol concentration for driving in all states of the United States is ________ BAC. A. 0.1 B. 0.03 C. 0.05 D. 0.08 D. 0.08 John is a heavy binge drinker who has trouble with planning, working memory, and abstract thinking. Scanning of John's brain would reveal that he has a damaged: A. parietal lobe. B. frontal lobe. C. occipital lobe. D. temporal lobe. B. frontal lobe. If Gary is a binge drinker, it means that he can have at least ________ drinks in a row. A. two B. three C. four D. five D. five When mild to moderate alcohol consumption is said to be beneficial, it suggests that no more than ________ drinks a day appears to provide protective effects on the ________. A. four; general health B. one; physical health C. two; cardiovascular system D. three; psychological system C. two; cardiovascular system Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative? A. Nitroglycerin B. Hydrocodone C. Benzodiazepines D. Serotonin C. Benzodiazepines Which of the following is used in anesthesia to pacify people during certain medical procedures? A. Vasodilators B. Benzodiazepines C. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors D. Barbiturates D. Barbiturates Which of the following can be classified as an opioid? A. Pentobarbital B. Morphine C. Chlordiazepoxide D. Diazepam B. Morphine Prescription cough medicines today often include _______, a safer alternative to heroin. A. amphetamine B. barbital C. codeine D. diazepam C. codeine The natural painkiller in the human body is: A. melatonin. B. endorphin. C. serotonin. D. epinephrine. B. endorphin. The world's most commonly consumed psychoactive drug is: A. barbiturate. B. cocaine. C. caffeine. D. opium. C. caffeine. Which of the following can occur as a consequence of mild-to-moderate intake of tea and energy drinks? A. Increased heart rate B. Better motor coordination C. Decreased alertness D. Nausea A. Increased heart rate Mary is a coffee lover. However, heeding her friend's advice, she resolves to stop her coffee consumption for good. Mary is most likely to show the withdrawal effect of: A. increased energy. B. elated mood. C. headache. D. increased concentration. C. headache. Which of the following is true of nicotine? A. It reduces heart rate. B. It relaxes the autonomic nervous system. C. It arouses the skeletal muscles. D. It increases respiration rate. D. It increases respiration rate. Which of the following is a powerful stimulant that is more difficult to quit and also reduces blood supply to skin tissue? A. Nicotine B. Caffeine C. Endorphin D. Heroin A. Nicotine How does cocaine induce a sense of exhilaration? A. By decreasing the activity of the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain B. By producing a long but mild sense of euphoria C. By increasing the higher social regulatory functions of the cerebral cortex D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses D. By increasing the availability of dopamine and serotonin in synapses Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one motivated and elevates mood? A. Opioids B. Caffeine C. Nicotine D. Amphetamines D. Amphetamines Which of the following conditions is a predominant feature of amphetamine psychosis? A. Hallucination B. Nausea C. Hypersomnia D. Narcolepsy A. Hallucination Which of the following is also known as the love drug? A. Opium B. Ecstasy C. Cocaine D. LSD B. Ecstasy According to new research, which drug is found to be effective for treating post-traumatic stress disorder? A. Cocaine B. LSD C. MDMA D. Heroin C. MDMA Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies? A. Antibodies B. Endocannabinoids C. Free radicals D. Antioxidants B. Endocannabinoids Which of the following is a hallucinogen that is also recommended and prescribed for people who suffer chemotherapy-related nausea or the involuntary weight loss due to AIDS? A. Dextroamphetamine B. Oxycodone C. Marijuana D. Ecstasy C. Marijuana ______ is a synthesized form of the derivative of the grain fungus ergot. A. Ecstasy B. Cocaine C. Marijuana D. LSD D. LSD Altered visual perceptions such as seeing the tracks that your hand makes when you move it through the air usually happens when one ingests: A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25. B. methamphetamine. C. methylenedioxymethamphetamine. D. amphetamine sulfate. A. lysergic acid diethylamide-25. For some people, LSD use can lead to panic and negative experiences known as: A. euphoria. B. spiritual experiences. C. bad trips. D. bulimia nervosa. C. bad trips. Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights? A. Ecstasy B. Psilocybin C. Morphine D. LSD B. Psilocybin
ch 5 cont
______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. A. Crystallized B. Alternative C. Fluid D. Amorphous C. Fluid Problems that require finding relationships, understanding implications, and drawing conclusions all require ______________ intelligence. A. fluid B. alternative C. crystallized D. amorphous A. fluid Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. A. amorphous B. crystallized C. alternative D. fluid B. crystallized Which of the following statements is true regarding crystallized intelligence? A. Crystallized intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning. B. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence crystallized intelligence. C. Typically, crystallized intelligence is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood. D. Crystallized intelligence is strengthened in middle adulthood. Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. B. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. C. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. D. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education. A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. Which of the following is most likely to reduce cognitive decline with aging? A. Reading in early childhood B. Sleeping for more than 8 hours every day C. Exercising D. Playing a musical instrument C. Exercising One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. A. fluid intelligence B. wisdom C. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence D. crystallized intelligence B. wisdom _______________ is an unusual degree of loss in cognitive functions and includes memory problems and difficulty reasoning, solving problems, making decisions, and using language. A. Bipolar disorder B. Cerebral palsy C. Huntington's disease D. Dementia D. Dementia Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia? A. Age B. Gender C. Ethnicity D. Social class A. Age Which of the following is true about dementia? A. Aging is a necessary and sufficient cause of dementia. B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly. C. Dementia can lead to multiple strokes among the elderly. D. Pruning in early childhood is a significant cause of dementia in late adulthood. B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly. When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________. A. Parkinson's disease B. a bipolar disorder C. a stroke D. Alzheimer's disease C. a stroke ________________ is a degenerative disease marked by progressive cognitive decline with symptoms including confusion, memory loss, mood swings, and eventual loss of physical function. A. Down's syndrome B. Alzheimer's disease C. Schizophrenia D. Bipolar disorder B. Alzheimer's disease _______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly. A. Bipolar disorder B. Schizophrenia C. Down syndrome D. Alzheimer's disease D. Alzheimer's disease The defining anatomical feature of Alzheimer's is ____________. A. the presence of bromelain in the brain B. the absence of synapses in the frontal cortex C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain D. the absence of neurons in the posterior cortex C. the presence of patches of dead tissue in the brain Which of the following statements is true about Alzheimer's disease? A. Early-onset of Alzheimer's affects people younger than 35. B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. C. Alzheimer's accounts for only 10%-20% of the cases of dementia among the elderly. D. Alzheimer's is non-progressive, and hence its fatality level is low. B. Currently, the only way Alzheimer's can be diagnosed definitively is by examining brain tissue after death. Low levels of the neurotransmitter ________________ inhibit memory formation in people with Alzheimer's disease. A. acetylcholine B. dopamine C. serotonin D. norepinephrine A. acetylcholine Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. A. pruning B. neurogenesis C. neural migration D. individuation B. neurogenesis According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation C. integrity and despair Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? A. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. C. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. D. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual. B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the core strength of old age is ________________. A. emotional intelligence B. exuberance C. lack of fear D. wisdom D. wisdom Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. B. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. C. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. D. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it. A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. A. bargaining B. depression C. anger D. denial D. denial Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their last stage in dealing with the end of life is ____________. A. acceptance B. depression C. anger D. denial A. acceptance _______________ focus on the overall needs of the patient and family members, such as physical comfort, emotional care, and a dignified death. A. Hospitals B. Intensive care units C. Hospices D. Diagnostic centers C. Hospices ______________ is by far the most popular form of technology used in infancy. A. Computer B. Cellphone C. Video game D. Television D. Television According to research, video games can _____________. A. enhance mathematical skills in adolescents B. impair linguistic skills C. impair motor skills D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking D. enhance cognitive skills such as visual tracking According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. A. overweight B. blind C. depressed D. violent A. overweight Beginning at age _____, children are quite mobile, able to get around, speak in sentences, and have motor coordination which allows them to draw and write. A. 1 B. 3 C. 9 D. 12 B. 3 Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? A. Infants B. Babies C. Adolescents D. Elderly adults C. Adolescents Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens. A. Heavy multitasking teens are able to filter out more irrelevant information than any other age group in any given situation. B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle. C. While driving and using a hands-free cell phone, the reaction time and coordination of teens is much better than someone who is legally drunk. D. Light multitaskers are less likely to get distracted while working on problem-solving tasks. B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle. The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. A. talking on cell phones B. exposed to violence in video games C. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles D. texting in the classroom B. exposed to violence in video games Which of the following terms can be defined as the willful and repeated harm inflicted through the medium of electronic text? A. Cyberbullying B. Phishing C. Pruning D. Brandjacking A. Cyberbullying Most developmental psychologists place ______ between the ages of 40 and 60 or 65. A. middle adulthood B. late adulthood C. emerging adulthood D. early adulthood A. middle adulthood
HW 4
__________________ occurs when information from our five senses leaves a small, momentary trace in our brain unless we pay attention to and process this information. Sensory memory Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank and asks him to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is examining his ______________ memory. iconic The string of digits 1776149217871941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 1776, 1492, 1787, and 1941 in a process called _________________ makes it easier. chunking According to Alan Baddeley (2003, 2007), the first step in the working memory process is __________. paying attention to a stimulus More participants in a study can recall the words in the beginning and in the end of a list than can recall words in the middle of a list. This is called __________. the serial position effect _________________ are mental frameworks formed from our experiences with the world that help us interpret, store, and remember related experiences, concepts, and behaviors. Schemas Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that the __________. brain makes associations by simultaneously activating several nodes In the human sensory memory system, which of the following senses does not have its own sensory cortex? taste Hebb's law states that __________. neurons that fire together wire together One neurological reason why our memories and our emotions are so closely linked is that __________. the amygdala and the hippocampus are close together Karen gives Mike her phone number. Which part of Mike's memory is storing Karen's number temporarily while he searches for a piece of paper on which to write it down? short-term memory The tendency to preferentially recall words at the end of a list is known as the recency effect. Implicit memory is based on prior experiences. Eric Kandel concluded that "practice makes perfect, even in" a snail. What is retroactive interference? when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned information Michael tried to commit suicide with a low-caliber pistol, but he survived. He sustained brain damage to his temporal and frontal lobes as a result. One effect of his brain damage is that he cannot retain new information that he's encountered since the accident. What type of amnesia does Michael have? anterograde How did Daniel Tammet memorize pi to more than 22,500 digits? He is a synesthete, and he remembered a landscape of shapes and colors. What happened to H.M. to cause his loss of memory? He was hit by a bicyclist. The first step toward the creation of a long-term memory is _________. sensation ______ is the process of transforming what you want to remember into a smaller set of meaningful units. Chunking Casey says he'll never forget the look on her face the day he told his mother he got accepted into graduate school. This memory is an example of episodic memory. You learned the names of the 50 states and the capitol of each one when you were 10 years old. This is an example of semantic memory. Procedural memory involves learning a skill. Which of the following scenarios is the best example of working memory? As her teacher lectures, Lucy tries to connect the new information she is hearing to information she has already stored in her memory. Which of the following scenarios is most likely to result in a sensory memory being sent to short term memory? Malia is eating Indonesian food for the first time. She loves the way it tastes and slowly savors each bite. If you look around the room at everyone and everything, your eyes will take in a lot of visual information. This is called _______memory. sensory Katie is very excited because she has just learned how to button her own shirt. This ability to remember how to button her shirt is part of ________ memory. procedural What is declarative memory? Declarative memory involves both factual knowledge and personally experienced events. Semantic memories are an example of declarative memory. Which of the following is an example of a procedural memory? Remembering how to drive a manual transmission car The process by which information gets into memory storage is called encoding. In thinking about memory like a computer, encoding would be like keyboard. Roger is on a date with Kara in a crowded restaurant. In order to pay attention to what Kara is saying, Roger must "tune out" all of the other noises in the restaurant and just focus on her voice. This is an example of selective attention. Jamal likes to study while listening to music. His ability to focus on both his homework and the music at the same time is an example of divided attention. During a psychology lecture, you check your social media updates regularly on your mobile device. Which of the following statements is FALSE? Because you are less focused, you are more likely to encode information for memory. It has been said that ______ is the Achilles heel of our justice system. eyewitness testimony A witness's memory is often unreliable and can easily be led astray by examiners. Eyewitnesses may be focused on their own -thoughts. -activities. -conversations. Which of the following statements about real eyewitnesses is FALSE? Eyewitnesses pick up details, such as the activities, behaviors, and conversations of the criminals, because they are usually paying attention to what people around them are doing and saying.
Can negative reinforcers be punishers?
Yes, because negative reinforcers decrease desired behaviors ???
remote association
_________________ is a way of testing the creativity of a person, whereby three words at one time are displayed to the participant, who must then come up with a single word that can be used with all three of the words
What is Conditioned Response (CR)?
a behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with a CS
What are narcotics?
a drug or other substance affecting mood or behavior and sold for nonmedical purposes, especially an illegal one (ex: heroin, morphine, codeine)
What is classical conditioning?
a form of associative learning in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a stimulus to which one has an automatic, inborn response
Helen Mayberg stumbled on a surprising and counterintuitive discovery; she found that:
a particular part of brain is overactive in depressed people.
What is Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
a previously neutral input that an organism learns to associated with a UCS
What is insomnia?
a sleep disorder characterized by difficulty falling and staying asleep, as well as not feeling rested; (taking more than 20 minutes to fall asleep, having trouble staying asleep)
What is hypnosis?
a state characterized by focused attention, suggestibility, absorption, lack of voluntary control over behavior, and the suspension of critical faculties; it occurs when instructed by someone trained in hypnosis; and it may be therapeutic
When a blood vessel that serves the brain is blocked, the brain tissue served by that vessel does not receive the oxygen and nutrients it needs, and so the tissue dies. This is referred to as _____________.
a stroke
What is cataplexy?
a weakness of facial muscles and the muscles in limbs
Which of the following terms refers to inherited solutions to ancestral problems that have been naturally selected because they directly contribute in some way to reproductive success?
adaptation
What is accommodation? *look at slide 8*
adapting schemas to include new experiences
What is the most widely used and abused drug in our society?
alcohol
What does marijuana do to the body?
alters mood to create euphoria and changes perception, especially one's perception of time and food. It makes time appear to slow down and makes food more desirable.
______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly.
alzheimer's disease
Which of the following terms refers to synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system that keeps one energetic and motivated?
amphetamines
By virtue of its prime location, the ______________ plays a key role in determining the emotional significance of stimuli, especially when they evoke fear.
amygdala
Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario.
animistic thinking
If you hit your head and you forget what happened for the first 15 minutes after your accident happened, you experienced ______________ and may also experience ________________.
anterograde amnesia; a little retrograde amnesia
In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women.
anxious and self-doubting
Mothers who _______________ are more likely to have infants who are temperamentally "difficult" and "fussy."
are depressed or anxious
Classical conditioning occurs when an organism ___________
associates a previously neutral stimulus with a stimulus to which it has an automatic, inborn response
When Anna was a child, a dog named Max used to bark at her whenever she walked past him, and even bit her once. As an adult, whenever she meets a pet named Max, her palms start to sweat and her heart races. What is Anna's behavior an example of?
association
What is the traditional learning theory?
assumes that the principles of conditioning are universal
Annie has learned to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used: in the middle of a sentence. at the end of a sentence. at the beginning of a sentence. only in isolated cases.
at the end of a sentence
In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers.
attachment
There is a great deal of overlap between neuroscience and ______________ psychology. The latter is an older term that is being replaced by behavioral neuroscience in contemporary psychology
biological
The point at which the optic nerve exits the eye is the ________ of the retina
blind spot
__________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped.
cell assemblies
Atmospheric perspective:
comes from looking across a vast space into the distance in the outdoors.
The last process of the scientific method is to ___________.
communicate
Multitasking _____ learning.
compromises
According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe
concrete operational
According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage.
concrete operational
A(n) ____________ is a previously neutral input that an organism leans to associate with an unconditioned stimulus.
conditioned stimulus
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.
conditioned stimulus (CS)
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____.
conditioned stimulus (CS) 289
In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he called the kind of learning he observed the ___________.
conditioning of reflexes
An additional variable whose influence cannot be separated from the independent variable being examined is termed as a(n) _________.
confounding variable
How does attachment start?
contact comfort, familiarity, and responsive parenting
In a descriptive research design, a researcher will:
define a problem and variable of interest.
Motivation
defined as the urge to move toward one's goals
During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________.
develop the ability to perform mental operations on real, or concrete, objects and events
What is the primary sex characteristics?
directly related to reproduction; (body structures directly concerned with reproduction) allows us to tell males from females, such as the penis in men and the vagina in women
In the context of electronic interactions, being publicly private means:
disclosing a lot of details of your private life.
What is Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory?
dreams operate on two distinct levels of consciousness.
Coping strategy aimed to regulate the experience of distress
emotion focused problem solving
When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______.
enactive learning
Which of the following terms refers to a class of marijuana-like chemicals produced by human bodies?
endocannabinoids
One longitudinal study evaluated 1,000 New Zealand children over an 18-year period to try to understand what childhood temperament predicts about adult personality and behavior. Eighteen years after the initial assessment, the individuals whose parents had classified them as undercontrolled at age 3 were likely to _____________.
engage in thrill-seeking behaviors
Assimilation CAN lead to ______, ______, and _________.
errors, biases, and prejudice
___________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.
ethology
Cocaine users report:
euphoria, enhanced mental and physical capacity, a decrease in hunger, and more
Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited:
excellent memories
The __________ potentials bring the neuron closer to threshold, while the _______ potentials bring it farther away from threshold.
excitatory; inhibitory
According to recent research, the ______ occurs because two different parts of the brain, which are normally kept separate, get activated simultaneously by the same stimulus.
experience of synesthesia
In operant conditioning, ____________ occurs when a behavior stops being reinforced
extinction ???
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a(n) ____________ neurotransmitter.
inhibitory
There are three types of ________ attachment, infants lack the ability to engage in effective play and exploration.
insecure
According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________.
integrity and despair
When the central tenet of knowing is not what people think and believe, but rather how nature behaves, then we must accept the data and follow them wherever they take us. This attitude is known as __________.
intellectual honesty
Erik Erikson defined ______________ as the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.
intimacy
The colored part of the eye, which is called the _______, adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye.
iris
Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________.
observational learning 306
What is cohort effects?
occurs when a group of people is different due not to age, but to a common historical event which affected all of the people at that age (Vietnam War)
What is psychological dependence?
occurs when people compulsively use a substance to alleviate boredom, regulate mood, or cope with the challenges of everyday life
The all-or-none principle states that:
once the threshold has been crossed, an action potential either fires or it does not.
The trichromatic theory of color vision states that all colors humans experience result from a mixture of:
red, blue and green
meditation:
stabilizes attention
What are stimulants?
substances that activate the nervous system; caffeine and nicotine
The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles.
suprachiasmatic nucleus
According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when:
the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others.
Thorndike's law of effect states that ___________
the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated
What is Discriminative Stimulus?
the cue that is present when the behavior is reinforced; the animal learns to exhibit the behavior (EX: rat hitting the lever to get food)
Construct validity
the degree to which a test measures the concept it claims to measure such as intelligence
Kohlberg (1981) developed the "Heinz Dilemma" to assess ___________.
the development of moral reasoning in children
Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention?
the dichotic listening test
*Levels of Morality* What is the preconventional level?
the first level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning, focusing on avoiding punishment or maximizing rewards; (consequences determine morality)
According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them?
the growth of new neurons was inhibited
What is Unconditioned Response (UCR)?
the natural automatic, inborn reaction to a stimulus
What is a Variable Ratio (VR) schedule?
the number of responses needed for reinforcement varies, produces a very steady rate of response, because the individual is not quite sure how many responses are necessary to obtain reinforcement
Interoception is:
the perception of bodily sensations
Synaptic pruning refers to the process during which:
the rarely used synapses die off to make the brain more efficient
In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:
the removal of a stimulus.
Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because:
the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits.
What do psychedelics do to the body?
they alter thought and mood
Group think phenomenon
Sometimes people go to great lengths to do what the group is doing, when it does not make sense, especially in groups engaged in decision-making
Which of the following statements regarding sound waves is true?
Sound waves must travel through some medium or we cannot hear them.
Light enters the eyeballs through the pupils.
True
Linguistic Relativism suggests that language "influences" our thinking, it does not "determine" our thinking. True False
True
Monocular depth cues require only one eye to recognize depth.
True
Nativist theorists propose that language acquisition is more like discovery than learning. True False
True
Organizing and interpretting sensory signals is "perception."
True
Our taste buds are embedded in the folds of papillae.
True
Pain receptors are called "nociceptors."
True
People experience smell by detecting molecules in the air.
True
Personality psychologists consider what makes people's behavior unique
True
Photons are light particles.
True
The cerebellum is responsible for our body movement.
True
The evolution of the size and shape of skulls provides a way to know how the size and shape of the brain has changed.
True
What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator?
Visual imagery
What is alpha waves?
brain waves that occur when one is relaxed and drowsy; they are slower, higher-energy waves than beta waves (when your actively focusing)
Layers of consciousness
Conscious, preconscious & unconscious
Which of the following is a theory of color vision that can account for the color afterimage of the American flag as well as help explain some instances of color blindness?
Opponent process theory
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning?
Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior.
*Drug Dependence* What is physical dependence?
Problems arise when people develop this dependence on a drug to maintain normal function to cope with the challenges of daily life
Which of the following statements is true about pruning?
Problems with neural pruning may result in neurological disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia
___________ refers to practices that appear to be and claim to be science, but in fact do not use the scientific method to come to their conclusions.
Pseudoscience
Which of the following refers to the active ingredient of hallucinogenic mushrooms that is found to trigger fairly stable spiritual insights?
Psilocybin
____________ decrease the frequency of behavior.
Punishers
The second stage of long-term memory formation is
consolidation
A brain scan of someone looking at a car will look very different from someone imagining looking at a car.
false
According to Noam Chomsky, humans are biologically built to fly.
false
An unconditioned response is caused by either a conditioned stimulus or an unconditioned stimulus.
false
Babbling occurs during the first few months of life.
false
Explicit memory refers to memory information that should be ignored.
false
In an interview, responses are limited by the answer choices provided.
false
Ivan Pavlov was a psychologist.
false
Learning occurs when information in short-term memory remains in short-term memory and becomes permanent.
false
Removing the hippocampi from both sides of Molaisan's brain eliminated all his previous memories.
false
Syntax refers to the rules for combining symbols and sounds to express concepts like plurals and possessives.
false
__________ comprises the set of rules for combining symbols and sounds to speak and write a particular language.
grammer
During the process of reuptake, excess neurotransmitter _________.
is returned to the presynaptic neuron for storage in vesicles and future use
Adding a bowl of water to my hamster's cage is a positive event.
true
Language production is associated with Broca's area.
true
Reinforcers are consequences that increase the likelihood of a behavior occuring again.
true
Substance related disorders
Consuming drugs, short on cash
Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory?
D. Attending to a stimulus
The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences.
D. amygdala
Skinner's explanation of language could not fully explain how humans learn languages because: A. it did not take into account the various socioeconomic factors influencing language development. B. it did not explain how different children begin to utter words and sentences at different ages. C. it was found that imitation does not always lead to reinforcement and shaping. D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.
D. it did not explain how new words were uttered without imitation and reinforcement.
Which of the following glands sends hormonal signals to the sex glands, telling them to mature?
Pituitary
Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals? Optimal decision theory Choice modeling theory Causal decision theory Rational choice theory
Rational choice theory
tardive dyskinesia
Repetitive, involuntary movements of jaw, tongue, afce, and mouth resulting from the extended use of traditional antipsychotic drugs.
Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising?
Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.
Weeks 5&6
Sensation (a physical process) we can measure it stimulation of our sense organs by features of the outer world the activation of sensory receptors by external physical stimulus energy conversion of that energy into a neural impulse Perception (a mental process) differ bc personal experiences and beliefs how your brain org and interprets sensory info in a meaningful way meaning that our brain creates the human brain is designed to find meaningful patterns our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us make sense of what we are experiencing Depth Inversion Effect our visual system assumes objects are convex, especially for more familiar things, like faces Sensory Receptors specialized neurons( transduce environmental energy into impulse) in the PNS sense organs that send messages to the CNS via sensory pathways eyes, ears, nose, skin, taste buds take info but doesn't introduce meaning into it. puts pieces together but doesn't translate it Bottom-Up Processing Physical no-brainer process analysis begins with sense receptors that send pieces info up to the brain, which then puts all the pieces together to create meaning sensation TRANSDUCES a physical signal into a neural impulse the brain can understand and interpret Transduction conversion of environmental energy into neural impulses the brain can understand Sensory Adaptation (TEST) BRAIN NOT INVOLVED bottom-up process in which sensitivity decreases when an object constantly stimulates our senses sensory receptors become physically exhausted allows us to use selective attention efficiently *YOUR PERCEPTION FOLLOWS YOUR ATTENTION IF NOT PAYING ATTENTION TO SOMETHING YOU WILL NOT PERCEIVE IT* Top-Down Processing (Perception) existing expectations (biases) influence the interpretation of sensations to happen in a personally meaningful way not always the same for everyone Construction our brains construct our perceptions using our personal experiences, expectations, beliefs and the context (framing) based on the context perception is abt meaning Habituation (TEST) it is a perceptual process of adaptation BRAIN stops paying attention to consistently present or consistently repeated stimuli ALWAYS HAPPENS AFTER SENSORY ADAPTATION can happen bc brain says so or bc adaptation Perceiving Light visual stimuli Brightness (wave's amplitude) dim light = low amplitude bright light = high amplitude Colors (wave's length) reds = long wavelength blues = short wavelength perceptual women see color better than men bc gatherers in the past Psychology of Color Vision human eye = 7,000,000 colors color can affect your productivity and your mood yellow = irritable bc fatiguing for receptors green = relaxation bc easier on the eyes red = appetite blue = suppresses appetite pink = associated with fragility Color Perception Simplified sunlight ( visible light) shines on the apple the apple's surface absorbs all of the wavelengths except red; those are reflected to the human eye the eye receives the reflected wavelengths and sends a red color message to the brain black absorbs all of the colors. no colors reflected the colors you see are the wavelengths that are reflected white means all the colors are reflected sunlight contains all the wavelengths of all colors equally Visual Accommodation the process by which the lens changes shape to help focus near versus far objects onto the retina as you get older the lens gets harder look far = lens relaxes look close = it tightens Retina light sensitive surface on the back of the eye where light gets focused. sends neural impulses to the brain Photoreceptor Layer transduces the light stimuli into neural impulses visual sensory receptor account for nearly 3/4 of all human sensory receptors Rods (sensory receptor) photoreceptors responsible for noncolor and dim light vision Amplitude = process brightness Cones (Color Cone sensory receptor) photoreceptors responsible for color and acuity (sharpness). doesn't work in the dark. wavelength Iris colored muscle arnd the pupil Pupil hole that admits light into the eye Lens accommodation supplies fine focus Fovea area of maximum acuity, cone concentration, center of focus, on the retina where all the cones gathered up rods= on edge What happens? 1. pupil admits light into the eye 2. retina receives light and light gets focused 3. fovea in retina is what has rods and cones.get to work. is it amplitude or wavelength? Optic Nerve bundle of retinal cell axons that carries the neural impulses from the retina to the visual cortex in the brain (and what happens there?) Receptor in the Human Retina Number: Cones = 6 million Rods = 120 million Location in Retina: Cones= center rods= periphery sensitivity in dim light: Cones= low rods= high color sensitive: cones= yes rods= no The "Blind Spot" hole in the retina where photoreceptor axons exit the eye to form the optic nerve insensitive to light (no rods or cones- it's a hole) a small object that falls on the blind spot is "invisible" what do you see instead? brain makes up stuff based on context. it's in the periphery with the rods Trichromatic Theory (TEST) says that the patterns of neural activity in 3 different cone types in the retina create normal color perception takes place in retina red green blue each cone fires at different frequencies to make a color if perfect color it fires with more frequency Afterimage if stare at red afterimage will be green bc exhausted red sensory adaptation means fatiguing message (reason of afterimages) adaptation plus opponent process= afterimages! Opponent Process Theory FOUR primary colors red-green blue-yellow HAPPENS IN THE BRAIN 2nd place once light in retina brain divides them into pairs LGN cell sends info of color to brain and tells red not green or blue not yellow when one color is activated, the opponent is inhibited in that cell's point in visual space OP happens in the LGN of the thalamus, NOT in the retina LGN Cell The lateral geniculate nucleus is a relay center in the thalamus for the visual pathway. It receives a major sensory input from the retina. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe, particularly the primary visual cortex. Perceptual Organization organization the visual world into separate entities object discrimination foraging, adaptive survival, natural selection sex-linked inheritance Colorblindness can't see any colors Monochromats either have no cones, cones that aren't working, or damage to neural pathways for color-processing Color Deficiency red-green or blue-yellow deficiency can't see brightness differences cannot distinguish opponent pairs Change Blindness a phenomenon of selective attention we can only pay attention to a fraction of sensory input at any given moment recall that unattended stimuli never enter awareness only what we ATTEND gets stored in memory Wavelength Frequency pressure waves in air measured in hertz (Hz) - waves per second Pitch- frequency of wave high pitches= high frequency low pitch= low frequency High amplitude= high volume Threshold the smallest amount of stimulus needed for you to hear it above 80 decibels= damage to hearing Pinna Captures Waves part of ear sticking outside of the head acts like funnel captures pressure waves in air and funnels then into the auditory canal which = rest auditory system Auditory Canal funnels waves that come from the Pinna Tympanic Membrane in the eardrum tightly stretched skin that vibrates when air pressure waves strike it. Vibration sets middle earlobes into movement. They amplify it. Ossicles amplify waves Cochlea snail-shaped structure filled with fluid; transduction happens in here. Organ of Corti on the basilar membrane inside the cochlea pressure waves set basilar membrane in motion Hair Cells on the basilar membrane bend and fire with the motion Auditory Nerve collection of hair cell axons that takes signals to brain Taste (Gustation) taste buds (receptors) papillae (house the taste buds) 5 primary tastes: 1. umami (MSG)- protein 2. sour - ripeness 3. salty - minerals 4. bitter - poison avoidance? 5. sweet - calories Olfaction airborne molecules dissolved in mucus in the nose then attach to the olfactory receptors then trigger a neural impulse Olfactory Pathway olfactory receptors = neural impulse = olfactory nerve = olfactory bulbs (brain) signals don't go to thalamus instead reach olfactory bulbs which part of limphic system. Also associated with memory. Sensory Interaction "flavor" includes both taste and smell. Why does this happen? food selection quality reduces food poisoning recruits odor memory Somesthetic Senses "body senses" skin sense kinesthetic sense vestibular senses Skin Sense touch pain temperature pressure all of these have receptors in the skin Pain Receptors receptors for pain (nociceptors) free nerve endings networked in the skin respond to intense pressure, heat, acids send neural impulses through sensory pathways to CNS brain created "pain" perception Gate-Control Theory addresses both sensory(physical) and cognitive(comes from brain) factors of pain pain involves an emotional, top-down component spinal cord contains pain "gates" "gate" opens when small fibers are activated nociceptor signals (tissue damage) - nociceptor up to brain cognitive signals from unpleasant emotions- from brain down open pain gates emotions can increase pain gates with fear Stopping Pain "gate" closes when large fibers are activated sensory signals other than nociceptors cognitive signals from pleasurable emotions and thinking chemicals- endorphins and their agonists "kill" pain by blocking the pain signals from entering the brain endorphins naturally decrease brain WHOLE BRAIN PROCESSES PAIN Kinesthetic Sense your "activity" sense tells you the location of your individual body parts in relation to the ground and each other mostly located in joint tissues proprioceptors Vestibular Sense "whole body" sensations of motion, balance, position arise from fluid motion in inner ear vestibular canals Sensory Conflict Theory when visual info conflicts with vestibular info, dizziness, nausea, etc., may happen. Perceptual Organization Again top-down process (individualized by experience) how your brain makes sense of sensations makes the world meaningful sometimes "hides" certain changes in stimuli so that they continue to appear constant to you (and therefore make sense) Perceptual Constancy the tendency to perceive objects as unchanging even when they actually change at the sensation level works only when the entire scene (context) changes simultaneously ex: blind spot if everything I see affected the same way then I wouldn't know change happened Color Constancy in sunlight all wavelengths are approximately equal in intensity in fluorescent light, blue wavelengths are more intense perceptually? stays constant but actual physical sensation change sensationally? change perceiving familiar objects as having a consistent color, even when a changing light source changes the wavelengths that are reflected TERM Purkinje Shift (TEST) DEFINITION when getting dark you lose long waves first and then short waves last one lose is blue cones quit working and rods take over LOCATION TERM Brightness Constancy DEFINITION the apparent brightness of an object stays the same even when the luminance(intensity of reflected light) changes perception doesn't change when intensity changes. sensational change. LOCATION Size constancy size constancy is the tendency to interpret a familiar object as always being the same actual size, regardless of its retinal size (which gets smaller with distance) Perceptual Size brain magnifies things it thinks are far away Shape Constancy the tendency to perceive the shape of a familiar object as being constant, even when its retinal shape changes Perception of Depth images on the retina are 2-D so how do we perceive 3-D (depth)? Answer: CUE Approach CUE Approach we learn the connection between cues and depth through experience, yileding 3-D perceptions Depth Perception divided into 2 types binocular and monocular Binocular depth cues that involve comparing the left and right eye images (2 eyes) Monocular depth cues that appear in the image in either the left or right eye Monocular Cues (pictorial depth cues) cues for perceiving depth based on one eye Ponzo Illusion (TEST) capitalizes on the brain's use of distance cues to distort size perception *brain magnifies objects based on context Muller-Lyer Illusion culture more common in industrialized societies Moon Illusion (TEST) comparison with horizon objects leads to the subjective magnification of moon the higher it is, the smaller it looks when the brain sees something distant it magnifies it Binocular Cues cues for perceiving depth based on both eyes 1.retinal disparity- images from the two eyes differ closer the object, the larger the disparity disparity contributes to depth perception 2.convergence neuromuscular cue your eyes turn inward (converge) to view a close object brain converts muscular tension in eye into depth perception Perceptual Set (perceptual expectancy) the tendency to perceive things a certain way because previous experiences influence that peception Linear Perspective the perception that parallel lines converge Relative Size looking at 2 objects we expect to be a similar size, the one that looks smaller will be judged to be farther away Interposition objects closer to us may block part or our view of more distant objects (skyscrapers) Aerial Perspective "relative clarity." we can see nearby objects more clearly than one far away Texture Gradient texture or grain of an object appears finer as distance increases Motion Parallax perceptions of objects in motion where close objects appear move faster than far objects Remember (TEST) all sensory info goes to the thalamus first except for smell sensory conflict theory when visual info conflicts with vestibular info, dizziness, nausea, etc., may happen. why would your brain do this to you?
Depressants slow down central nervous system activity. True False
T
"fMRI" is used to measure actual brain activity.
True
SCN lesions disrupt _________ _______.
circadian rhythms
What is input?
refers to whether stimulation is internal or external
Epigenetics is the study of how ____________.
the environment affects gene expression
What does neuroscientific research on hypnosis indicate?
It is a real activity that the brain experiences
Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory?
It is driven by attention
Typically, a fertilized egg (ovum) travels down the fallopian tube and into the uterus.
True
Typically, girls begin puberty about the age of 11 and boys about the age of 13.
True
When a neuron is at "resting potential," there is no action potential.
True
What is beta waves?
rapid, low-energy brain waves that occur when one is awake (what you see when you're awake)
To be effective, reinforcers have to be things that ___________.
the learner wants
What is mode?
the mental state- from logical (wakeful) to loose-illogical (dreaming)
Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior?
the perceptual load theory
Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience?
A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas
Behavior threshold
the point at which one moves from not having a particular response to having one
What is the developmental phenomena of the sensorimotor stage?
-object performance -stranger anxiety
A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory.
B. recovered
A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior.
B. reinforcer
According to Kohlberg, how would a child whose thought is at the conventional level of moral reasoning respond to the Heinz dilemma?
"Heinz should not steal the drug, because stealing is wrong."
In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates:
B. the addition of a stimulus.
Hypnosis can:
-alter sensory perceptions (smell, vision, time sense, ability to see visual illusions) -reduce frequency of learned behaviors (smoking, biting nails) -reduce anxiety and pain
What is the developmental phenomena of the concrete operational stage?
-conservation -mathematical transformations
Nicotine is:
-highly addictive; activates acetylcholine receptors -smokers often report feelings of stimulation as well as relaxation and alertness
(postconventional level) -the right thing to do= ______, _______ -rules within you may conflict with ________ _____
-humane, justice -society's rules
Children begin to interact socially during play at about age ____________. A. two B. three C. four D. five
B. three
The sense that is least well developed in the fetus is ___________. A. taste B. vision C. hearing D. touch
B. vision
In babies, the babbling stage usually ends at around: 2 months. 6 months. 18 months. 12 months.
12 months.
Adolescence is the transition period between childhood and early adulthood, beginning at about age 11 or 12 and lasting until around age _____________.
18
Frieda learns to make two-word utterances. As others usually do not grasp the meanings of the words she utters, her parents often serve as translators. Considering these factors, Frieda's age would be about: 6 months. 18 months. 24 months. 12 months.
18 months.
In which year did Wundt set up a psychology laboratory in Leipzig, Germany, now considered the birthplace of experimental psychology?
1879
By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's.
3 or 4
At it's peak, a baby's brain is creating ________________ new neurons every minute.
30 million
By the age of ______________, babies can discriminate between fearful and happy faces.
7 months
Human Language
A communication systems specific to homo sapiens; it is open & symbolic, has rules of grammar & allows its users to express abstract & distant ideas
Which of the following is an example of naturalistic observation?
A developmental psychologist watches, from behind a hidden window, the play patterns of four-year-olds.
A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate? A mind map Visual imagery A mental model A parallel distributed network
A mental model
A bird has feathers and wings. It is a living thing, and it can move. It is a puffing or a canary. What does the example illustrate? A mind map Visual imagery A mental model A parallel distributed network
A parallel distributed network
130-140
A person is usually described as 'gifted' if he or she has an IQ in the range of ________________
Which of the following situations is most likely to occur according to the law of effect?
A person who receives a reply that is more interesting than an ongoing lecture is more likely to keep on texting. 292
Nathan's uncle asks him whether Chihuahua is to dog as flamingo is to bird. Which of the following statements is true about this scenario? A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence. B. This problem can be answered by Nathan using raw mental ability and abstract reasoning. C. Neither culture nor vocabulary influence Nathan's ability to answer this problem. D. Nathan's ability to answer this problem does not depend on his learning and education.
A. This is an example of a problem for which Nathan requires crystallized intelligence.
According to the research conducted by Vandewater, Shim, & Caplovitz in 2004, heavy amounts of video gaming--but not TV viewing--are associated with being ______ in children. A. overweight B. blind C. depressed D. violent
A. overweight
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop? A. Formal operational B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Sensorimotor
A. Formal operational
Which of the following is true about integrity in of the context of Erik Erikson's theory of personality development? A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together. B. Integrity is being informed and knowledgeable about life. C. Integrity is the creation of new ideas, products, or people. D. Integrity is the ability to fuse one's identity with another's without the fear of losing it.
A. Integrity is the sense that all of one's life decisions are coming together.
Identify a true statement about visual representation. A. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived. B. It is found that the brain is less active during visual imagery than it is during visual perception. C. It usually occurs only through verbal formulation of thoughts. D. It refers to the ability of classifying one's thoughts and perceptions into concepts and categories.
A. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.
____________ can be defined as the process by which events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health. A. Prenatal programming B. Neuron migration C. Pruning D. Generativity
A. Prenatal programming
refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns.
A. Procedural memory
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop? A. Sensorimotor B. Preoperational C. Concrete operational D. Formal operational
A. Sensorimotor
Which of the following is true about pregnancy sickness? A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness. B. Pregnancy sickness is worst during the second trimester of pregnancy. C. Foods such as cheese and mushrooms help reduce pregnancy sickness. D. Pregnancy sickness is also known as "evening sickness."
A. The body has its own built-in toxin detector called pregnancy sickness.
Which of the following is true of concepts? A. They help us organize our perceptions of the world. B. They consist of visual representations created by the brain once the original stimulus gets activated. C. They are structures in the mind that stand for an external object or thing sensed in the present. D. They refer to the visual sensations in one's mind after the sensory stimulation begins.
A. They help us organize our perceptions of the world.
Which of the following senses develops to a greater extent after birth as compared to the fetal stage? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Taste D. Smell
A. Vision
the last word in a sentence first
According to scientists, children employ the recency the effect when learning languages. It means that children usually tend to learn:
What does the AIM stand for?
Activation, input, and mode
Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology?
Adolescents
Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic?
After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.
Which of the following best describes a scenario exemplifying the availability heuristic? Kelly concludes that tall men are intimidating on the basis of just one bad experience with a tall man. Once the tossed coin comes down heads, Gogol expects the next coin to be more likely to be tails than heads. Once Jon scores two goals, most of his teammates start passing him the ball more often on the assumption that he is "on the ball." After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.
After a recent news story about a disastrous plane crash, Terry is skeptical about flying in an airplane.
After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. A. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus B. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place C. experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly D. is made to think about the situation and the stimulus B. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) B. unconditioned response (UCR) C. conditioned stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR) x The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________. A. stimulus generalization B. habituation C. shaping D. backward conditioning C. shaping While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer? A. The words "good dog" B. The treat C. The word "sit" D. Mark B. The treat Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________. A. dark adaption B. learning by association C. mimicry D. habituation C. mimicry A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. A. catalyst B. reinforcer C. converter D. unconditioned stimulus B. reinforcer Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________. A. conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented B. unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus C. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time. A. variable-interval schedule B. variable-ratio schedule C. fixed-interval schedule D. fixed-ratio schedule x In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) B. unconditioned response (UCR) C. conditioned stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR) x Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? A. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. B. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. D. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction. C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. A. explicit conditioning B. operant conditioning C. observational conditioning D. backward conditioning B. operant conditioning There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______. A. dark adaptation B. learning by association C. mimicry D. habituation D. habituation In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: A. the desirability of a stimulus. B. the addition of a stimulus. C. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. D. the effectiveness of a stimulus. B. the addition of a stimulus. Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? A. Primary reinforcers are learned by association. B. Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. D. Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers. C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. A. behaviors B. habits C. stimuli D. reflexes D. reflexes ____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. A. Reinforcers B. Punishers C. Stimulators D. Converters B. Punishers Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. A. positive reinforcement B. positive punishment C. negative reinforcement D. negative punishment D. negative punishment The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________. A. conditioned learning B. latent learning C. implicit learning D. operant learning B. latent learning Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? A. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. B. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. C. Learning and memory work separately. D. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory. x From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. A. talk B. listen C. lift D. run A. talk ____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. Reinforcers Punishers Stimulators Converters Punishers While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer? The words "good dog" The treat The word "sit" Mark The treat In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR conditioned stimulus (CS) Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. Learning and memory work separately. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly is made to think about the situation and the stimulus returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______. dark adaptation learning by association mimicry habituation habituation In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: the desirability of a stimulus. the addition of a stimulus. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. the effectiveness of a stimulus. the addition of a stimulus. In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed. fixed-interval schedule variable-interval schedule fixed-ratio schedule variable-ratio schedule variable-interval schedule Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement negative punishment negative punishment From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. talk listen lift run talk Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________. dark adaption learning by association mimicry habituation mimicry Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. behaviors habits stimuli reflexes reflexes In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) conditioned response (CR) In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: the desirability of a stimulus. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. the removal of a stimulus. the effectiveness of a stimulus. the removal of a stimulus. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between: the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. the sight of Pavlov and salivation. the meat powder and salivation. salivation and the sound of the apparatus. the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. _____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment. Instinctive drift Conditioned response Stimulus generalization Backward conditioning Instinctive drift Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. habituation stimulus generalization extinction backward conditioning extinction Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________. enactive learning integrative learning latent learning operant learning enactive learning According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis? Hank, who loves interacting with his classmates Velma, who is learning how to play the piano Jack, who takes part in running races Celeste, who reads books Jack, who takes part in running races ____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth. Imprinting Habituation Association Shaping Imprinting Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions? Cerebellum Amygdala Hippocampus Corpus callosum Hippocampus Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? Adults can learn aggression through both reinforcement and punishment. Adults can teach aggression to children by reinforcing children's aggressive behavior. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. Newborn Kayla smiles when she sees her father smile. This is most likely a result of which of the following physiological processes? The firing of mirror neurons The presence of reinforcement The activation of the parasympathetic nervous system The activation of conditioned stimulus The firing of mirror neurons Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? It shows that most animals learn through classical and not operant conditioning. It claims that animals are primed from birth to readily learn some things but not others. It describes how a previously neutral stimulus can suddenly stimulate a response. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning. Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit? Imprinting Habituation Stimulus generalization Operant conditioning Operant conditioning ____________ provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning. Stimulus discrimination Spontaneous recovery Association Imprinting Imprinting Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________. latent learning observational learning integrative learning enactive learning observational learning Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________. positive reinforcers instinctive drifts unconditioned stimuli negative punishments positive reinforcers Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning? Because they could not be observed Because they could lead to treacherous results Because they could not be experimented with Because they were not suitable for group studies Because they could not be observed When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______. enactive learning observational learning operant learning latent learning enactive learning Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________. observational learning enactive learning operant learning latent learning observational learning What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models. Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation. habituation period spontaneous recovery period sensitivity period synaptic change period sensitivity period People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully? Conscientiousness Agreeableness Extraversion Intuitiveness Extraversion Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior. unconditioned stimulus discriminating stimulus reinforcer converter reinforcer Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch. Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory? Connecting an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus Having experiences repeated over a short period of time Converting a change in response into habituation Connecting a conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus Having experiences repeated over a short period of time Which of the following statements is true regarding imprinting? Imprinting occurs only in humans. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all. Imprinting provides clear evidence of synaptic change. Imprinting can be learned at any age. ...
After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. A. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus B. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place C. experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly D. is made to think about the situation and the stimulus B. returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) B. unconditioned response (UCR) C. conditioned stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR) x The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior is called ___________. A. stimulus generalization B. habituation C. shaping D. backward conditioning C. shaping While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer? A. The words "good dog" B. The treat C. The word "sit" D. Mark B. The treat Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________. A. dark adaption B. learning by association C. mimicry D. habituation C. mimicry A(n) ____________ is defined as any internal or external event that increases the frequency of a behavior. A. catalyst B. reinforcer C. converter D. unconditioned stimulus B. reinforcer Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________. A. conditioned response occurs before the neutral stimulus is presented B. unconditioned stimulus is presented before the neutral stimulus C. unconditioned stimulus is presented at the same time as the neutral stimulus D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus D. neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus In a ____________, reinforcement always follows the first response after a set amount of time. A. variable-interval schedule B. variable-ratio schedule C. fixed-interval schedule D. fixed-ratio schedule x In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. A. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) B. unconditioned response (UCR) C. conditioned stimulus (CS) D. conditioned response (CR) x Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? A. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. B. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. D. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction. C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. A. explicit conditioning B. operant conditioning C. observational conditioning D. backward conditioning B. operant conditioning There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______. A. dark adaptation B. learning by association C. mimicry D. habituation D. habituation In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: A. the desirability of a stimulus. B. the addition of a stimulus. C. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. D. the effectiveness of a stimulus. B. the addition of a stimulus. Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers? A. Primary reinforcers are learned by association. B. Primary reinforcers often satisfy psychological needs. C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. D. Money, grades, and peer approval are primary reinforcers. C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers. Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. A. behaviors B. habits C. stimuli D. reflexes D. reflexes ____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. A. Reinforcers B. Punishers C. Stimulators D. Converters B. Punishers Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. A. positive reinforcement B. positive punishment C. negative reinforcement D. negative punishment D. negative punishment The learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement and is not demonstrated until later when reinforcement occurs, is called ____________. A. conditioned learning B. latent learning C. implicit learning D. operant learning B. latent learning Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? A. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. B. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. C. Learning and memory work separately. D. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory. x From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. A. talk B. listen C. lift D. run A. talk ____________ decrease the frequency of behavior. Reinforcers Punishers Stimulators Converters Punishers While training his dog, Mark first says the word "sit" and once the dog sits, he gives her a treat. Immediately after this, he says, "Good dog!" He repeats the same process many times, and each time his dog sits after listening to his command. In this example, which of the following is the primary reinforcer? The words "good dog" The treat The word "sit" Mark The treat In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, the sound of the bell acted as a(n) _____. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR conditioned stimulus (CS) Once we have mastered the skill of riding a bicycle, we don't have to learn to ride a bicycle every time we want to go for a spin. What is the reason behind this? New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. Information moves from sensory to short-term memory. Learning and memory work separately. Information moves from implicit to explicit memory. New knowledge is stored in networks in the brain. In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. In this study, meat powder acted as a(n) ___________. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) unconditioned stimulus (UCS) After a response has been extinguished, it is quite common for the response to reappear spontaneously if a person ___________. is continuously exposed to the original stimulus returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place experiences the same unconditioned stimulus repeatedly is made to think about the situation and the stimulus returns to the original setting where the conditioning took place There is always a distinct scent of olive oil and serrano chilies whenever Salma enters her aunt's home. She no longer notices the smells after staying a little while inside the house. This scenario is an example of ______. dark adaptation learning by association mimicry habituation habituation In operant conditioning, the word "positive" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: the desirability of a stimulus. the addition of a stimulus. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. the effectiveness of a stimulus. the addition of a stimulus. In a ____________, the first response is reinforced after time periods of different duration have passed. fixed-interval schedule variable-interval schedule fixed-ratio schedule variable-ratio schedule variable-interval schedule Revoking a child's TV-watching privileges for repeatedly hitting a sibling is a form of ___________ if it stops the hitting. positive reinforcement positive punishment negative reinforcement negative punishment negative punishment From birth, animals are inclined toward readily learning some things and not others. Biology makes it possible for humans, but not chimpanzees, to ___________. talk listen lift run talk Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________. dark adaption learning by association mimicry habituation mimicry Pavlov defined ______ as fixed stimulus-response patterns. behaviors habits stimuli reflexes reflexes In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, he presented the sound of a bell along with meat powder to his dogs. After several trials, the dogs learned to salivate to the sound of the bell in the absence of the meat powder. When the dogs salivated only at the sound of the bell and in the absence of meat powder, salivation acted as a(n) _____. unconditioned stimulus (UCS) unconditioned response (UCR) conditioned stimulus (CS) conditioned response (CR) conditioned response (CR) In operant conditioning, the word "negative" (preceding the term "reinforcement" or "punishment") indicates: the desirability of a stimulus. the ineffectiveness of a stimulus. the removal of a stimulus. the effectiveness of a stimulus. the removal of a stimulus. Which of the following statements best describes the concept of operant conditioning? Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. Organisms learn by observing the behavior of others. Organisms learn from their involuntary responses which develop over time. Organisms learn from the consequences of their behavior. When Ivan Pavlov accidentally discovered classical conditioning, a simple association was formed between: the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. the sight of Pavlov and salivation. the meat powder and salivation. salivation and the sound of the apparatus. the sound of the apparatus and the meat powder. Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement? Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces a stronger response in terms of the rate of responding. In continuous reinforcement, reinforcement follows a set number of responses. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. Compared to intermittent reinforcement, continuous reinforcement produces responses that are more resistant to extinction. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. _____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment. Instinctive drift Conditioned response Stimulus generalization Backward conditioning Instinctive drift Dominique had a car accident while driving over a bridge and thereafter developed an intense phobia of driving over bridges. In an effort to cure Dominique's phobia, a psychologist gradually motivated him to drive over bridges. After many sessions of having nonthreatening experiences while driving over bridges, Dominique's phobia was cured. This is an example of ______. habituation stimulus generalization extinction backward conditioning extinction Albert Bandura called learning by doing ____________. enactive learning integrative learning latent learning operant learning enactive learning According to the research of van Praag, Kempermann, and Gage (1999), which of the following people will most likely experience neurogenesis? Hank, who loves interacting with his classmates Velma, who is learning how to play the piano Jack, who takes part in running races Celeste, who reads books Jack, who takes part in running races ____________ is defined as the rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver within a very short period of time after birth. Imprinting Habituation Association Shaping Imprinting Rats that live in enriched laboratory environments show growth in which of the following brain regions? Cerebellum Amygdala Hippocampus Corpus callosum Hippocampus Bandura's famous studies incorporating a Bobo doll were powerful in that they demonstrated which of the following? Adults can learn aggression through both reinforcement and punishment. Adults can teach aggression to children by reinforcing children's aggressive behavior. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. Children can learn aggression through exposure to aggressive adult models. Newborn Kayla smiles when she sees her father smile. This is most likely a result of which of the following physiological processes? The firing of mirror neurons The presence of reinforcement The activation of the parasympathetic nervous system The activation of conditioned stimulus The firing of mirror neurons Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? It shows that most animals learn through classical and not operant conditioning. It claims that animals are primed from birth to readily learn some things but not others. It describes how a previously neutral stimulus can suddenly stimulate a response. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning. Which of the following is most likely to be useful to help people kick the smoking habit? Imprinting Habituation Stimulus generalization Operant conditioning Operant conditioning ____________ provides clear evidence of a sensitivity period in learning. Stimulus discrimination Spontaneous recovery Association Imprinting Imprinting Which of the following young children is most likely to experience the highest neural growth? Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games Maria, whose parents encourage her to indulge in activities such as running Amanda, whose parents painted her room in the colors she likes Julio, whose parents hired an excellent babysitter to watch him during the day Jade, whose parents constantly buy her new toys, action figures, and games Albert Bandura called learning by watching the behavior of others ____________. latent learning observational learning integrative learning enactive learning observational learning Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________. positive reinforcers instinctive drifts unconditioned stimuli negative punishments positive reinforcers Why did Skinner and Watson ignore the role of cognitive and brain processes in learning? Because they could not be observed Because they could lead to treacherous results Because they could not be experimented with Because they were not suitable for group studies Because they could not be observed When people learn from their own successes and failures and from trial and error, it is an example of ______. enactive learning observational learning operant learning latent learning enactive learning Brenda recently joined a new company. She watches how her colleagues dress and act so that she can fit in better. This type of learning is referred to as ___________. observational learning enactive learning operant learning latent learning observational learning What effect does modeling and reward have on learned aggressive behavior? Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. Children's aggressive behavior can be suppressed through punishment. Adults are less likely to demonstrate behavior that they see others being rewarded for. Kids can learn aggression through exposure to amicable adult models. Kids are more likely to copy behavior that they see others being rewarded for. The ____________ refers to a period in learning when a particular type of learning occurs very readily if an animal is exposed to a particular stimulus or situation. habituation period spontaneous recovery period sensitivity period synaptic change period sensitivity period People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully? Conscientiousness Agreeableness Extraversion Intuitiveness Extraversion Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior. unconditioned stimulus discriminating stimulus reinforcer converter reinforcer Which of the following facts regarding reinforcement was noted by Albert Bandura? Negative reinforcement is more effective in shaping behavior than positive reinforcement. Positive reinforcement can be effective only after an unconditioned stimulus is associated with a conditioned stimulus. Punishment is more effective in shaping behavior than negative reinforcement. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch. Reinforcement matters not only for the person carrying out the behavior, but also for those who watch. Which of the following is most likely to be essential for moving an experience from short-term to long-term memory? Connecting an unconditioned stimulus with a conditioned stimulus Having experiences repeated over a short period of time Converting a change in response into habituation Connecting a conditioned response to an unconditioned stimulus Having experiences repeated over a short period of time Which of the following statements is true regarding imprinting? Imprinting occurs only in humans. After a certain age, imprinting cannot be modified at all. Imprinting provides clear evidence of synaptic change. Imprinting can be learned at any age. ...
After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______. A. unable to improve on any standard learning task B. unable to recall any events prior to the surgery C. able to intentionally bringing into awareness much of what he remembered D. unable to form new memories D. unable to form new memories ____________ is the ability to store and use information. A. Amnesia B. Retrieval C. Schema D. Memory D. Memory What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it? A. Sensory memory B. Implicit memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory D. Short-term memory Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in: A. short-term memory. B. sensory memory. C. long-term memory. D. primary memory. C. long-term memory. Which of the following is true about sensory memory? A. Knowledge of how to ride a bike is stored in sensory memory. B. It is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. D. It can be transferred to long-term memory if it is practiced. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. ___________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. A. Short-term memory B. Sensory memory C. False memory D. Long-term memory B. Sensory memory _____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory. A. Adaptation B. Transduction C. Perception D. Sensation D. Sensation ______________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye. A. Iconic B. Implicit C. Echoic D. Working A. Iconic Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank. He is subsequently asked to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is most likely examining his ______________ memory. A. tactile B. iconic C. echoic D. olfactory B. iconic ______________ memory is short-term retention of sounds. A. Procedural B. Echoic C. Explicit D. Working B. Echoic Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information. A. iconic B. semantic C. implicit D. echoic D. echoic _____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. A. Episodic B. Meta C. Sensory D. Short-term D. Short-term Which of the following is true about short-term memory? A. It is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. B. Iconic memory is a kind of short-term memory. C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem. D. It is what most people think of when they think of memory. C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem. Reading, talking, and listening to someone speak involves the: A. sensory memory. B. short-term memory. C. long-term memory. D. echoic memory. B. short-term memory. Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because: A. most people can transfer seven digits into long-term memory instantly, bypassing short-term memory. B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits. C. sensory memory for numbers is very expansive and can handle such large quantities of digits. D. when polled, early phone customers requested this many digits in their phone numbers. B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits. The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier. A. method of loci B. deep processing C. chunking D. rehearsing C. chunking Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Retrieving information from memory B. Rehearsing the stored process C. Storing information about a stimulus D. Attending to a stimulus D. Attending to a stimulus Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Attending to a stimulus B. Retrieving information from memory C. Rehearsing the stored process D. Storing information about a stimulus C. Rehearsing the stored process In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer B. central executive According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the central executive will have trouble _____________ in people who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes. A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment B. remembering new experiences C. processing and recalling language communicated to them D. recalling information about previous injuries A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment In Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ assists the central executive by providing extra storage for a limited number of digits or words for up to 30 seconds at a time. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer A. phonological loop Which of the following best describes the function of the visuospatial sketch pad? A. It permanently stores important distance and travel information, like one's route home. B. It serves as a mental canvas on which thinkers can mentally perform spatial rotation tasks. C. It provides long-term storage for three-dimensional memories. D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos. D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos. Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in: A. implicit memory. B. procedural memory. C. episodic buffer. D. automatic processing. C. episodic buffer. According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ is a temporary store for information that will become long-term memories of specific events. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. episodic buffer D. visuospatial sketch pad C. episodic buffer Which of the following enables one to repeat the information to oneself as long as one needs to retain it? A. The serial position effect B. The rehearsal system C. Priming D. Effortful processing B. The rehearsal system Jacques wants to remember a phone number, so he repeats it aloud until he types and saves the number in his cell phone. He is using the process of: A. rehearsal. B. repression. C. retrieval. D. recognition. A. rehearsal. Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the: A. visuospatial sketch pad. B. central executive. C. phonological loop. D. episodic buffer. C. phonological loop. In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon if short-term memory called: A. the law of primacy. B. the reminiscence bump. C. the serial position effect. D. free recall. C. the serial position effect. Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect? A. When learning a list of items, people are able to recall all the items in serial order. B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. C. Older adults have the tendency to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood. D. The side of a printed media presented first will have greater effectiveness than the side presented subsequently. B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called: A. a Type I error. B. a heuristic. C. the serial position effect. D. retrograde amnesia. C. the serial position effect. The tendency to preferentially recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect. D. primacy effect. The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage. A. primacy B. recency C. halo D. intermediate A. primacy Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect. C. recency effect. Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once she reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called: A. the primacy effect. B. the recency effect. C. proactive interference. D. retroactive interference. B. the recency effect. Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing? A. Sensory memory B. Primary memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory C. Long-term memory When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into: A. semantic memory. B. explicit memory. C. implicit memory. D. episodic memory. C. implicit memory. Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her: A. implicit memory. B. priming. C. semantic memory. D. episodic memory. A. implicit memory. Which of the following is true about implicit memory? A. It is the memory for the experiences one has had. B. It refers to memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. C. It is the conscious recalling of facts and events. D. It cannot be directly recalled. D. It cannot be directly recalled. ____________ refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns. A. Procedural memory B. Sensory memory C. Explicit memory D. Episodic memory A. Procedural memory ___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. A. Encoding B. Priming C. Effortful processing D. Retrieving B. Priming __________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory. A. Semantic; episodic B. Implicit; explicit C. Episodic; semantic D. Explicit; semantic B. Implicit; explicit ________________ memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. A. Procedural B. Implicit C. Explicit D. Echoic C. Explicit Explicit memory refers to: A. something people know or remember but do not consciously know that they remember it. B. knowledge people hold for almost any behavior or physical skill they learn. C. knowledge that can be improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. Which of the following is true about explicit memory? A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. B. Priming is a kind of explicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. C. Explicit memory refers to knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. D. When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously remember it, one is tapping into explicit memory. A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. ______________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge. A. Semantic B. Episodic C. Implicit D. Iconic A. Semantic During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer? A. Episodic memory B. Procedural memory C. Semantic memory D. Sensory memory C. Semantic memory Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory. A. priming B. working C. semantic D. implicit C. semantic _______________ memory is one's memory for the experiences one has had. A. Echoic B. Semantic C. Episodic D. Implicit C. Episodic Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory. A. sensory B. semantic C. implicit D. episodic D. episodic Miguel is having a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident he burned whatever he was cooking. What is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel? A. Consolidation, storage, recognition, recall B. Storage, consolidation, encoding, recognition C. Storage, visuospatial loop, encoding, recall D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval Of the following, ____________ is the first processing stage in long-term memory. A. storage B. retrieval C. encoding D. consolidation C. encoding ________________, as a stage in long-term memory, is the means by which one attends to, takes in, and processes new information. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval B. Encoding How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective: A. retrieval. B. recognition. C. storage. D. encoding. D. encoding. Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It is the retention of memory over time. B. It is the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory. C. It is driven by attention. D. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. C. It is driven by attention. _________________ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. A. Effortful B. Automatic C. Structural D. Phonological B. Automatic Which of the following is true about automatic processing? A. It involves rehearsal of the information. B. It is the basis of semantic memory. C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. D. It goes from short-term to long-term memory. C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing. A. structural B. phonological C. effortful D. automatic D. automatic Which of the following is true about effortful processing? A. It is the basis of semantic memory. B. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. C. Experiences stored with the help of effortful processing are less likely to be recalled later. D. Episodic memory involves effortful processing. A. It is the basis of semantic memory. ____________ processing occurs when one carefully attends and puts conscious effort into remembering information. A. Automatic B. Structural C. Phonological D. Effortful D. Effortful Demir is paying careful attention to his class notes and textbook, trying to master the material for an upcoming exam. Demir is engaging in: A. consolidation. B. automatic processing. C. retrieval. D. effortful processing. D. effortful processing. Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing. A. structural; effortful B. effortful; automatic C. automatic; phonological D. phonological; structural B. effortful; automatic Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing. A. semantic B. phonemic C. automatic D. structural B. phonemic While studying ______________ processing, researchers ask questions such as "Is the word in capital letters?" A. phonemic B. effortful C. structural D. semantic C. structural To study _______________, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word. A. structural processing B. midlevel processing C. semantic processing D. effortful processing B. midlevel processing In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. structural processing D. phonemic processing A. semantic processing Participants in studies of __________________ are asked to think about the meaning of the words. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. effortful processing D. phonemic processing A. semantic processing To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario? A. The method of loci B. A mnemonic device C. Chunking D. Rhyming B. A mnemonic device "ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. A. antonym B. alliteration C. acronym D. synonym C. acronym The second stage of long-term memory formation is: A. storage. B. consolidation. C. retrieval. D. encoding. B. consolidation. Which of the following is true about consolidation as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. B. Consolidation is the retention of memory over time. C. Consolidation helps remember where one put that birthday gift that one had bought earlier. D. The process of consolidation happens in two ways: automatic processing and effortful processing. A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital? A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Consolidation D. Consolidation ____________, the retention of memory over time, is the third stage of long-term memory formation. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval C. Storage Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. The process of storing is driven by attention. B. Storage refers to processes like remembering where one put a birthday gift one had bought earlier. C. A stored memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks. D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks. ________________ can be defined as mental frameworks that develop from one's experiences with particular objects or events. A. Networks B. Data designs C. Hierarchies D. Schemas D. Schemas _________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world. A. Schemas B. Networks C. Hierarchies D. Data designs A. Schemas The psychological process that binds concepts together is termed as: A. consolidation. B. encoding. C. retrieval. D. association. D. association. A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts. A. parallel distributed processing B. tensor product network C. neural network D. associative network D. associative network Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a: A. schema. B. node. C. rod. D. cone. B. node. ______________ are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other. A. Data warehouses B. Associative networks C. Neural networks D. Expert systems C. Neural networks _____________ is a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks. A. Cybernetics B. Parallel distributed processing C. Dynamic systems processing D. Brainstorming B. Parallel distributed processing Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that: A. an individual attempting to encode new information must repeatedly rehearse that information. B. the spread of activation ensures all memories have equal chances of getting stored. C. the neural circuitry involved in long-term retention simultaneously evolved in humans and nonhuman primates. D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes. D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes. Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged? A. Storage B. Retrieval C. Encoding D. Consolidation B. Retrieval Which of the following is true about retrieval as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. B. Psychologists describe two kinds of retrieval process: automatic processing and effortful processing. C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. D. It is the third stage of long-term memory formation. C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. ________________ memories are retrieved without conscious effort. A. Semantic B. Iconic C. Implicit D. Echoic C. Implicit ______________ memories are the ones that require conscious effort for retrieval. A. Explicit B. Procedural C. Working D. Echoic A. Explicit The inability to remember the name of a person only minutes after meeting her, even if he repeats her name immediately after hearing it, is a common __________ problem. A. structural B. morphological C. retrieval D. positioning C. retrieval The _____________ is a region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory. A. renal cortex B. adrenal cortex C. cell cortex D. prefrontal cortex D. prefrontal cortex Hebb's law states that: A. neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses. B. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. C. neurons that fire together wire together. D. when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron, there is a temporary change in the receiving neuron. C. neurons that fire together wire together. ____________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped. A. Feature detectors B. Cell assemblies C. Olfactory neurons D. Glial cells B. Cell assemblies Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that: A. repetition of experiences can actually lead to synaptic death. B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. C. the neuronal basis for memory in lower animals is extremely different than that of humans. D. repeated experience does not strengthen long-term potentiation. B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they: A. facilitate in reconstructing the hippocampus. B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. C. thicken the cortex of the frontal lobes. D. prevent deterioration of the temporal lobes. B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited: A. olfactory deficits. B. an inability to remember their offspring. C. excellent memories. D. aggression toward unfamiliar flies. C. excellent memories. Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory? A. The negative effects of prescription drugs such as Adderall or Ritalin happen only in low doses. B. Caffeine in general and over-the-counter energy drinks have no effects in their capacity to enhance memory. C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation. D. There is nonclinical trial evidence that long-term, foods and drinks rich in flavonoids reduce memory and impair cognitive function. C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation. The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ______ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. A. ginkgo biloba B. portulaca oleracea C. echinacea D. St. John's wort A. ginkgo biloba Which of the following is a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses? A. CREB B. Ghrelin C. Insulin D. GABA A. CREB Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called ______. A. transcranial direct current stimulation B. cortical stimulation C. transcranial magnetic stimulation D. peripheral nerve and field stimulation A. transcranial direct current stimulation Which of the following statements is true about transcranial direct current stimulation? A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe. B. A very high voltage is administered via four or more electrodes placed on the scalp of an individual. C. Research indicates that negatively charged stimulation increases memory in general. D. Transcranial electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe during slow wave sleep impairs recall of word pairs among people. A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe. The _____ cortex is located in the occipital lobes. A. auditory B. visual C. somatosensory D. olfactory B. visual Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes? A. Auditory B. Olfactory C. Somatosensory D. Visual A. Auditory The ______ cortex is located in the parietal lobes. A. visual B. auditory C. somatosensory D. olfactory C. somatosensory Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions? A. Sound B. Taste C. Vision D. Touch B. Taste Memory consolidation takes place in the: A. amygdala. B. prefrontal cortex. C. hippocampus. D. pons. C. hippocampus. Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex. A. encoding B. priming C. retrieving D. rehearsing B. priming Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the: A. subcortex. B. neocortex. C. parietal lobe. D. temporal lobe. A. subcortex. The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences. A. thalamus B. fornix C. hippocampus D. amygdala D. amygdala Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case? A. Inferior colliculus B. Nucleus accumbens C. Amygdala D. Cerebellum C. Amygdala Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will: A. experience a shift from one personality to another when under extreme stress. B. alternate between feelings of extreme hopelessness and extreme elation. C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over. D. experience neurological symptoms such as blindness and paralysis with no organic cause. C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over. _____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. A. Repression B. Interference C. Absent-mindedness D. Blocking B. Interference _____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. A. Long-term B. Output C. Proactive D. Retroactive D. Retroactive Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of: A. retrograde amnesia. B. proactive interference. C. retroactive interference. D. anterograde amnesia. C. retroactive interference _____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. A. Output B. Long-term C. Proactive D. Retroactive C. Proactive Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of: A. decay. B. proactive interference. C. the forgetting curve. D. retroactive interference. B. proactive interference. Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's: A. forgetting curve. B. serial position effect. C. neurological basis for forgetting. D. connection between memory and the amygdala. A. forgetting curve. _____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory. A. Absent-mindedness B. Repression C. Interference D. Blocking A. Absent-mindedness Abdul looks around in his house for his wallet but cannot find it. He realizes that the last time he saw his wallet was at the grocery store. He looks in the freezer and finds his wallet next to the ice cream he bought at the store. Abdul's forgetfulness most likely occurred because: A. the memory of his wallet was transient. B. the memory of the ice cream had persistence. C. his attention was divided. D. he experienced proactive interference. C. his attention was divided. ______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number. A. Suggestibility B. Blocking C. Absent-mindedness D. Interference B. Blocking Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing: A. divided attention. B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. C. proactive interference. D. repression. B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. ______, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. A. Absent-mindedness B. Interference C. Repression D. Suggestibility C. Repression Repression is an example of: A. interference. B. absent-mindedness. C. blocking. D. suggestibility. C. blocking. _____ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source. A. Implanting B. Suggestibility C. Absent-mindedness D. Anterograde amnesia B. Suggestibility _____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something. A. Semantic B. Recovered C. False D. Working C. False Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n): A. false memory. B. repressed memory. C. autobiographical memory. D. recovered memory. A. false memory. False memories are an example of: A. interference. B. blocking. C. repression. D. suggestibility. D. suggestibility. A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory. A. false B. recovered C. blocked D. repressed B. recovered Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n): A. false memory. B. autobiographical memory. C. recovered memory. D. repressed memory. C. recovered memory.
After the removal of his hippocampus, Henry Molaison was ______. A. unable to improve on any standard learning task B. unable to recall any events prior to the surgery C. able to intentionally bringing into awareness much of what he remembered D. unable to form new memories D. unable to form new memories ____________ is the ability to store and use information. A. Amnesia B. Retrieval C. Schema D. Memory D. Memory What part of memory stores limited information long enough to remember a phone number before one dials it? A. Sensory memory B. Implicit memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory D. Short-term memory Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in: A. short-term memory. B. sensory memory. C. long-term memory. D. primary memory. C. long-term memory. Which of the following is true about sensory memory? A. Knowledge of how to ride a bike is stored in sensory memory. B. It is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. D. It can be transferred to long-term memory if it is practiced. C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time. ___________ is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. A. Short-term memory B. Sensory memory C. False memory D. Long-term memory B. Sensory memory _____________ is the first step toward the creation of a long-term memory. A. Adaptation B. Transduction C. Perception D. Sensation D. Sensation ______________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye. A. Iconic B. Implicit C. Echoic D. Working A. Iconic Neil is participating in an experiment where numbers are flashed on a computer screen for a few milliseconds, and then it goes blank. He is subsequently asked to recall the numbers. Neil is participating in a study that is most likely examining his ______________ memory. A. tactile B. iconic C. echoic D. olfactory B. iconic ______________ memory is short-term retention of sounds. A. Procedural B. Echoic C. Explicit D. Working B. Echoic Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information. A. iconic B. semantic C. implicit D. echoic D. echoic _____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. A. Episodic B. Meta C. Sensory D. Short-term D. Short-term Which of the following is true about short-term memory? A. It is made up of the brief traces of a sensation left by the firing of neurons in the brain. B. Iconic memory is a kind of short-term memory. C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem. D. It is what most people think of when they think of memory. C. It is a place to temporarily store information when one needs while working on a problem. Reading, talking, and listening to someone speak involves the: A. sensory memory. B. short-term memory. C. long-term memory. D. echoic memory. B. short-term memory. Local phone numbers in the United States are seven digits long because: A. most people can transfer seven digits into long-term memory instantly, bypassing short-term memory. B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits. C. sensory memory for numbers is very expansive and can handle such large quantities of digits. D. when polled, early phone customers requested this many digits in their phone numbers. B. the short-term memory capacity of most people is between five and nine units of digits. The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier. A. method of loci B. deep processing C. chunking D. rehearsing C. chunking Which of the following is the first process in researcher Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Retrieving information from memory B. Rehearsing the stored process C. Storing information about a stimulus D. Attending to a stimulus D. Attending to a stimulus Which of the following is the last process in Alan Baddeley's model of the working memory? A. Attending to a stimulus B. Retrieving information from memory C. Rehearsing the stored process D. Storing information about a stimulus C. Rehearsing the stored process In Alan Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ decides where to focus attention and selectively hones in on specific aspects of a stimulus. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer B. central executive According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the central executive will have trouble _____________ in people who have sustained damage to their frontal lobes. A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment B. remembering new experiences C. processing and recalling language communicated to them D. recalling information about previous injuries A. screening out irrelevant information from the environment In Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ assists the central executive by providing extra storage for a limited number of digits or words for up to 30 seconds at a time. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. visuospatial sketch pad D. episodic buffer A. phonological loop Which of the following best describes the function of the visuospatial sketch pad? A. It permanently stores important distance and travel information, like one's route home. B. It serves as a mental canvas on which thinkers can mentally perform spatial rotation tasks. C. It provides long-term storage for three-dimensional memories. D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos. D. It provides brief storage for images, scenes, and photos. Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in: A. implicit memory. B. procedural memory. C. episodic buffer. D. automatic processing. C. episodic buffer. According to Baddeley's model of short-term memory, the _______________ is a temporary store for information that will become long-term memories of specific events. A. phonological loop B. central executive C. episodic buffer D. visuospatial sketch pad C. episodic buffer Which of the following enables one to repeat the information to oneself as long as one needs to retain it? A. The serial position effect B. The rehearsal system C. Priming D. Effortful processing B. The rehearsal system Jacques wants to remember a phone number, so he repeats it aloud until he types and saves the number in his cell phone. He is using the process of: A. rehearsal. B. repression. C. retrieval. D. recognition. A. rehearsal. Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the: A. visuospatial sketch pad. B. central executive. C. phonological loop. D. episodic buffer. C. phonological loop. In the late 19th century, Mary Whiton Calkins observed an interesting phenomenon if short-term memory called: A. the law of primacy. B. the reminiscence bump. C. the serial position effect. D. free recall. C. the serial position effect. Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect? A. When learning a list of items, people are able to recall all the items in serial order. B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. C. Older adults have the tendency to have increased recollection for events that occurred during their adolescence and early adulthood. D. The side of a printed media presented first will have greater effectiveness than the side presented subsequently. B. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. From the list that Jill made for a shopping trip to the grocery store, she could recall only the items in the beginning and in the end of a list. This is called: A. a Type I error. B. a heuristic. C. the serial position effect. D. retrograde amnesia. C. the serial position effect. The tendency to preferentially recall items at the beginning of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect. D. primacy effect. The main explanation for the ______________ effect is that the items at the beginning of a list are quickly rehearsed and transferred to long-term memory storage. A. primacy B. recency C. halo D. intermediate A. primacy Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the: A. continuity effect. B. intermediate effect. C. recency effect. D. primacy effect. C. recency effect. Aditi's mother recited to her a list of things to buy at the grocery store. Once she reached the store, she could only remember the items from the end of the list. This phenomenon is called: A. the primacy effect. B. the recency effect. C. proactive interference. D. retroactive interference. B. the recency effect. Which is the most complex form of memory that has two distinct types and four distinct stages of processing? A. Sensory memory B. Primary memory C. Long-term memory D. Short-term memory C. Long-term memory When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into: A. semantic memory. B. explicit memory. C. implicit memory. D. episodic memory. C. implicit memory. Aaliyah remembers how to drive a car with a manual transmission, but when asked how she does it, she just says, "I don't know—it's automatic." This is an example of her: A. implicit memory. B. priming. C. semantic memory. D. episodic memory. A. implicit memory. Which of the following is true about implicit memory? A. It is the memory for the experiences one has had. B. It refers to memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. C. It is the conscious recalling of facts and events. D. It cannot be directly recalled. D. It cannot be directly recalled. ____________ refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill that one learns. A. Procedural memory B. Sensory memory C. Explicit memory D. Episodic memory A. Procedural memory ___________ is a kind of implicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. A. Encoding B. Priming C. Effortful processing D. Retrieving B. Priming __________ is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory. A. Semantic; episodic B. Implicit; explicit C. Episodic; semantic D. Explicit; semantic B. Implicit; explicit ________________ memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. A. Procedural B. Implicit C. Explicit D. Echoic C. Explicit Explicit memory refers to: A. something people know or remember but do not consciously know that they remember it. B. knowledge people hold for almost any behavior or physical skill they learn. C. knowledge that can be improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. D. memories that can be deliberately accessed or declared. Which of the following is true about explicit memory? A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. B. Priming is a kind of explicit memory that occurs when recall is improved by prior exposure to the same or similar stimuli. C. Explicit memory refers to knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. D. When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously remember it, one is tapping into explicit memory. A. Explicit memory is the conscious recall of facts and events. ______________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge. A. Semantic B. Episodic C. Implicit D. Iconic A. Semantic During a quiz, Nick is asked to state the capital city of Idaho. Which of the following memory types is most likely to aid him in retrieving the answer? A. Episodic memory B. Procedural memory C. Semantic memory D. Sensory memory C. Semantic memory Hovan remembers the names of the presidents of the United States of America in the order in which they held office. Some would say that he has a pretty good ____________ memory. A. priming B. working C. semantic D. implicit C. semantic _______________ memory is one's memory for the experiences one has had. A. Echoic B. Semantic C. Episodic D. Implicit C. Episodic Julia vividly remembers the first time she met her boyfriend. This is an example of _____________ memory. A. sensory B. semantic C. implicit D. episodic D. episodic Miguel is having a dinner party, but from the smell coming from his kitchen it is evident he burned whatever he was cooking. What is the order of the processing stages this burnt smell will go through to become a long-term memory for Miguel? A. Consolidation, storage, recognition, recall B. Storage, consolidation, encoding, recognition C. Storage, visuospatial loop, encoding, recall D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval D. Encoding, consolidation, storage, retrieval Of the following, ____________ is the first processing stage in long-term memory. A. storage B. retrieval C. encoding D. consolidation C. encoding ________________, as a stage in long-term memory, is the means by which one attends to, takes in, and processes new information. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval B. Encoding How well one remembers the material one studies for one's exam begins with one's effective: A. retrieval. B. recognition. C. storage. D. encoding. D. encoding. Which of the following is true about encoding as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It is the retention of memory over time. B. It is the process of establishing, stabilizing, or solidifying a memory. C. It is driven by attention. D. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. C. It is driven by attention. _________________ processing happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. A. Effortful B. Automatic C. Structural D. Phonological B. Automatic Which of the following is true about automatic processing? A. It involves rehearsal of the information. B. It is the basis of semantic memory. C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. D. It goes from short-term to long-term memory. C. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. Meg easily recalls which route she took this morning to the salon that is three blocks away. This kind of recalling involves _______________ processing. A. structural B. phonological C. effortful D. automatic D. automatic Which of the following is true about effortful processing? A. It is the basis of semantic memory. B. It happens with little effort or conscious attention to the task. C. Experiences stored with the help of effortful processing are less likely to be recalled later. D. Episodic memory involves effortful processing. A. It is the basis of semantic memory. ____________ processing occurs when one carefully attends and puts conscious effort into remembering information. A. Automatic B. Structural C. Phonological D. Effortful D. Effortful Demir is paying careful attention to his class notes and textbook, trying to master the material for an upcoming exam. Demir is engaging in: A. consolidation. B. automatic processing. C. retrieval. D. effortful processing. D. effortful processing. Advancing age tends to lessen recall for events and experiences that require ____________ processing but not ______________ processing. A. structural; effortful B. effortful; automatic C. automatic; phonological D. phonological; structural B. effortful; automatic Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing. A. semantic B. phonemic C. automatic D. structural B. phonemic While studying ______________ processing, researchers ask questions such as "Is the word in capital letters?" A. phonemic B. effortful C. structural D. semantic C. structural To study _______________, researchers ask questions to focus participants' attention on the sound of the word. A. structural processing B. midlevel processing C. semantic processing D. effortful processing B. midlevel processing In the context of word-recall studies, ______ is the deepest level of processing. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. structural processing D. phonemic processing A. semantic processing Participants in studies of __________________ are asked to think about the meaning of the words. A. semantic processing B. automatic processing C. effortful processing D. phonemic processing A. semantic processing To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario? A. The method of loci B. A mnemonic device C. Chunking D. Rhyming B. A mnemonic device "ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet. A. antonym B. alliteration C. acronym D. synonym C. acronym The second stage of long-term memory formation is: A. storage. B. consolidation. C. retrieval. D. encoding. B. consolidation. Which of the following is true about consolidation as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. B. Consolidation is the retention of memory over time. C. Consolidation helps remember where one put that birthday gift that one had bought earlier. D. The process of consolidation happens in two ways: automatic processing and effortful processing. A. A consolidated memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. For which state of long-term memory formation is sleep vital? A. Encoding B. Storage C. Retrieval D. Consolidation D. Consolidation ____________, the retention of memory over time, is the third stage of long-term memory formation. A. Consolidation B. Encoding C. Storage D. Retrieval C. Storage Which of the following is true about storage as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. The process of storing is driven by attention. B. Storage refers to processes like remembering where one put a birthday gift one had bought earlier. C. A stored memory is resistant to distraction, interference, and decay. D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks. D. Memories are stored in at least three ways: hierarchies, schemas, and networks. ________________ can be defined as mental frameworks that develop from one's experiences with particular objects or events. A. Networks B. Data designs C. Hierarchies D. Schemas D. Schemas _________________ acts as a filter through which one encodes and organizes information about one's world. A. Schemas B. Networks C. Hierarchies D. Data designs A. Schemas The psychological process that binds concepts together is termed as: A. consolidation. B. encoding. C. retrieval. D. association. D. association. A(n) _____________ is a chain of linkages between related concepts. A. parallel distributed processing B. tensor product network C. neural network D. associative network D. associative network Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a: A. schema. B. node. C. rod. D. cone. B. node. ______________ are computer models that imitate the way neurons talk to each other. A. Data warehouses B. Associative networks C. Neural networks D. Expert systems C. Neural networks _____________ is a well-known model of memory storage that integrates associative and neural networks. A. Cybernetics B. Parallel distributed processing C. Dynamic systems processing D. Brainstorming B. Parallel distributed processing Parallel distributed processing (PDP) models of memory storage propose that: A. an individual attempting to encode new information must repeatedly rehearse that information. B. the spread of activation ensures all memories have equal chances of getting stored. C. the neural circuitry involved in long-term retention simultaneously evolved in humans and nonhuman primates. D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes. D. associations involve the simultaneous activity of many nodes. Jiao is trying to remember where she kept the receipt of the birthday gift she bought her mother. In which stage of long-term memory processing is Jiao engaged? A. Storage B. Retrieval C. Encoding D. Consolidation B. Retrieval Which of the following is true about retrieval as a processing stage in long-term memory? A. It refers to the knowledge one holds for almost any behavior or physical skill one learns. B. Psychologists describe two kinds of retrieval process: automatic processing and effortful processing. C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. D. It is the third stage of long-term memory formation. C. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. ________________ memories are retrieved without conscious effort. A. Semantic B. Iconic C. Implicit D. Echoic C. Implicit ______________ memories are the ones that require conscious effort for retrieval. A. Explicit B. Procedural C. Working D. Echoic A. Explicit The inability to remember the name of a person only minutes after meeting her, even if he repeats her name immediately after hearing it, is a common __________ problem. A. structural B. morphological C. retrieval D. positioning C. retrieval The _____________ is a region of the brain that plays an important part in attention, appropriate social behavior, impulse control, and working memory. A. renal cortex B. adrenal cortex C. cell cortex D. prefrontal cortex D. prefrontal cortex Hebb's law states that: A. neurons release the same set of transmitters at all of their synapses. B. the whole is greater than the sum of the parts. C. neurons that fire together wire together. D. when the synapse of one neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron, there is a temporary change in the receiving neuron. C. neurons that fire together wire together. ____________ are networks of nerve cells that persist even after stimulation has stopped. A. Feature detectors B. Cell assemblies C. Olfactory neurons D. Glial cells B. Cell assemblies Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that: A. repetition of experiences can actually lead to synaptic death. B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. C. the neuronal basis for memory in lower animals is extremely different than that of humans. D. repeated experience does not strengthen long-term potentiation. B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they: A. facilitate in reconstructing the hippocampus. B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. C. thicken the cortex of the frontal lobes. D. prevent deterioration of the temporal lobes. B. boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Research shows that flies bred to have an excess of CREB exhibited: A. olfactory deficits. B. an inability to remember their offspring. C. excellent memories. D. aggression toward unfamiliar flies. C. excellent memories. Which of the following statements is true about the effects of prescription and nonprescription stimulants on memory? A. The negative effects of prescription drugs such as Adderall or Ritalin happen only in low doses. B. Caffeine in general and over-the-counter energy drinks have no effects in their capacity to enhance memory. C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation. D. There is nonclinical trial evidence that long-term, foods and drinks rich in flavonoids reduce memory and impair cognitive function. C. Higher doses of prescription stimulants can actually interfere with and block memory formation. The most solid evidence of the effects of herbs on memory suggests that the ground-up leaves of the ______ tree can be moderately effective in delaying symptoms of mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease. A. ginkgo biloba B. portulaca oleracea C. echinacea D. St. John's wort A. ginkgo biloba Which of the following is a protein that switches on genes responsible for the development of new synapses? A. CREB B. Ghrelin C. Insulin D. GABA A. CREB Electrical stimulation of the brain is technically called ______. A. transcranial direct current stimulation B. cortical stimulation C. transcranial magnetic stimulation D. peripheral nerve and field stimulation A. transcranial direct current stimulation Which of the following statements is true about transcranial direct current stimulation? A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe. B. A very high voltage is administered via four or more electrodes placed on the scalp of an individual. C. Research indicates that negatively charged stimulation increases memory in general. D. Transcranial electrical stimulation of the frontal lobe during slow wave sleep impairs recall of word pairs among people. A. The technique is usually considered painless and safe. The _____ cortex is located in the occipital lobes. A. auditory B. visual C. somatosensory D. olfactory B. visual Which cortex is located in the temporal lobes? A. Auditory B. Olfactory C. Somatosensory D. Visual A. Auditory The ______ cortex is located in the parietal lobes. A. visual B. auditory C. somatosensory D. olfactory C. somatosensory Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions? A. Sound B. Taste C. Vision D. Touch B. Taste Memory consolidation takes place in the: A. amygdala. B. prefrontal cortex. C. hippocampus. D. pons. C. hippocampus. Of the following, _____ occurs mostly in the cortex. A. encoding B. priming C. retrieving D. rehearsing B. priming Memories for behaviors and skills are implicit and are mostly processed in the: A. subcortex. B. neocortex. C. parietal lobe. D. temporal lobe. A. subcortex. The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences. A. thalamus B. fornix C. hippocampus D. amygdala D. amygdala Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case? A. Inferior colliculus B. Nucleus accumbens C. Amygdala D. Cerebellum C. Amygdala Someone who has posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) will: A. experience a shift from one personality to another when under extreme stress. B. alternate between feelings of extreme hopelessness and extreme elation. C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over. D. experience neurological symptoms such as blindness and paralysis with no organic cause. C. relive an extremely traumatic event over and over. _____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall. A. Repression B. Interference C. Absent-mindedness D. Blocking B. Interference _____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. A. Long-term B. Output C. Proactive D. Retroactive D. Retroactive Keith first studied for his sociology exam and then for his psychology exam in the same evening. When it was time for him to take his sociology exam, all he could remember was psychology material. Keith's forgetting is an example of: A. retrograde amnesia. B. proactive interference. C. retroactive interference. D. anterograde amnesia. C. retroactive interference _____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. A. Output B. Long-term C. Proactive D. Retroactive C. Proactive Chelsea is trying to learn Spanish. However, she is finding it difficult to learn Spanish because of her tendency to apply English grammar to the Spanish language. This is an example of: A. decay. B. proactive interference. C. the forgetting curve. D. retroactive interference. B. proactive interference. Research on forgetting began in the 1880s with Herman Ebbinghaus, who found that recall shows a steady decline over time. This decline is now termed as Ebbinghaus's: A. forgetting curve. B. serial position effect. C. neurological basis for forgetting. D. connection between memory and the amygdala. A. forgetting curve. _____ is a form of forgetfulness that involves attention as well as memory. A. Absent-mindedness B. Repression C. Interference D. Blocking A. Absent-mindedness Abdul looks around in his house for his wallet but cannot find it. He realizes that the last time he saw his wallet was at the grocery store. He looks in the freezer and finds his wallet next to the ice cream he bought at the store. Abdul's forgetfulness most likely occurred because: A. the memory of his wallet was transient. B. the memory of the ice cream had persistence. C. his attention was divided. D. he experienced proactive interference. C. his attention was divided. ______ can be defined as the inability to retrieve some information that one once stored—say, a person's name or an old phone number. A. Suggestibility B. Blocking C. Absent-mindedness D. Interference B. Blocking Diah says, "I know his name! He's married to that famous actress, and he was in all those action movies! His name begins with an A!...I just cannot remember it!" Diah is experiencing: A. divided attention. B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. C. proactive interference. D. repression. B. the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon. ______, in which retrieval of memories that have been encoded and stored is actively inhibited, is the unconscious act of keeping threatening thoughts, feelings, or impulses out of consciousness. A. Absent-mindedness B. Interference C. Repression D. Suggestibility C. Repression Repression is an example of: A. interference. B. absent-mindedness. C. blocking. D. suggestibility. C. blocking. _____ occurs when memories are implanted in our minds based on leading questions, comments, or suggestions from someone else or some other source. A. Implanting B. Suggestibility C. Absent-mindedness D. Anterograde amnesia B. Suggestibility _____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something. A. Semantic B. Recovered C. False D. Working C. False Vivienne had a vivid memory of being nearly kidnapped as a child. However, this never happened. This erroneous recall is an example of a(n): A. false memory. B. repressed memory. C. autobiographical memory. D. recovered memory. A. false memory. False memories are an example of: A. interference. B. blocking. C. repression. D. suggestibility. D. suggestibility. A memory from a real event, which was encoded and stored and not retrieved for a long period of time, but then is retrieved after some later event brings it suddenly to consciousness, is termed as a _____ memory. A. false B. recovered C. blocked D. repressed B. recovered Denji, a 44-year-old man, almost gets hit by a car while crossing a road. He suddenly remembers being in a terrible car accident as a small child. His father confirms that it did, indeed, happen, but they never discussed it with Denji. Psychologists would call this a(n): A. false memory. B. autobiographical memory. C. recovered memory. D. repressed memory. C. recovered memory.
Which of the following is most likely to be a risk factor for dementia?
Age
Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen?
Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
_______________ accounts for 60-70 percent of the cases of dementia among the elderly.
Alzheimer's Disease
One cognitive benefit of aging is ____________, the ability to live well, know what is important, and use good judgment. A. fluid intelligence B. wisdom C. bodily-kinesthetic intelligence D. crystallized intelligence
B. wisdom
Conjunction Fallacy
Which of the following occurs when people say the combination of two events is more likely than either event alone?
____________ are synthetically produced compounds that produce long-lasting excitation of the sympathetic nervous system, the part of the nervous system that keeps us ready for action.
Amphetamines
Which of the following best describes the language acquisition device? An innate capacity to come up with novel words and utterances. A device that imitates adult speech to aid language development in children. An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language. An interactive device that helps a child learn different languages at a time.
An innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language.
What is the suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)?
An internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles; (contains a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms); helps determine when it is time to go to sleep/when to wake up
Which of the following terms refers to the fatty insulation that makes nerve impulses travel faster? A. Plasmalogen B. Cephalin C. Myelin sheath D. Choline
C. Myelin sheath
Cognitive psychology
Which of the following refers to the science of how people, think, learn, remember, and perceive?
Juan hears his older brother singing loudly while in the shower, and now Juan also imitates it. According to Bandura's social learning theory, this is an example of ___________.
B) modeling
Recall for items at the end of a list is known as the:
C. recency effect.
Identify the correct statement about multitasking among teens. A. Heavy multitasking teens are able to filter out more irrelevant information than any other age group in any given situation. B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle. C. While driving and using a hands-free cell phone, the reaction time and coordination of teens is much better than someone who is legally drunk. D. Light multitaskers are less likely to get distracted while working on problem-solving tasks.
B. As novice drivers, teens require more attention to complete the tasks of safely operating and navigating a motor vehicle.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? A. Typically, children between ages 2 and 4 are in this stage. B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes. C. According to Piaget, this is the last stage of cognitive development. D. During this stage, children learn the concept of object permanence.
B. During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.
Which of the following is true of the effects of musical training? A. It reduces neural activity in the hippocampus. B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood. C. The earlier the musical training begins, the lesser is the degree of activation of the left-auditory cortex. D. It has always caused brain growth.
B. Neuroplastic effects of musical training last well into adulthood.
Which of the following statements is true about aerobic exercising? A. Such brisk physical activity is usually dangerous to the heart and lungs and can cause death among adults and aged people. B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow. C. It fails to meet the body's increased need for oxygen. D. It results in decline in higher mental processing of an individual.
B. Research suggests that it can actually make the brain grow.
The anterior cingulate will show the strongest activity when _____________. A. talking on cell phones B. exposed to violence in video games C. engaged in challenging Mensa puzzles D. texting in the classroom
B. exposed to violence in video games
Beginning at age _____, children are quite mobile, able to get around, speak in sentences, and have motor coordination which allows them to draw and write. A. 1 B. 3 C. 9 D. 12
B. 3
By age ____________, a child's vision becomes similar to an adult's. A. 1 or 2 B. 3 or 4 C. 5 or 6 D. 8 or 9
B. 3 or 4
To remember the four bases found in DNA—thymine, guanine, adenine, and cytosine—Luke makes up a sentence using the first letter from each base as the first letters for his words, repeating to himself, "The Girl Ate Cookies." Which of the following did Luke use in this scenario?
B. A mnemonic device
Which of the following statements is true regarding gray matter? A. Increase in gray matter volume suggest pruning. B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence. C. Gray matter continues to grow into one's 40s. D. Gray matter consists of axons and myelin.
B. Gray matter starts to decline in adolescence.
Which among the following is the clearest marker of reaching adulthood? A. Animistic thinking B. Having a child C. Symbolic thinking D. Graduating
B. Having a child
Which of the following senses is almost fully developed at birth? A. Vision B. Hearing C. Touch D. Smell
B. Hearing
is to nondeclarative memory as ___________ is to declarative memory.
B. Implicit; explicit
_____ occurs when other information competes with the information we are trying to recall.
B. Interference
Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development? A. Object permanence begins to develop during this stage. B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage. C. Children gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems during this stage. D. This stage is marked by the development of the ability to reflect upon one's thinking.
B. Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.
Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions? A. Parallel distribution B. Mental representation C. Verbal prototype D. Physical event
B. Mental representation
Which of the following is true about dementia? A. Aging is a necessary and sufficient cause of dementia. B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly. C. Dementia can lead to multiple strokes among the elderly. D. Pruning in early childhood is a significant cause of dementia in late adulthood.
B. Neurological conditions such as strokes can lead to dementia among the elderly.
Which of the following is most likely to increase the risk of stillbirth? A. Prescription drugs taken during pregnancy B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking C. Lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid in the mother's diet D. Developing an infection during pregnancy
B. Nicotine exposure from maternal smoking
Which of the following senses lack their own processing regions?
B. Taste
Four-year-old Edana thinks it is raining because the clouds are sad and crying. According to Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Edana is demonstrating ____________ in this scenario. A. matter conservation B. animistic thinking C. egocentrism D. social referencing
B. animistic thinking
teratogen is: A. a brain region responsible for the ability to speak. B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development. C. a weak brain synapse that disappears at around age six. D. a vital nutrient that helps a fetus develop properly.
B. any substance that disrupts normal prenatal development.
Bevin and Essien's obstetrician tells them that their baby has entered the fetal stage. The key event that distinguishes this stage from the embryonic stage is the development of ___________ in their baby. A. brain B. bone cells C. limbs D. external genitalia
B. bone cells
According to Piaget, children acquire the ability to conserve during the ___________ stage of cognitive development. A. sensorimotor B. concrete operational C. preoperational D. formal operational
B. concrete operational
Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:
B. conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition.
Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence. A. amorphous B. crystallized C. alternative D. fluid
B. crystallized
The second stage of prenatal development begins at about two weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is called a(n) __________. A. blastocyst B. embryo C. fetus D. zygote
B. embryo
Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not. A. cried less B. gained significantly more weight C. slept significantly more D. fell ill more frequently
B. gained significantly more weight
According to Erik Erikson, parenting, starting a business, and creating a work of art are examples of ____________. A. neural migration B. generativity C. individuation D. stagnation
B. generativity
According to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants often show little to no distress in separation episodes, and when the mother returns, the infants tend to ignore and avoid her, focusing instead on something else in the room. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-disorganized
B. insecure-avoidant
According to Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir, language creates thought as much as thought creates language. Taken to its logical conclusion, this view leads to the ______ hypothesis. A. sensitivity period B. linguistic determinism C. innate perception D. rational choice
B. linguistic determinism
Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders. A. pruning B. neurogenesis C. neural migration D. individuation
B. neurogenesis
Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.
B. operant conditioning
During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________. A. distribute the workload evenly throughout the brain B. overload their frontal lobes C. distribute the workload evenly between abducens nucleus and globose nucleus D. overload their flocculonodular lobe
B. overload their frontal lobes
According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, ____________ level is the least developed level of moral reasoning. A. concrete operational B. preconventional C. formal operational D. postconventional
B. preconventional
Johnny says he will not drive above the speed limit simply because he does not want to pay the cost of a speeding ticket. Based on this information, it can be concluded that Johnny is operating at the _____________ stage of Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. A. sensorimotor B. preconventional C. concrete operational D. preoperational
B. preconventional
With learning and experience certain synaptic connections become stronger, whereas those that do not receive stimulation from the environment die off. This process is known as ___________. A. cognitive programming B. pruning C. rewiring D. enriching
B. pruning
Rita conducts a study in which she videotapes college students interacting with each other before and after performing a series of cognitive tasks that were presented as "Intelligence tests that can affect your college tuition charges." She then has a carefully trained team observe and record the participants' actions, noting visible signs of anxiety in particular. What type of measure best describes the one used by Rita?
Behavioral
can be best defined as the study of the links among brain, mind, and behavior.
Behavioral neuroscience
Who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language?
Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir
Who proposed that language creates thought as much as thought creates language? Edmund Leach and George Marcus James Clifford and James George Frazer Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir James George Frazer and E. B. Tylor
Benjamin Whorf and Edward Sapir
Which of the following processes allows us to perceive depth due to the distance between images projected on our two retinas?
Binocular disparity
Which of the following statements is true about brain development?
Brain development starts in adolescence, with the frontal lobes being the first part of the brain to develop.
Twelve-year-old Allen argues that, "If Shamus is a man, and all men are mortal, then Shamus is mortal." Based on the information given in this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true about Allen? A. Allen is in the concrete operational stage of development of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. B. In this stage, Allen's logic remains concrete and limited to objects that he directly observes. C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development. D. Allen can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events—but still has trouble with abstract ideas and reasoning.
C. Allen is in the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development.
Which of the following statements is true about identical twins? A. Twins are identical mainly due to dizygotic fertilization. B. In the womb, up to 5% of identical twins develop their own placenta. C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg. D. Identical twins turn out to be vastly different from each other in their personalities, intelligence, illness, and disease histories.
C. Identical twins develop from one fertilized egg.
Which of the following age groups is most influenced by technology? A. Infants B. Babies C. Adolescents D. Elderly adults
C. Adolescents
Monita, a three-year-old, is afraid of going to the park because she had had an accident there. Which part of Monita's brain is most involved in this case?
C. Amygdala
_______________ is a movement disorder caused by brain damage at birth. A. Schizophrenia B. Bipolar disorder C. Cerebral palsy D. Osteoporosis
C. Cerebral palsy
Which of the following statements is true regarding continuous reinforcement?
C. Continuous reinforcement means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs.
Which are the biggest predictors of hearing loss? A. Social class and gender B. Profession and social class C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender D. Age, gender and profession
C. Ethnicity, cultural environment, and gender
Which of the following is most likely to reduce cognitive decline with aging? A. Reading in early childhood B. Sleeping for more than 8 hours every day C. Exercising D. Playing a musical instrument
C. Exercising
_____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something.
C. False
Which of the following is most likely to cause mental retardation, low birth weight, and behavioral problems to a developing baby? A. Anorexia nervosa B. Diarrhea C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) D. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
C. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)
Tevy and Gellert are convinced that their baby will be able to recognize their voices and familiar songs at birth if they begin singing and talking to their baby before it is born. At which stage of prenatal development should Tevy and Gellert expect their baby to be able to respond to these sounds? A. Blastocyst stage B. Embryonic stage C. Fetal stage D. Zygote stage
C. Fetal stage
______________ intelligence involves raw mental ability, pattern recognition, and abstract reasoning and is applied to a problem that a person has never confronted before. A. Crystallized B. Alternative C. Fluid D. Amorphous
C. Fluid
Which of the following statements is true regarding primary reinforcers?
C. Food, water, and sex are primary reinforcers.
_______________ focus on the overall needs of the patient and family members, such as physical comfort, emotional care, and a dignified death. A. Hospitals B. Intensive care units C. Hospices D. Diagnostic centers
C. Hospices
Which of the following is a primary problem of adolescence? A. In boys, the event that signals readiness to reproduce is menarche. B. Boys are not able to engage in scientific reasoning and hypothesis testing. C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is. D. Boys and girls do not gain the ability to reason about abstract concepts and problems.
C. In boys and girls, the body is ready for parenthood far earlier than the mind is.
Which of the following reactions displayed by a fetus indicates fear or distress? A. Decreased blood pressure B. Increased rate of pruning C. Increased heart rate D. Increased rate of neuron development
C. Increased heart rate
Which of the following is true about sensory memory?
C. It usually holds information in its original sensory form for a very brief period of time.
In an experiment conducted by Gjerde & Cardilla in 2009, children were assessed at age 3 and 4 on the dimension of openness to new experiences. Then the same children were assessed again at ages 18 and 23. The study indicated that the open and imaginative young girls tended to become _____________ young women. A. self-assured and flexible B. highly career oriented C. anxious and self-doubting D. emotionally sterile and calculating
C. anxious and self-doubting
In human development, ______________ refers to the strong emotional connection that develops early in life to keep infants close to their caregivers. A. cognition B. imprinting C. attachment D. sublimation
C. attachment
According to the Piaget's theory of cognitive development, children between the age of 6 to 11 are in the ______________ stage. A. preoperational B. formal operational C. concrete operational D. sensorimotor
C. concrete operational
Nine-year-old Jen has learnt to control her tears when she is in a social gathering. She also knows when it is appropriate to smile in public. Based on this information, it can be said that Jen has _____________. A. developed social referencing B. achieved object permanence C. developed emotional competence D. mastered animistic thinking
C. developed emotional competence
Roxanne knows she will remember her wedding day forever. First, however, her wedding memories have to process in her working memory and temporarily store in:
C. episodic buffer.
Having close, intimate friends during adolescence is more likely to be associated with _____________. A. poorer performance in school B. more conflicts with authority figures C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood D. more conflicts with parents
C. feelings of self-worth in adulthood
With reference to the strange situation experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth, ______________ infants show odd, conflicted behaviors in the strange situation. A. insecure-resistant B. insecure-avoidant C. insecure-disoriented D. insecure-attached
C. insecure-disoriented
According to Erik Erikson's theory of personality development, the conflict of old age is between _________________. A. intimacy and isolation B. career and family C. integrity and despair D. generativity and stagnation
C. integrity and despair
Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's: A. egocentrism. B. animistic thinking. C. lack of conservation. D. lack of understanding of object permanence.
C. lack of conservation.
If Alex engages in innately guided learning, it suggests:
C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning.
Billy, a five-year-old boy, sees his father applying shaving cream on his face while shaving his beard in front of a mirror. Billy copies his father's facial and hand movements and later that day Billy stands in front of the mirror and pretends to shave. Billy's behavior is an example of ___________.
C. mimicry
Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication. A. rewired B. migrated C. myelinated D. pruned
C. myelinated
During playtime, Jamal's mother hid his toy under a blanket. Jamal, who is 9 months old, reacted to this by looking for his toy under the blanket. According to Piaget, Jack has developed ___________. A. seriation B. transduction C. object permanence D. hypothetico-deductive reasoning
C. object permanence
Storing and recalling a shopping list is an everyday example of the function of the:
C. phonological loop.
Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language? Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it.
Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.
Which of the following refers to the science of how people think, learn, remember, and perceive?
Cognitive psychology
Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge?
Concept
Which of the following represents the most basic unit of knowledge? Concept Abstract Schema Experience
Concept
Conditioned taste aversion Darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now, every time Darren smells a cheeseburger he feels nauseous. In this scenario, what is Darren experiencing? conditioned response The behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with a conditioned stimulus is termed as a(n) ______. Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience How do psychologists define learning? decreasing the frequency of a behavior by adding or removing a stimulus. Punishment involves: white fluffy objects During the classic study of the power of conditioning techniques, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned Little Albert to develop a fear of ___________. reinforced When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________. conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears. Spontaneous recovery occurs when a(n): No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors. Can negative reinforcers be punishers? stimulus generalization The extension of the association between the unconditioned and the conditioned stimulus to a broad array of similar stimuli is called ___________. behavior modification Thelma is trying to quit smoking. Her therapist tells her to reward herself with a dollar every time she successfully fights off the craving for a cigarette. The therapist is using a ______ technique in helping Thelma to quit smoking. some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others The biological constraint model of learning suggests that ___________. the growth of new neurons Neurogenesis is ___________. operant conditioning Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning. Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated Thorndike's law of effect states that ___________. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect? Iconic ______________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye. Proactive _____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. Short-term _____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. phonemic Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing. Retroactive _____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. Semantic ______________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge. False _____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something. long-term memory. Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in: conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that: implicit memory. When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into: chunking The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. Which of the following is true about retrieval as a processing stage in long-term memory? amygdala The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences. hippocampus Memory consolidation takes place in the:
Conditioned taste aversion Darren had eaten a cheeseburger right before he felt extremely nauseous from the flu. Now, every time Darren smells a cheeseburger he feels nauseous. In this scenario, what is Darren experiencing? conditioned response The behavior that an organism learns to perform when presented with a conditioned stimulus is termed as a(n) ______. Enduring changes in behavior that occur with experience How do psychologists define learning? decreasing the frequency of a behavior by adding or removing a stimulus. Punishment involves: white fluffy objects During the classic study of the power of conditioning techniques, John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner conditioned Little Albert to develop a fear of ___________. reinforced When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________. conditioned response (CR) that has been extinguished suddenly reappears. Spontaneous recovery occurs when a(n): No, because negative reinforcers increase desired behaviors. Can negative reinforcers be punishers? stimulus generalization The extension of the association between the unconditioned and the conditioned stimulus to a broad array of similar stimuli is called ___________. behavior modification Thelma is trying to quit smoking. Her therapist tells her to reward herself with a dollar every time she successfully fights off the craving for a cigarette. The therapist is using a ______ technique in helping Thelma to quit smoking. some behaviors are inherently more likely to be learned than others The biological constraint model of learning suggests that ___________. the growth of new neurons Neurogenesis is ___________. operant conditioning Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning. It noted that observation and modeling are major components of learning. Which of the following is true with respect to Albert Bandura's social learning theory? the consequences of a behavior will affect the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated Thorndike's law of effect states that ___________. When learning a list of items, people are better able to recall items at the beginning and end of the list; they tend to forget the items in the middle. Which of the following can be described as a serial position effect? Iconic ______________ memory is a brief visual record left on the retina of the eye. Proactive _____ interference occurs when previously learned information interferes with the learning of new information. Short-term _____________ memory is also called working memory, because it is the part of memory required to attend to and solve a problem at hand. phonemic Oscar is trying to remember the names of people he meets at his new job. He says he will remember the name of his co-worker Trish, because she always has a dish of candy on her desk, and "Trish" rhymes with "dish." This is an example of ______ processing. Retroactive _____ interference occurs when new experiences or information causes people to forget previously learned experiences or information. Semantic ______________ memory is our memory for facts and knowledge. False _____ memories are memories for events that never happened, but were suggested by someone or something. long-term memory. Memories of one's first pet and how to read reside in: conversion from short-term to long-term memory storage requires spaced repetition. Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that: implicit memory. When one knows or remembers something but does not consciously know that one remembers it, then one is said to be tapping into: chunking The string of digits 17749991941 is difficult for most people to remember, but breaking them up into 177, 999,1941 in a process called ____________ makes it easier. It is the recovery of information stored in memory. Which of the following is true about retrieval as a processing stage in long-term memory? amygdala The ______ is involved in assigning emotional significance to events and is crucial in encoding information relevant to emotional experiences. hippocampus Memory consolidation takes place in the:
________ are photoreceptors that are responsible for color vision and are most functional in conditions of bright light.
Cones
Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior?
Confirmation bias
Vivian likes to talk to those who second her opinions. When someone contradicts her, she retorts that they are novices and have no expertise in that field of knowledge. Which of the following phenomena best describes Vivian's behavior? Self-serving bias Causal inference Confirmation bias Irrational exception
Confirmation bias
Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate?
Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation.
Visual Imagery
Consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present
*Schedules of Reinforcement* __________ _____________ means rewarding a behavior every time it occurs. (EX: giving a dog a biscuit every time it jumps)
Continuous reinforcement
Few of the patients undergoing treatment for phobic disorder agree to participate in a clinical trial of a new antidepressant medication. The patients are randomly divided into two groups. Both groups receive pills to be taken on a daily basis, but only one of the groups receives pills with the newly produced active ingredients. The other group's pills contain no active ingredients. In this study, the group that receives the pills that do not contain the active ingredients is called the _________.
Control group
Language Development Stages
Cooing, babbling, one-word utterances, 2 word utterances, sentence phase
Light enters the eye at the _______.
Cornea? Should be pupil
____________ can be defined as studies that measure two or more variables and their relationship to one another.
Correlational designs
____________, released by the adrenal gland, is a hormone that is responsible for maintaining the activation of bodily systems during prolonged stress.
Cortisol
Which of the following is true regarding alcohol consumption of the mother during pregnancy? A. 1 to 2 drinks per day is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. B. A maximum of 4 drinks per month is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. C. 1 drink on an occasional basis is known as a safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy. D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
D. There is no known safe level of alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? A. They can hear less sounds than their parents can. B. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. C. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. D. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
D. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
Myelination proceeds from the _____________ during the period from childhood to adolescence. A. bottom of the brain to the top B. top of the brain to the bottom C. frontal lobes to the back of the brain D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes
D. back of the brain to the frontal lobes
According to Piaget, in the ______________ stage of cognitive development, logic is limited to what a child can directly observe. A. sensorimotor B. formal operational C. preoperational D. concrete operational
D. concrete operational
Elizabeth Kübler-Ross (1969) detailed the stages people may move through after learning they are going to die and found their first stage in dealing with the end of life is ___________. A. bargaining B. depression C. anger D. denial
D. denial
Gibson and Walk's classic visual cliff experiment on infants was designed to assess infants' ____________. A. brain-to-eye size ratio B. ability to recognize faces C. ability to detect colors D. depth perception
D. depth perception
Diane was not paying attention to her boyfriend talking when all of a sudden something he said caught her attention. She said, "Wait a minute! Did you say something about marriage?" His mention of marriage left a trace in Diane's _____________ memory, and she subsequently paid attention to this information.
D. echoic
Michelle suffers an accident which makes it impossible for her to open her eyes. Additionally, she also becomes unresponsive to any stimulus. What is the most likely reason for her enduring loss of consciousness?
Damage to the reticular formation of the brain.
Neil uses the premise that all squares are rectangles. On the basis of this premise, he states that all rectangles have four sides. Therefore, he concludes that all squares must also have four sides. In which of the following is Neil engaged? Bottom-up logic finding Deductive reasoning Abstract thinking Hypothesizing
Deductive reasoning
_____ is an unpleasant side effect that alcohol withdrawal creates for an alcoholic.
Delirium tremens
____________ is the scientific study of animal behavior.
Ethology
Which of the following tasks is most likely to be performed by a forensic psychologist?
Evaluating the state of mind of a defendant at the time of a crime
______________ is involved in voluntarily controlling muscles and is released during feelings of pleasure or reward.
Dopamine
Which of the following explains inductive reasoning? Reasoning from general statements of what is known to specific conclusions Proving something by showing that all other possibilities are not possible Understanding something by considering it as a whole system and splitting it into parts Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
Drawing general conclusions from specific evidence
What is Activation-Synthesis Theory?
Dreams are what result when the cerebral cortex attempts to make sense of (or synthesize) the neural activity that is taking place in lower, less-advanced portions of the brain, like the brain stem.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
During this stage formal logic becomes possible
Which of the following statements is true regarding the formal operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
During this stage formal logic becomes possible.
4. Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development?
During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the concrete operational stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? Question 5 options:
During this stage, logic remains concrete and limited to objects that a child directly observes.
_____________ is the tendency to view the world from one's own perspective and not see things from another person's perspective.
Egocentrism
Which of the following measurement techniques is NOT used to examine the working brain?
Electrocardiography (ECG)
In which of the following stages of prenatal development does the formation of arms and legs occur?
Embryonic stage
Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma?
Emotional responsiveness
The brains of people and animals reared in richly stimulating environments differ from the brains of people reared in understimulating, neglectful, or abusive environments. This happens because:
Environmental forces work along with genetic forces to shape who we are.
People displaying which of the following personality traits are more likely to start smoking and less likely to quit successfully?
Extraversion
Alcohol is a type of stimulant. True False
F
Psychoactive drugs are only found in Western cultures. True False
F
The frontal lobes are typically not affected by excessive drinking. True False
F
All else being equal, large objects appear to move faster than small objects.
False
Babbling occurs during the first few months of life. True False
False
Binocular depth cues receive input from a single eye only .
False
Changing energy from one form to another is called "transmission."
False
Different forms of a gene are known as "moles."
False
Educational psychologists study employee job selection
False
In the context of human development, pruning is the systematic process of generating extra neural connections in the brain.
False
People experience taste by detecting molecules in the air.
False
Psychologists focus on the application of psychology and ignore the research aspect
False
The "resting potential" of a neuron is +40 mv.
False
The "spinal cord" is part of the "peripheral nervous system."
False
The cerebellum is a bridge for the brain to the spinal cord.
False
Response view of stress
Focuses on the physiological changes that occur when an individual encounters an excessively challenging situation
Describe the embryo stage:
If implantation is successful, the second stage of prenatal development begins, at about 2 weeks after conception. At this point, the growing bundle of cells is officially an embryo. The embryonic stage is marked by the formation of the major organs: the nervous system, heart, eyes, ears, arms, legs, teeth, palate, and external genitalia. Embryonic development continues until about 8 weeks after conception.
We see images with the greatest clarity when they are focused on the _______.
Fovea
_______________ is the number of times a particular score occurs in a set of data.
Frequency
Which psychologist coined the term preconscious?
Freud
_______ and _____________ influence the timing of puberty.
Genetics and environmental
_____ challenges the behaviorist conviction that learning always results either from associating an event with an unconditioned stimulus or from shaping by reinforcement or punishment.
Instinctive drift
Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true?
He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.
Fred usually believes in making heuristic decisions. Based on this statement, which of the following is most likely to be true? He reasons out each step in a decision-making process systematically. He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision. He avoids the use of mental shortcuts while making a decision. He analyzes facts, generates and organizes ideas, defends opinions, makes comparisons, and draws inferences.
He does not debate with himself for very long before making a decision.
The medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum are three main parts of the ______.
Hindbrain
A researcher diffuses a few drops of perfume in a house and asks Clara if she can smell it, to which Clara says yes. According to signal detection theory, Clara's response is _______.
Hit
increase in the stress level in pregnant women affects the growth of the baby's brain and cognitive development
How does the prenatal environment affect the growth of the brain and IQ of a child?
What do depressants do to the body?
In low doses, these drugs generally calm the body and mind. In high doses, they can slow down the heart rate and brain activity to dangerously low levels.
Syntax
In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules.
______________ allow us to determine how likely it is that two or more samples came from the same population.
Inferential statistics
Who among the following demonstrates metacognitive thinking?
Karen, who repeats and validates all the chemistry experiments mentioned in the text by conducting them at home.
Which of the following is true of Piaget's preoperational stage of cognitive development?
Lack of conservation is one of the features of this stage.
Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis?
Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
Which of the following describes linguistic determinism hypothesis? Environmental and genetic factors determine a child's language capacity. Learning to speak a language is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. The biologically based language acquisition device has principles of universal grammar. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world.
According to the theory of linguistic relativism, which of the following is true? Learning of a language is often relative to a child's age and gender. Language determines our way of thinking and our perceptions of the world. Language is the same as thought since thoughts are expressed in language. Language influences rather than determines our thinking.
Language influences rather than determines our thinking.
Which of the following is the central tenet of the nativist theory?
Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process.
the frontal lobe
Martha is taking a test which requires her to solve problems through inductive and deductive reasoning. Which part of the brain will she use the most?
heuristics
Which of the following refers to the shortcuts people take to make complex and uncertain decisions and judgments?
Gabrielle teaches her fourth-grade students about abstractions such as beauty and justice. Which of the following can aid the students' understanding of such abstractions? Parallel distribution Mental representation Verbal prototype Physical event
Mental representation
______________ is highly addictive. The street drug called crystal meth is a crystallized form of this that is smoked.
Methamphetamine
Flow
Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi - describes how people perform best & are most creative when they are optimally challenged relative to their abilities
Psyche, the root word of "psychology," comes from the Greek for
Mind
______ represents a false dichotomy because our thoughts, feelings, and ideas result from the functioning of the brain.
Mind-body dualism
Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true?
Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity.
Which of the following statements best describes the concept of classical conditioning?
Organisms learn from the relations between stimuli.
Diagnostic & Statistical Manual (DSM)
Originates from an American perspective of psychological illness
________ is a complex emotional and sensory experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
Pain
Arbitrary
Saying the exact sentence in almost every language, it can be demonstrated that the connection between sound and meaning is arbitrary.
Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped
Which of the following statements reflects Skinner's belief on language?
Which of the following statements is true regarding electronic interactions?
People use the Internet to arrange real face-to-face meetings.
Dr. Singh, a scientist, wants to study how anxiety affects adolescents. For this purpose, he measures the electrical changes in their heart rates, their sweating and respiration patterns, as well as the hormonal changes in their blood. Which psychological measure has been used by Dr. Singh in this scenario?
Physiological measures
Which theory posited that when given a choice between two or more options, humans will choose the one that is most likely to help them achieve their particular goals?
Rational choice theory
Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation?
The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day.
Which of the following is an accurate statement about self-report questionnaires?
Self-report questionnaires are easy to use, especially in the context of collecting data from a large number of people at once.
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does object permanence develop?
Sensorimotor
Our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses. This process is known as _______.
Sensory adaptation
________ ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself.
Sensory adaptation
Jean Piaget specified 4 stages of human cognitive development: sensorimotor, pre-operational, concrete operational and formal operational.
True
Language production is associated with Broca's area. True False
True
When we sleep and dream, we are considered to be "moderately conscious." True False
T
Nerve cells are called "neurons."
True
______________ is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness.
The availability heuristic
Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s?
The brain was relatively inactive during sleep.
Sarah wants to conduct a study about differences in the levels of emotion of jealousy between men and women. She asks 400 male and female college graduates in the United States a series of questions about hypothetical scenarios of partner infidelity. What is Sarah's sample?
The chosen male and female college graduates
Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct?
The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.
Describe the fetal stage:
The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of bone cells at 8 weeks after conception. By this time, all the major organs have already begun to form. Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, the heartbeat can be detected with a stethoscope. Organs continue to grow and mature while the fetus rapidly increases in size.
Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development?
The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.
Which of the following is true with regard to the visual system? Most creatures, with or without cortex, are able to keep and store visual sensations in mind after the sensory stimulation stops. The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system. The brain is not as active during visual imagery as it is during visual perception. Though visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system, it develops after verbal ability.
The visual system is older in evolutionary terms than the verbal system.
Perceptual constancy is the brain's ability to preserve the perceptual experience, even though our perspective on an object changes.
True
Positron Emission Tomography measures changes in blood flow to active areas of the brain.
True
The "monist" view is that mind and body are one in the same.
True
The "trichromatic theory" is based on the fact that humans have 3 types of cones.
True
Which of the following is true of mental representations?
They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
Which of the following is true of mental representations? They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past. They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing. They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.
They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
Which is the true statement regarding mirror neuron system (MNS)?
They are involved in imitation and social learning.
Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia?
They are more likely to be iron deficient.
How can the term measures be best defined in the context of psychological research?
They are the tools and techniques used to assess thought or behavior.
Which of the following is true in the context of babbling babies? They can hear less sounds than their parents can. They can make lesser sounds than they hear in their native language. They tend to retain the sounds that are not used in the native language. They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
They can hear more sounds than their parents can.
Which of the following is true of the papillae at the center of the human tongue?
They contain no taste cells and therefore can taste nothing.
The brain is part of the nervous system.
True
The brain is the first major organ to develop after conception.
True
The fetal stage is a part of prenatal development.
True
The formal operational stage began about the age of 12.
True
The idea that people group similar things together is the "law of similarity."
True
The initial signals picked up by our sensors are called sensations.
True
The measles virus is an example of a teratogen.
True
The mechanism of evolution is "natural selection."
True
The nature-nurture debate considers the degree to which experience and biology make us who we are.
True
The optic nerve is actually made up of the axons of ganglion cells rather than the photoreceptors.
True
The sensorimotor stage lasts from birth until about 2 years old.
True
The study of how people perceive stimuli detected in the environment is "psychophysics."
True
The term "meta" is used to refer to the process of research "about" research.
True
"Data" refers to the information being collected.
True
"Depth perception" is discriminating between what is near and what is far away from us.
True
"Electroencephalography" measures brain activity using electrodes.
True
"Genetic makeup" refers to our DNA.
True
A "depolarization" is a voltage spike.
True
A "prototype" is a best-fitting member of a category. True False
True
A "scatterplot" is a graph showing correlation data.
True
A "t-test" can be used to compare the "means" between two groups.
True
A "teratogen" is something that can disrupt normal fetal development.
True
A chromosome is a long thread of DNA.
True
A dependent variable is what the researcher is measuring.
True
A heuristic is a mental shortcut for decision making. True False
True
A sample is a subset of a population.
True
A survey is a type of self-report procedure.
True
A synapse is a "gap."
True
A zygote is a newly fertilized egg.
True
An "action potential" is the electric signal that moves along an axon.
True
An "average value" is also called a "mean value."
True
At the optic chiasm, visual information from each of the optic nerves separates into 2 paths.
True
Because it is still developing outside the womb, the human brain is more responsive to the environment than the brains of other animals.
True
Categories are groups of things with similar features. True False
True
Chromosomes are found in every cell of our body.
True
Cognitive psychologists study the way people perceive information and learn
True
Correlation studies identify the "association" between 2 or more variables.
True
Differences in the number of words heard per hour, show up as measurable differences in vocabulary size later in life. True False
True
Each cone type is sensitive to a different range of photon wavelength.
True
Each cone type responds differently to the same wavelength of light particles.
True
Early psychologists focused on understanding the "structure" of consciousness.
True
Ethics are the rules governing the conduct of a person or group conducting research.
True
Genes are segments of the DNA double-helix.
True
Humans are able to represent ideas and thoughts using words and images in our mind. True False
True
Ignoring sensations considered to be unimportant is called "sensory adaptation."
True
In a hierarchical network, general concepts are linked to specific concepts. True False
True
In the teen years, peers begin to replace parents as a source of identifiaction.
True
Infants will stare longer at things that interest them.
True
Informed consent refers to the fact that research study participants should be told, in general, what a study is about.
True
Institutional Review Boards evaluate proposed research studies to ensure adherence to ethical guidelines.
True
There is a "thalamus" in the left hemisphere of the brain and the right hemisphere, as well.
True
Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm?
Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period
Which of the following statements regarding vision is true?
Visual experience happens in the brain, with input from the eye.
What did Einstein engage in when he imagined himself traveling at the speed of light in an elevator? Verbal formulation Visual imagery Visual perception Verbal representation
Visual imagery
In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, which of the following refers to the two types of categories?
Well-defined and fuzzy
Which of the following questions is most likely to be answered by a clinical psychologist?
When do social networking sites and other electronic interactions become a problem?
Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something?
When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together
Which of the following statements is true regarding association?
When two events are associated, the occurrence of one event may come to suggest that the other will occur.
changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
Which of the following best describes child-directed speech?
an innate and biologically based capacity to acquire language
Which of the following best describes the language acquisition devise?
ch 6
Which of the following holds true regarding consciousness? A. Much of what we do requires deliberate, conscious thought. B. Consciousness is an easily defined term. C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically. D. Consciousness has five aspects to it. C. New information can cause consciousness to change dramatically. Which of the following acts as a stage for the main event of the brain at a given moment in time? A. Memory B. Consciousness C. Perception D. Cognition B. Consciousness Which of the following enables the occurrence of a conscious experience? A. A static connection between the brain's various processing areas B. A weak connection between the brain's various processing areas C. A random connection between the brain's various processing areas D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas D. A strong connection between the brain's various processing areas Which of the following best describes the global workspace of consciousness? A. When the various sensory elements get integrated. B. When the mind is awake but not very aware. C. When different sensory elements work one at a time. D. When the mind withholds information needed to do complex tasks such as reasoning, comprehension, and learning. A. When the various sensory elements get integrated. The feeling of being in love is attributed to: A. objective consciousness. B. intelligence. C. psychic consciousness. D. subjective consciousness. D. subjective consciousness. What are the two aspects of consciousness? A. Alertness and wakefulness B. Awareness and control C. Memory and alertness D. Wakefulness and awareness D. Wakefulness and awareness The monitoring of information from the environment and from one's own thoughts is termed as: A. intelligence. B. awareness. C. wakefulness. D. memory. B. awareness. Arjun is in a condition wherein he is fully awake, but not aware. This is most likely because he is: A. in a coma. B. driving. C. extremely drunk. D. sedated. C. extremely drunk. Variation in consciousness can be attributed to the difference in degrees of: A. cognition and memory. B. wakefulness and awareness. C. ignorance and wakefulness. D. awareness and cognition. B. wakefulness and awareness. A person in a ________ state will show signs of low wakefulness and awareness. A. comatose B. conscious C. sensitive D. hypoactive A. comatose Leticia suffers an accident which makes it impossible for her to open her eyes. Additionally, she also becomes unresponsive to any stimulus. What is the most likely reason for her enduring loss of consciousness? A. Damage to the corpus callosum of the brain. B. Absence of the corpus callosum of the brain. C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain. D. An overactive reticular formation of the brain. C. Damage to the reticular formation of the brain. Mehroof, 20 years of age, suffers an accident which causes him to lose consciousness. He is declared to be in a comatose state. Which of the following can be useful in detecting the degree of his coma? A. Stroop test B. Rancho Coma Scale C. MRI test D. Glasgow Coma Scale D. Glasgow Coma Scale Which of the following is NOT a component of the test that reveals the degree of coma? A. Emotional responsiveness B. Verbal responsiveness C. Motor responsiveness D. The degree of eye opening A. Emotional responsiveness If the doctors give Terry a score of 14 on the coma test, what does it imply? A. She cannot recover from her condition. B. She can respond verbally and motorically. C. She can respond only motorically. D. She can respond neither verbally nor motorically. B. She can respond verbally and motorically. In which state will a person be wakeful but not very aware? A. Active B. Daydreaming C. Cogitating D. Vegetative D. Vegetative Tatiana is in an unresponsive condition though she can open her eyes. This suggests that she is in a(n) ________ state. A. comatose B. vegetative C. drowsy D. unconscious B. vegetative What stage does wakefulness without awareness suggest? A. Vegetative B. Drowsiness C. Lucid dreaming D. Comatose A. Vegetative A flawed belief that physicians had about anyone who was vegetative was that the individual: A. does not react to stimuli from the environment. B. shows signs of motoric response. C. reacts to external forces. D. shows signs of awareness without wakefulness. A. does not react to stimuli from the environment. People show signs of intentional behavior when they are: A. in an unconscious state. B. comatose. C. minimally conscious. D. in a subconscious state. C. minimally conscious. When can a person in a vegetative state be said to exhibit intentional thought? A. When the responses are communicative B. When the body only responds to stimuli causing shock c D. When the instructions are merely registered in the brain C. When the brain responds to commands Which of the following holds true for a minimally conscious person? A. Inability to exhibit intentional thought B. Inability to track a person with eyes C. Inability to communicate D. Ability to show voluntary behavior C. Inability to communicate Behavioral responsiveness is not the only determining factor of an individual's capacity to communicate with other people. B. An individual in a vegetative state cannot react to any stimulus from the environment. C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world. D. An individual in a vegetative state can show signs of awareness without wakefulness. C. Behavioral non-responsiveness cannot be the sole determinant of one's ability to interact with the world. Which psychologist coined the term preconscious? A. Piaget B. Skinner C. Erikson D. Freud D. Freud What does the term preconscious refer to? A. Intentionally repressed material that takes the form of unconscious B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness C. Repressed unconscious material that cannot be consciously recollected D. Preexisting material immediately realizable to awareness B. Potentially accessible material currently unavailable to awareness Jimmy is taking his 7th grade exam in which he is asked to give one word for a set of given explanations. Though he knows the words for the answer and is confident about recollecting them, he is unable to recall them at that particular time. Which of the following terms refer to Jimmy's experience? A. Decay theory B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon C. Motivated forgetting D. Freudian slip B. Tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon Which of the following best describes moderate consciousness? A. The unconscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness B. The conscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness D. The unconscious experience of knowing something that can be brought into awareness C. The conscious experience of knowing something that cannot be brought into awareness When a person is roused by sounds that seem important while filtering out the rest that seem run-of-the-mill, he/she is in a(n) ________ state. A. minimally conscious B. objectively conscious C. subjectively conscious D. moderately conscious D. moderately conscious Which of the following holds true when a person is fully awake? A. The person is in a fully conscious state at all times. B. The person cannot be in a minimally conscious state for prolonged periods of time. C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness. D. The person cannot experience states of moderate consciousnesses. C. The person can experience vacillating consciousness. When does an individual attain a flow state? A. When he/she is barely awake or aware but shows some deliberate movements. B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks. C. When he/she is barely able to maintain focused awareness on a target. D. When he/she recollects material that is potentially accessible but not currently available to awareness. B. When he/she thrives in his/her ability to rise to the occasion of challenging tasks. Which of the following best describes the phenomenon of a flow state? A. The experience of always being depressed regardless of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity. C. The phenomenon of things eventually falling in place after a string of mishaps. D. The state of suspending non-belief in order to make something seem credible. B. The sense of losing track of time while being engrossed in an activity. Graham displays a heightened sense of awareness of events in his environment. For instance, when he picks a book to read, he pores over every bit of information given about the author, edition, preface, and even the colors and images on the cover page. This is indicative of the fact that Graham is a(n) ________ person. A. mindful B. docile C. rational D. versatile A. mindful Which of the following statements about mindfulness is true? A. Mindfulness is a universal and a uniform phenomenon. B. Individuals who are mindful are not aware of their own feelings in response. C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity. D. An individual cannot develop his/her mindfulness using mental training techniques. C. Mindfulness can have various levels of intensity. Which of the following can be considered a key element of consciousness? A. Intuition B. Knowledge C. Optimism D. Attention D. Attention The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control best defines the term: A. attention. B. chunking. C. intuition. D. encoding. A. attention. Which of the following is an attentional process that helps determine the contents of consciousness at any given moment in time? A. Sustained attention B. Flashing attention C. Alternating attention D. Divided attention A. Sustained attention The ability to focus awareness on specific features in the environment while ignoring others is termed as: A. sustained attention. B. focused attention. C. selective attention. D. Stroop effect. C. selective attention. Carlos is oblivious of what his classmates are doing while taking a test at school. However, when his friend sneezes loudly, he immediately notices. What does this illustrate? A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation. B. It is possible for us to be aware of all material at all times. C. All of us can do more than one thing at a time without compromising our performance on either task. D. Consciousness causes us to react to all stimuli. A. Consciousness focuses our attention on changes in stimulation. Chen is attending a lecture where his professor requests all students to give their undivided attention to an important concept he intends to explain. The professor is actually interested in the students'________ attention. A. focused B. sustained C. alternating D. selective D. selective Which of the following tests, upon research, yielded classic scientific evidence for selective attention? A. The Stroop test B. The right-left orientation test C. The dichotic listening test D. The trail marking test C. The dichotic listening test What was the findings of the experiment that yielded scientific evidence for selective attention? A. Recall was equally bad for both ears. B. Recall was worse for the attended ear. C. Recall was equally good for both ears. D. Recall was better for the attended ear. D. Recall was better for the attended ear. Information can make its way into consciousness through the unattended ear if it is: A. monotonous. B. meaningful. C. random. D. trivial. B. meaningful. Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has? A. The serial-position effect B. The Stroop effect C. The cocktail party effect D. Perceptual constancy C. The cocktail party effect Which of the following best describes the cocktail party effect? A. A strong urge to nap at inappropriate times, such as during meals or in the middle of conversations. B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful. C. A mental state that occurs in compliance with instructions and is characterized by lack of voluntary control over behavior. D. The ability to create a false sensory perception not related to real external stimuli. B. The ability to filter out auditory stimuli and then to refocus attention on something that appears more meaningful. Which of the following creates gaps in attention and perception? A. Selective attention B. Sustained attention C. Continuous attention D. Persistent attention A. Selective attention Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of? A. Audience's sustained attention B. Audience's divided attention C. Audience's short attention span D. Audience's focused attention D. Audience's focused attention Which of the following refers to a phenomenon by which one fails to notice unexpected objects in her or his surroundings? A. Inattentional blindness B. Subliminal perception C. Change phenomenon D. Visual masking A. Inattentional blindness Which of the following describes the interrelation of concentration and attention? A. The perceptual load model B. The cognitive load theory C. The global workspace model D. Baddeley's model A. The perceptual load model Bob finds it easier to concentrate on his studies when he finds the topic interesting. He is engrossed to such an extent that he does not even realize that the television has been turned to the maximum volume. However, if the topic does not interest him, he tends to get distracted at the drop of a hat. Which of the following theories explains Bob's behavior? A. The psychoanalytic theory B. Baddeley's theory C. The cognitive load theory D. The perceptual load theory D. The perceptual load theory Which of the following can lead one to consciously attend to something? A. When neurons from one region of the brain work together B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together C. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work independently D. When neurons from one region of the brain work independently B. When neurons from many distinct brain regions work together When an individual engages in synchronization, she or he: A. hallucinates. B. has a subconscious experience. C. becomes unconscious. D. has a conscious experience. D. has a conscious experience. Which of the following, in all probability, creates a consolidation of discrete experiences that evokes a holistic experience of something? A. The synchrony of cell assemblies B. Metaplasticity C. Tetanic stimulation D. Long-term potentiation A. The synchrony of cell assemblies Which of the following best describes sustained attention? A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea B. The ability to direct one's sense organs to form a complete perspective C. The ability to respond simultaneously to multiple task demands D. The neural process that enhances one's involuntary reflexes A. The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or an idea Alisha is employed as an air traffic controller. Which of the following abilities would be vital for Alisha? A. The ability to individually respond to specific auditory, visual, or tactile stimuli B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity C. The capacity to maintain quick and enhanced behavioral responses to involuntary stimuli D. The capacity for mental flexibility that allows her to shift the focus of attention and move between tasks which have different cognitive requirements B. The ability to consistently maintain a behavioral response for continuous and repetitive activity Which of the following tests is used to study sustained attention? A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) B. Raven's Progressive Matrices Test C. Stroop Test D. Stanford-Binet Test A. Continuous Performance Test (CPT) What does the test to study sustained attention of people require them to do? A. Shift their focus of attention and move between tasks that have different cognitive requirements B. Respond discretely to specific visual, auditory, or tactile stimuli C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time D. Respond to multiple task demands simultaneously C. Maintain attentional focus for an extended period of time What did researchers' study of sustained attention using the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) reveal? A. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 5 minutes. B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes. C. The accuracy in detecting targets declines considerably after 15 minutes. D. The accuracy in detecting targets increases considerably after 15 minutes. B. Most people cannot perform well on tasks requiring sustained attention for more than 15 minutes. When one multi-tasks, there is: A. less sustained attention. B. more sustained attention. C. less selective attention. D. less inattentional blindness. A. less sustained attention. What happens when one switches from one simple task to another? A. There is absolutely no lost time, unlike while switching between complex tasks. B. The amount of lost time is high. C. There is an equal amount of lost time just as in switching between complex tasks. D. The amount of lost time is low. D. The amount of lost time is low. Multitasking _____ learning. A. compromises B. bolsters C. makes no difference to D. facilitates A. compromises What were the findings of the fMRI study of people driving in a simulator while using a hands-free device? A. Decrease in frontal lobe activity B. Increase in parietal lobe activity C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity D. Increase in frontal lobe activity C. Decrease in the parietal lobe activity Talking while driving: A. increases activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. B. has no impact on the activity in areas of the brain associated with language processing. C. has no impact on the activity in regions of the brain associated with spatial processing. D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing. D. increases activity in areas associated with language processing. According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times? A. Chatting with someone in the vehicle B. Using the phone with a hands-free device C. Eating D. Texting D. Texting What is the outcome of the study conducted by Watson and Stayer? A. 52% of the population can switch from tasks without any performance decrements. B. 67% of the cell phone users keep their cell phones next to their beds. C. 4.4% of the population checks their phones even when they are not ringing. D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements. D. 2.5% of the population can multi-task without any performance decrements. Which of the following is a form of mental training that can be used to calm the mind, stabilize concentration, or enhance awareness of the present moment? A. Meditation B. Sleep C. The administration of a psychoactive drug D. Sensory deprivation A. Meditation Meditation: A. can disrupt concentration. B. stabilizes attention. C. makes the mind hyper. D. cannot bring one's attention back to something. B. stabilizes attention. Javier is learning French that necessitates him to remember new words and the grammar and syntax of the language. Which of the following changes is most likely to occur in his brain as he learns and memorizes the new language? A. Growth of new neurons B. Elimination of obsolete neurons C. Increase in the activity of the parietal lobe D. Weakening synaptic connections A. Growth of new neurons What happens when one learns something new and stores it as short-term or long-term memory? A. It has no bearing on synaptic connections. B. Synaptic connections get weakened. C. Synaptic connections get strengthened. D. Increase in the release of Schwann cells. C. Synaptic connections get strengthened. What did studies on the effects of ancient calming techniques by psychologists and neuroscientists indicate? A. Mental life and neural structure share an interdependent but not a dynamic relationship. B. Mental life and neural structure do not function interdependently. C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence. D. Mental life and neural structure, though interrelated, do not witness any changes throughout life. C. Mental life and neural structure share a dynamic interdependence. What does mindfulness meditation encourage? A. Attention to the details of past experience B. Attention to the details of momentary experience C. Diverting selective attention toward thoughts D. Maintaining a consistent behavioral response during multi-tasking B. Attention to the details of momentary experience Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is: A. very attentive. B. minimally conscious. C. low on self-consciousness. D. highly mindful. D. highly mindful. How can concentration meditation help an individual? A. It can lead to an increase in impulsive responding. B. It can lead to an increase in constant attention shifts. C. It can lead to an increase in divided attention. D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention. D. It can lead to an increase in sustained attention. Individuals with no previous meditation experience who underwent eight weeks of mindfulness meditation training showed: A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex. B. an increased EEG activity in the right frontal cortex. C. an increased EEG activity in the occipital lobe. D. a decreased EEG activity in the occipital lobe. A. an increased EEG activity in the left frontal cortex. In a study by researchers, what did MRI scans of meditators and non-meditators reveal? A. Those who had meditated the shortest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. B. Those who had meditated the longest showed the least cortical thickness in certain areas. C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. D. Those who had meditated the longest showed decreased brain tissue in areas relevant to attention and emotion processing. C. Those who had meditated the longest showed the greatest cortical thickness in certain areas. According to the research that studied people new to meditation, compared to a control group, novices who underwent an 8-week meditation training program showed a(n): A. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. B. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. C. decrease in growth of brain tissues associated with spatial visualization. D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. D. increase in growth of brain tissues associated with emotional processing. Which of the following offers specific practices for working with consciousness? A. Awareness B. Wakefulness C. Meditation D. Hypnosis C. Meditation Which of the following holds true regarding sleep? A. The conscious mind and the outside world completely draw a blank. B. The sleeping state is irreversible. C. The sleeping state has the conscious mind perceiving all the sensations of the outer world. D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed. D. The sleeping state can be immediately reversed. While sleeping, a person's awareness: A. is consistent. B. is heightened. C. is greatly diminished. D. disappears. C. is greatly diminished. Which of the following statements would be true about a sleeping person? A. The mind cannot distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. C. The mind does not respond to any kind of stimuli. D. The sleeping state is akin to being in a preconscious state. B. The mind can distinguish between relevant and irrelevant stimuli. Which of the following refers to the pattern followed by sleep? A. Ultradian rhythm B. Nocturnal rhythm C. Infradian rhythm D. Circadian rhythm C. Infradian rhythm Which of the following best describes the circadian rhythm? A. Variations in physiological processes that exclude the sleep-wake cycle B. Variations in physiological processes that cycle longer than 48 hours C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period D. Variations in physiological processes that take more than once a year to complete one cycle C. Variations in physiological processes that cycle within approximately a 24-hour period Raj is an employed youth who has been recently moved to a night shift. Of late, he has been complaining of disturbed sleep and poor concentration. He also feels fatigued and listless more often. A change in _____ is most likely to have caused Raj's problems. A. circadian rhythm B. ultradian rhythm C. nocturnal rhythm D. infradian rhythm A. circadian rhythm Which of the following is NOT an example of Circadian rhythms? A. Body temperature B. Sleep-wake cycle C. Menstrual cycle D. Hormone production C. Menstrual cycle The body has an internal timekeeper located in the hypothalamus, called the _____, which regulates physiological activity on daily cycles. A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus B. Supraoptic nucleus C. Ventromedial nucleus D. Amygdaloidal nucleus A. Suprachiasmatic nucleus The body's biological clock is located in the: A. pituitary gland. B. pineal gland. C. thalamus. D. hypothalamus. D. hypothalamus. Which of the following holds true when the retina of the eyes detect light in the morning? A. It stimulates the supraoptic nucleus. B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus. C. It stimulates the nucleus accumbens. D. It stimulates the dorsomedial nucleus. B. It stimulates the suprachiasmatic nucleus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus influences the release of melatonin by its effect on the: A. hypothalamus. B. pineal gland. C. pituitary gland. D. thyroid gland. B. pineal gland. Which hormone plays a role in relaxation and drowsiness in human beings? A. Melatonin B. Serotonin C. Dopamine D. Cortisol A. Melatonin In humans, a surge of melatonin release occurs during the: A. evening. B. night. C. afternoon. D. morning. A. evening. Fatema is a marketing head based in New York who is required to travel a lot. She is even required to travel frequently across Asian and African countries for short periods of time. The disruptive effects of jet travel make her disoriented, groggy, irritable, and fatigued. If she visits her doctor, which of the following will most likely be prescribed for her? A. Testosterone B. Serotonin C. Progesterone D. Melatonin D. Melatonin What does REM stand for? A. Repetitive eye movement B. Random eye movement C. Rapid eye movement D. Reflexive eye movement C. Rapid eye movement Which of the following refers to a widely-held scientific belief in the 1950s? A. Dreams occurred in the passive state of sleep. B. The brain was active throughout sleep. C. Dreaming happened in the inactive stage of sleep. D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep. D. The brain was relatively inactive during sleep. With EEG technology, scientists were able to learn that: A. the brain can slip into states of minimal consciousness. B. the brain was relatively inactive during sleep. C. there is no distinct pattern of brain activity during sleep. D. sleep changes throughout the night. D. sleep changes throughout the night. If an awake and alert person undergoes a brain wave test, what will it reveal? A. Beta waves B. Alpha waves C. Theta waves D. Delta waves A. Beta waves What do alpha brain waves indicate? A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation B. Dreaming C. Very deep sleep D. A state of active wakefulness A. A state of drowsiness and relaxation How many stages are there to non-REM sleep? A. Three B. Four C. Five D. Six B. Four An EEG test taken during Stage 1 of sleep that one enters after feeling relaxed will reveal the brain waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. alpha; theta B. theta; alpha C. beta; theta D. theta; beta A. alpha; theta Which of the following is true about brain waves? A. Beta waves are higher in energy than alpha waves. B. Alpha waves are slower and lower in energy than theta waves. C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves. D. Alpha waves are more rapid than beta waves. C. Theta waves are slower and lower in energy than alpha waves. The dropping of the sensory curtain indicates the beginning of ________ of sleep. A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 A. Stage 1 How long does it usually take for one to make the transition from Stage 1 to Stage 2 of sleep? A. 15-17 minutes B. 10-12 minutes C. 1-2 minutes D. 5-7 minutes D. 5-7 minutes In which stage of sleep do short periods of extremely fast and somewhat higher energy sleep spindles occur in which stage of sleep? A. Stage 1 B. Stage 2 C. Stage 3 D. Stage 4 B. Stage 2 Which of the following is a marker of Stage 2 sleep? A. K-complexes B. Transient activations C. Vertex waves D. Small amplitude delta frequency waves A. K-complexes As one moves from Stage 2 to Stage 3 sleep, an EEG will show the waves change from ________ to ________ waves. A. theta; delta B. beta; theta C. alpha; theta D. delta; theta A. theta; delta Which of the following holds true of an individual during the different stages of sleep? A. An individual in Stage 2 experiences no K-complexes. B. An individual in Stage 4 sleep experiences more sleep spindles than Stage 3. C. An individual in Stage 3 experiences more K-complexes than Stage 2. D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2. D. An individual in Stage 3 sleep experiences fewer sleep spindles than Stage 2. Which of the following is true of REM? A. It is characterized by delta waves on ECG. B. It is a sound and dreamless sleep. C. It is characterized by total lack of muscular activity. D. It is characterized by active dreaming. D. It is characterized by active dreaming. Mia, a five-year-old, vividly dreams about visiting a fairyland and meeting a fairy godmother who gives her a rare protective amulet. What does this imply? A. Mia is in Stage 4 sleep. B. Mia is in REM sleep. C. Mia is in Stage 3 sleep. D. Mia is in non-REM sleep. B. Mia is in REM sleep. How long does the night's first episode of REM sleep usually last? A. 8-10 minutes B. 2-3 minutes C. 12-14 minutes D. 10-20 minutes A. 8-10 minutes With each progressive cycle, the REM periods A. show negligible fluctuations. B. are shorter. C. become nil. D. are longer. D. are longer. Adults move through about ________ different cycles of non-REM and REM sleep every night, with each cycle lasting roughly ________ minutes. A. 4-6; 90 B. 2-3; 40 C. 8-10; 10 D. 12-14; 2-3 A. 4-6; 90 Which of the following statements is true of dreams? A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. B. Full-blown dreams are more common during non-REM than REM sleep. C. Dreams occur only in REM stage. D. Dreams coincide with the occurrence of sleep spindles. A. Dreams can occur in non-REM stage. Newborns of many species, especially humans, spend more time in ________ sleep. A. non-REM B. REM C. slow-wave D. deep B. REM The average of non-REM sleep per day that newborns spend is: A. 8 hours. B. 4 hours. C. 12 hours. D. 14 hours. A. 8 hours. By age 1, the REM sleep drops to about: A. 28 percent. B. 50 percent. C. 33 percent. D. 40 percent. A. 28 percent. The greatest amount of REM sleep over the life span occurs: A. in old age. B. in the first months of life. C. in the later part of gestation. D. at the onset of adolescence. B. in the first months of life. The fact that newborns and infants spend so much more time in REM sleep than adults has led some researchers to hypothesize that: A. our brains are most plastic in adulthood. B. the amount of REM sleep increases over a period of time. C. the amount of REM sleep does not affect brain plasticity or neural growth. D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development. D. the main function of REM sleep is to assist with brain growth and development. Which of the following is true of the functions of sleep? A. It inhibits neural growth. B. It consolidates memory. C. It enhances cellular damage. D. It resists metabolic cleanup. B. It consolidates memory. Studies in mice show that there is substantial increase in the exchange of cerebrospinal fluid with intracellular fluid during sleep that may reflect how sleep allows for the cleansing of _____. A. cellular proteins B. neural anti-bodies C. digestive enzymes D. cerebral toxins D. cerebral toxins According to the studies in mice, what effect did sleep deprivation have on them? A. There was no effect on the neurons. B. The growth of neurons increased. C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited. D. The neurons started behaving erratically. C. The growth of new neurons was inhibited. Which of the following is a characteristic of children with chronic sleep disturbances? A. Improved cognitive development B. Increased neural connectivity in the brain C. Growth of neurons in key memory areas of the brain D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain D. Decreased neural connectivity in the brain What were the findings of the study of the effects of sleep deprivation on performance? A. Participants who had more than the normal REM cycles performed better. B. Participants who had less than normal amounts of non-REM sleep performed better. C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better. D. The presence or absence of REM or Non-REM sleep was immaterial as long as participants could relax for some time. C. Participants who had normal amounts of REM sleep performed better. Neuroimaging studies of people learning to navigate a virtual maze show: A. an increased activation in the hippocampus. B. a decreased activation in the hippocampus. C. an increased activation in the hypothalamus. D. a decreased activation in the hypothalamus. A. an increased activation in the hippocampus. Which of the following is true about a person's performance and hippocampal activation? A. The more hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. C. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day. D. The less hippocampal activation shown during high-wave sleep, the worse the person performs on the task the next day. B. The more hippocampal activation shown during slow-wave sleep, the better the person performs on the task the next day. Which of the following holds true of the brain? A. The brain cannot consolidate learning in sleep. B. The brain cannot consolidate memories in sleep. C. Napping after learning typically reduces performance. D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep. D. Task learning is replayed in the brain during sleep. Which of the following best describes free radicals? A. The tiny gap between nerve cells across which neurotransmitters pass. B. Specialized cell that supports, protects, or nourishes nerve cells. C. By-products of oxygen metabolism. D. Thick bundles of nerve cell fibers that connect the two cerebral hemispheres. C. By-products of oxygen metabolism. According to Buxton, it is okay to sleep less than the optimum duration as long as: A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle. B. it is at a place with appropriate lighting. C. it encourages appropriate metabolic cleansing. D. it is done right after learning a task. A. it falls in the appropriate circadian circle. Sleep A. slows metabolism. B. increases metabolism. C. increases cellular damage. D. does not affect the release of free radicals. A. slows metabolism. A recent meta-analysis of 16 prospective studies on sleep and mortality revealed that: A. people who slept less than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. B. people who slept more than six to eight hours showed greater longevity. C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer. D. sleep is unrelated to an individual's mortality. C. people who slept between six to eight hours a day lived longer. Who is credited with developing the concept of sleep debt? A. William Dement B. Nathan Kleitman C. Eugene Aserinsky D. Sigmund Freud A. William Dement Which of the following is an alternate way to pay back sleep debt used by many people? A. Increased alertness during the following day B. Enhanced memory C. Use of nicotine D. Careful and vigilant driving habits C. Use of nicotine What did Barber and colleagues find when they asked students to complete a daily sleep log and online diaries of perceived stress in life over a five-day period? A. A few days of sleep deficiency early on in the week can add to psychological strain but can be offset with sleep later in the week. B. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week does not contribute to psychological strain. C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep. D. Consistent sleep patterns can wear us down as the body then cannot adjust suitably to any inconsistency in sleep that may arise. C. A few days of sleep deficiency early in the week can contribute to psychological strain later in the week despite attempts to offset with subsequent sleep. Nathan is a budding lawyer experiencing troubled sleep. Let alone the occasional disturbed sleep, he takes not less than two hours to fall asleep. Even though he has been getting sleep at times since the last three weeks, he complains of not feeling rested after a night's sleep. Nathan's symptoms suggest that he suffers from: A. Kleine-Levin Syndrome. B. hypersomnia. C. insomnia. D. somniphobia. C. insomnia. Why are women more likely to be affected by insomnia? A. They are less likely to cope with medical conditions. B. They are more likely to be iron deficient. C. They are more likely to consume alcohol. D. They are more prone to sleep less than two to four hours a day for two weeks or more. B. They are more likely to be iron deficient. GABA is: A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity. B. unrelated to the central nervous system activity. C. a neurotransmitter that increases central nervous system activity. D. a neuropeptide that functions inversely with the central nervous system. A. a neurotransmitter that decreases central nervous system activity. When does sleepwalking usually occur? A. During non-REM sleep B. During REM sleep C. While hallucinating D. During increased activity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus A. During non-REM sleep Which of the following is true about people who sleepwalk? A. People who sleepwalk do not engage in activities that normally occur during wakefulness. B. People who sleepwalk are easy to rouse. C. People who sleepwalk are likely to be acting out a dream. D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up. D. People who sleepwalk do not remember having been up. Which of the following best describes narcolepsy? A. A sleep disorder that causes an almost irresistible urge to move one's legs or arms B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles C. A sleep disorder where the facial muscles are hyperactive D. A sleep disorder in which breathing temporarily stops during sleep due to blockage of the upper airways B. A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles A weakness of facial muscles and muscles in limbs that people experience with narcolepsy is: A. apnea. B. cataplexy. C. synaptic malfunction. D. catalepsy. B. cataplexy. EEG studies of people suffering from narcolepsy reveal: A. protracted REM sleeping patterns. B. absence of sleep spindles. C. abnormality in sleep spindles. D. normal REM sleeping patterns. C. abnormality in sleep spindles. Which of the following is most often used to treat narcolepsy? A. Benzodiazepines B. Opioids C. Amphetamines D. Heroin C. Amphetamines Tamara complains that her husband can actually sleep anywhere and anytime. He can sleep for more than 10 hours a day, notwithstanding the fact that he even dozes off during meals and in the middle of conversations. If Tamara's husband visits the doctor, the doctor is most likely to diagnose his problem as ______. A. hypersomnia B. insomnia C. cataplexy D. somnambulism A. hypersomnia Which of the following is true of nightmares? A. It is also known as night terrors. B. It is rarely experienced by adults. C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder. D. It never occurs with cancer patients. C. It is a result of post-traumatic stress disorder. According to Sigmund Freud, which of the following refers to two distinct levels of consciousness in the context of dreams? A. Implicit and explicit levels B. Internal and external levels C. Latent and manifest levels D. Superficial and subliminal levels C. Latent and manifest levels Which of the following refers to the manifest content of a dream? A. The unconscious part B. The hidden part C. The subliminal part D. The superficial part D. The superficial part According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the: A. latent level. B. subliminal level. C. deep level. D. manifest level. A. latent level. What does the AIM theory argue? A. Conflicting impulses, thoughts, feelings, and drives that threaten the waking mind are released as a visual compromise. B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity. C. Dreams are not very different from everyday thinking. D. All dreams operate at a single level, and not multiple levels. B. Dreams are devoid of meaning and a result of random brain activity. What does the AIM stand for? A. Activation, intensity, and mechanism B. Ambiguity, intensity, and movement C. Alertness, integration, and mechanism D. Activation, input, and mode D. Activation, input, and mode In the biological theory of dreams, the three-dimensional AIM cube depicts all states of consciousness occupying a different space. Why does REM sleep occupy the lower front right portion of the cube? A. Because it is active, external, and logical B. Because it is non-active, external, and logical C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose D. Because it is non-active, internal, and loose C. Because it is highly active, internal, and loose Which of the following theories conforms to the belief that dreams are nothing but the standard processes that occur during the day? A. The biological theory B. The AIM theory C. The cognitive theory D. The psychoanalytic theory C. The cognitive theory Which of the following holds true regarding hypnosis? A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake. B. Hypnotized people are in reality asleep. C. Hypnotized people have voluntary control over their own behavior. D. Hypnotized people retain critical faculties of mind. A. Hypnotized people are in reality awake. When do people respond easily to hypnosis? A. When they are fully conscious. B. When their critical faculties of mind are in control. C. When they are relaxed. D. When they have voluntary control over their own behavior. C. When they are relaxed. Which area in the brain gets subdued as a result of hypnosis that does not let a person experience pain? A. The cortical area B. The autonomous nervous system C. The axons D. The hypothalamus A. The cortical area
are the results obtain by a person the same every time he or she takes the test?
Which of the following is a criterion used to assess the reliability of an intelligence test?
Openness to experience
Which of the following is a personality trait commonly found among highly creative individuals?
mental representation
Which of the following is a term used by psychologists to describe an image or idea in the mind that stands for an external object or thing sensed in the past or future, not the present?
the neural density enhances if one learns the second language earlier in childhood and adolescence
Which of the following is true with regard to second-language learning and the brain?
parallel distributive processing
Which of the following models proposes that associations between concepts activate many networks or nodes at the same time?
Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as _______.
linear perspective
The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances is known as _______.
accommodation
"ROY G. BIV" is an example of a(n) _____________ that helps one remember the colors of the rainbow—red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
acronym
Barbiturates are used in __________ to calm people down during certain medical procedures and as a temporary sleeping aid.
anesthesia
Treatment for schizophrenia
antipsychotics
A variable can be defined as:
anything that changes, or differs, within or between individuals.
Christopher is looking at a lighted sign on which a rapid succession of a row of lit bulbs appears as a "moving" arrow pointing toward a store. This visual effect is called _______.
apparent motion
Needs
are inherent states of cellular or bodily deficiency that compel drives.
Because some fibers of the olfactory bulb are directly connected to the amygdala, some smells we encounter:
are strongly connected to specific memories and emotions.
Annie has learned to use certain words such as "jam," "apple," "book," and "hand." It suggests that these words are mostly used: in the middle of a sentence. at the end of a sentence. at the beginning of a sentence. only in isolated cases.
at the end of a sentence.
Which of the following can be considered a key element of consciousness?
attention
Which of the following do magic tricks take advantage of?
audiences focused attention
The key event that distinguishes the embryonic stage from the third stage, the fetal stage, is the formation of the ___________
bone cells
Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they:
boost levels of acetylcholine in the brain.
Aricept and Reminyl are two medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease because they:
boost levels of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
Ruth is at a junkyard looking for spare parts for her car. As she wanders through the rows of cars, she happens upon a particular car which has a familiar set of wheels, windshield, doors, hood, and trunk, and she realizes she is looking at her own model of car. This type of visual perception is known as _______.
bottom-up processing
Debriefing is the process of:
informing and explaining the exact purposes of a study following data collection.
Which of the following is used in anesthesia to pacify people during certain medical procedures?
barbituates
Describe the germinal stage:
begins at conception & lasts for 2 weeks. At conception, the fertilized egg is a single-celled zygote, which starts dividing rapidly around 36 hours after conception. By day 7, the multicelled organism- now called a blastocyst- travels down the mother's fallopian tube and attached to the uterine wall. Between 30% and 50% of blastocysts do not implant properly, and the pregnancy ends without the woman's having known she was pregnant.
Which of the following is commonly used as a prescription sedative?
benzodiazepines
Chapter 4 Quiz 1
blind spot The point at which the optic nerve exits the eye is the ________ of the retina It is the smallest amount of change between two stimuli that a person can detect half of the time. What is a difference threshold? Sensory adaptation ________ ensures that we notice changes in stimulation more than stimulation itself. hit A researcher diffuses a few drops of perfume in a house and asks Clara if she can smell it, to which Clara says yes. According to signal detection theory, Clara's response is _______. fovea We see images with the greatest clarity when they are focused on the _______. Feature detectors ________ in the visual cortex analyze the retinal image and respond to specific aspects of shapes, such as angles and movements. Signal detection theory ________ takes into account both stimulus intensity and the decision-making processes people use in detecting a stimulus. iris The colored part of the eye, which is called the _______, adjusts the pupil to control the amount of light entering the eye. accommodation The process by which the muscles control the shape of the lens to adjust to viewing objects at different distances is known as _______. Sensation ________ is the stimulation of our sense organs by the outer world. absolute threshold The lowest intensity levels of a stimuli a person can detect half of the time is known as _______. linear perspective Beth is looking down a path of railroad tracks, and the two rails seem to meet far in the distance. This cue to depth is known as _______. saying that a stimulus is present when it is not. A false alarm is: sensory adaptation Our sensitivity diminishes when an object constantly stimulates our senses. This process is known as _______. Images focus behind the retina. Nate is farsighted. Which of the following happens to visual images focused on his retina? photoreceptors The cells in the retina (called rods and cones) that convert light energy into nerve energy are called _______. Binocular disparity Which of the following processes allows us to perceive depth due to the distance between images projected on our two retinas? correct rejection A ________ is not reporting a stimulus that is not present. Atmospheric perspective: comes from looking across a vast space into the distance in the outdoors. apparent motion Christopher is looking at a lighted sign on which a rapid succession of a row of lit bulbs appears as a "moving" arrow pointing toward a store. This visual effect is called _______.
During Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, called the concrete operational stage (ages 6-11), children ____________.
can perform mental operations—on real, or concrete, objects and events
The ___________ takes the longest amount of time to develop.
central nervous system
The ________________ is the part of the nervous system that comprises the brain and spinal cord.
central nervous system
The uppermost portion of the brain, the _____________, is folded into convolutions, or folds, and divided into two large hemispheres.
cerebrum
The olfactory sensory neurons contain hairlike projections called _______, which are similar to the hair cells in the inner ear.
cilia
Knowledge that one has gained from experience and learning, education, and practice, is called ______________ intelligence.
crystallized
*Sleep Stages* What occurs during Stage 1 (theta waves)?
light sleep, transition stage, person may claim to still be awake, hypnogogic sensations may occur
The ______________ stage of prenatal development begins 8 weeks after conception.
fetal
The ______ was the last major brain region to evolve, and was the largest part of the human brain.
forebrain
In which stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development does abstract and scientific reasoning develop?
formal operational
With respect to biological species, evolution is based on _____________.
frequency of occurrence of specific genes
Tiffany Field and her colleagues (1986) conducted an experiment to determine whether regular touch might help tiny premature infants. During the experiment she found that the babies who received touch therapy _____________ than those who did not.
gained significantly more weight
According to the ________ theory of pain, acupuncture should successfully alleviate pain.
gate control
Erik Erikson proposed that in midlife one confronts the crisis between ____________.
generativity versus stagnation
*Prenatal Development* Stage 1: ________ Stage 2: ______ Stage 3: _____
germinal; embryo; fetus
An advantage of naturalistic observation is that it:
gives researchers a look at real behavior in the real world.
(preconventional level) -Get something good= morally ____ -Get something bad= morally ___
good;bad
Young brains are more flexible because they have less __________.
gray matter WRONG ANSWER
Frequency is measured in units called _______.
hertz
Anita has trained herself well to be less self-conscious and less anxious than what she previously was. This is due to the fact that she is:
highly mindful
Memory consolidation takes place in the:
hippocampus
During puberty, major ________ changes prepare the body for ____________ and stimulate changes in body size and proportions.
hormonal; reproduction
The body's biological clock is located in the:
hypothalamus
A gaggle of baby geese instinctually form a bond with their mother. This is an example of ___________.
imprinting
What does caffeine do to the body?
increased alertness, increased heart rate, loss of motor coordination, insomnia, and nervousness
Talking while driving:
increases activity in areas associated with language processing.
A(n) ____________ variable is the condition that the researcher predicts will cause a particular outcome
independent
What is motor behaviors?
infants are born with a large set of automatic motor behaviors (reflexes)
The ____________ is made up of the hypothalamus, the hippocampus, the amygdala, and the cingulate gyrus.
limbic system
the availability heuristic
is a strategy people use when they make decisions based on the ease with which estimates come to mind or how available they are to their awareness
Under the guidelines of ____________, researchers must design studies in which the participants will share equally the costs and benefits of participating in the study.
justice
Three-year-old Devesh gets upset because he believes his sister's glass has more juice than his glass does. Both of them have the same amounts of juice but Devesh is confused because of the difference in the shape of their juice glasses. According to Piaget, this would be an example of Devesh's:
lack of conservation.
According to Sigmund Freud, the level at which the important underlying meaning of our dreams is termed as the:
latent level.
What is acquisition?
learning
What are the three main forms of amphetamines?
methamphetamine (meth), dextroamphetamine (dexedrine) and amphetamine sulfate (benzedrine, or "speed")
According to the view of René Descartes regarding mind-body dualism, the _______.
mind controls the body
*Motor Development* Wide range in the rate and manner in which children achieve _____ __________.
motor milestones
Researcher Eric Kandel's work with sea slugs showed that:
moving information from short-term to long-term memory requires repetition.
Although much brain development has happened by the time of emerging adulthood, the brain continues to change and grow. The prefrontal cortex continues to develop and fibers there are increasingly _____________, which facilitates neural communication.
myelinated
Axons that become ____________ are insulated and can transmit impulses more efficiently.
myelinated
What hypnogogic sensations may occur during stage 1 in the sleep stages?
myoclonic jerk
The removal of a stimulus after a behavior to increase the frequency of that behavior is known as ___________.
negative reinforcement 294
Some evidence suggests that ______________ might offset or even prevent the kind of neural degeneration seen in Alzheimer's and other age-related brain disorders.
neurogenesis
Within the brain, ____________ receive, integrate, and generate messages.
neurons
Donald Hebb proposed a model for the neural process that enables the brain to store new memories that has been paraphrased as:
neurons that fire together wire together.
Forward conditioning occurs when the ___________.
neutral stimulus is presented just before the unconditioned stimulus
Pain from skin damage is called _______.
nociceptive pain
Each concept or association in a network is referred to as a:
node
What is the secondary sex characteristics?
not directly related to reproduction; features which appear at puberty (though they later become equally as prominent). These secondary characteristics are features such as pubic hair, breast development in females, and beards in males.
When a child recognizes that objects continue to exist, even when they are no longer in sight, they have mastered the concept that Piaget referred to as:
object permanence
What is positive reinforcement?
occurs when the presentation or addition of a stimulus to a situation increases the likelihood of a behavior (EX: giving extra credit points for turning in homework on time)
*Correlation vs. Causation:* What is causation?
one event or thing causing a specific effect. Tasha was assuming causation when she said to the vet that the change in the food caused the effect of illness in her rabbit.
What is sleep apnea?
one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep
What is fluid intelligence?
one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; the ability to be adaptable and solve problems, even in an unfamiliar situation; to decrease during late adulthood (EX: street smart)
What is crystallized intelligence?
one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age (EX: someone that is book smart)
Whenever Julia gets ready for school on time, she gets a chocolate from her mother. Hence, Julia always tries to get ready on time. This is an example of ______ type of learning.
operant conditioning
What is Neurocognitive Theory?
our dreams are a conscious expression of the REM sleep stage that is busy storing and processing daily experiences; (what we dream about is on our cognitive)
If we compare the human mind with a computer, behavior and thoughts would be analogous to
output
As the stirrup vibrates, it moves a membrane that covers the inner ear, called the _______.
oval window
During complex and demanding tasks, teens ________________.
overload their frontal lobes
*Schedules of Reinforcement* What is schedules of reinforcement?
patterns of intermittent reinforcement distinguished by whether reinforcement occurs after a set number of responses or after a certain amount of time has passed since the last reinforcement
What is tolerance?
people require more and more of the drug to get the effect from it that they desire
Smoking can cause the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and mild relaxation of the muscles. From a learning perspective these are considered ___________.
positive reinforcers
When Cathy was asked to respond to the Heinz dilemma developed by Kohlberg, she said, "Although it is legally wrong, Heinz should steal the drug to save his wife's life. But he also has to be willing to suffer the consequences and go to jail if need be." According to the theory of moral reasoning developed by Kohlberg, Cathy is at the _______________ stage of moral development.
postconventional
The charge difference between the inside and outside of the axon is known as a _________.
potential
The ____________ is an important region of the frontal lobe and it descends from the top of the head toward the center of the brain.
primary motor cortex
What is negative reinforcement?
refers to the removal of a stimulus to increase behavior; the stimulus removed is something unpleasant (EX: the beeper that sounds in our car until you fasten your seatbelt; the removal of the annoying sound is negative reinforcement for fastening the seat belt)
When the consequences of a behavior increase the likelihood that a behavior will occur again, the behavior is ___________.
reinforced
Teenagers might view "being seen as cool"—a form of peer acceptance—as desirable, and so being seen as cool becomes a(n) ____________ for their smoking behavior.
reinforcer
According to Cobb et al., 2010, which of the following is found to be the most distracting while driving causing significantly slower reaction times?
texting
Psychologists use a standardized reference when diagnosing psychological disorders called _____________.
the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual
What is object performance?
the ability to realize that objects still exist when they are not being sensed (EX: peek-a-boo)
What is conservation?
the ability to understand that changing the appearance of something does not change its volume (EX: Pouring liquid from a short/wide glass into a tall/skinny class doesn't mean there is more liquid)
What is positive punishment?
the addition of a stimulus that decreases behavior (EX: spanking)
According to Erik Erikson, stagnation occurs when:
the adult becomes more self-focused than oriented toward others
Nina is attending a get-together where she has to struggle to listen to a conversation with her colleague due to a lot of background noise. However, her ears prick up as soon as she hears her name being mentioned by someone in another part of the room and, consequently, she loses the thread of conversation with her colleague. Which of the following terms best describes the experience Nina has?
the cocktail party effect
The experience of the flavor of food results from _______.
the combination of taste and smell
What is Variable Interval (VI) schedule?
the first response is reinforced after time periods of different durations have passed
Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________
the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope
Between 8 and 12 weeks into development, ____________.
the heartbeat of the fetus can be detected with a stethoscope
What is conditioned taste aversion?
the learned avoidance of a particular taste of food; develop after only one trial, can have very long delays (6-8 hours), show little generalization
When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the resulting single cell is known as a(n) _________.
zygote
Which of the following is true of visual perception? A. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present. B. Visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain when the original stimulus is present. C. Visual perception takes longer because the verbal system is older in evolutionary terms than the visual system. D. Visual perception cannot occur with abstract ideas that have no physical existence.
A. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present.
Brian, 6 months of age, utters a string of single syllables yet to be recognized as words. With regard to the stages of language development, Brian is: A. uttering gibberish. B. cooing. C. uttering bisyllables. D. chattering.
A. uttering gibberish.
Which of the following is true of second-language learning and the brain? A. Compared to single-language 6- to 9-month-old infants, bilingual infants of the same age discriminate similar sounds. B. People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one. C. Brains of bilingual babies are less responsive to a wide range of sounds. D. Compared to bilingual speakers, single-language speakers have a greater density of neurons in the language centers of the brain.
B. People who are fluent in two languages apparently are capable of more efficient cognitive processing than those who speak only one.
Which of the following refers to conformation bias? A. A form of judgment that discounts the causal theory over correlational theory B. The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs C. The tendency of people to view events as being more predictable than they really are once they occur D. The tendency of people to imagine alternatives to reality
B. The tendency to selectively attend to information that supports one's general beliefs while ignoring evidence that contradicts one's beliefs
Which of the following is true in the context of learning a non-native language? A. Adults learn to speak a second language more quickly than do children. B. Individuals who learn to speak a second language earlier than age 12 will probably speak it with an accent. C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents. D. The language acquisition for children and adults depends to a large extent on the length of time they are exposed to it.
C. Children under six who learn to speak a second language will learn more quickly than adolescents.
Why does linguist Noam Chomsky argue for an inbuilt device for language acquisition? A. Human beings learn languages with great difficulty and over long periods of time. B. Different languages develop in children in different ways and at different ages. C. Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences. D. It is unlikely that a child can learn equally easily any language as his or her native language.
C. Human beings can easily do the most complex thing of speaking in complete grammatical sentences.
Which of the following makes human language unique? A. It can be used to express one's needs and desires. B. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. C. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. D. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.
C. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.
Which of the following statements reflects Skinner's belief on language? A. Language exists particularly for the sake of interaction and conveying information between people. B. Language is not learned; it is discovered. C. Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. D. Humans are born with a language acquisition device, therefore, language is innate.
C. Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped.
Which pattern of growth partly explains how babies respond to picture books before they learn to talk? A. The temporal and frontal lobes develop before the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain. B. The temporal and frontal lobes and the occipital and parietal lobes of the brain grow simultaneously. C. The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system. D. Verbal stimulation occurs much before the sensory stimulation stops.
C. The visual system is mostly in the occipital lobes and develops before the verbal system.
Which of the following is true of mental representations? A. They are less useful for thinking about things one sensed in the past. B. They usually do not allow one to imagine things in the future. C. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing. D. They are not useful for thinking about abstract ideas that have no physical existence.
C. They are frequently not about things one is currently sensing.
How did Kahneman and Tversky debunk a long-held belief about the decisions people make? A. They showed that people are always rational in their decision making. B. They showed that people often act like scientists in their decision making. C. They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making. D. They showed that people are motivated by self-interest and rational decision making.
C. They showed that people are not always rational in their decision making.
When people look only for information that confirms what they already believe and seldom look for information that disconfirms what they think, they are said to be characterized by a(n) ______. A. omission bias B. selective perception C. confirmation bias D. availability heuristic
C. confirmation bias
If Alex engages in innately guided learning, it suggests: A. learning to speak a language by employing one's innate abilities without stimulation or reinforcement. B. learning to speak a language which is like any other behavior that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning. D. learning to speak a language while employing recorded interactive language devices.
C. learning to speak a language while being influenced by one's inherent capacity for language learning.
Hilda, a 6-month-old infant, has stopped using sounds that are not used in her native language. She loses the ability to perceive nonnative sounds as she grows up. This is known as: A. cooing. B. training. C. pruning. D. babbling.
C. pruning.
In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of: A. semantics. B. logic and reasoning. C. syntax and grammar. D. semiotics.
C. syntax and grammar.
Which of the following best describes child-directed speech? Changes in the child's speech as a result of imitation Speech that a child engages in talking to himself/herself Normal speech that is used while talking to the child Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
Changes in adult speech patterns to encourage imitation
While working on his post-doctoral thesis, Simon reads several scientific articles and carefully analyzes and evaluates the conclusions based on the facts and evidence at hand. He then makes sound judgments based on his own research and previous researches, both of which are validated through repeated experiments. Which of the following is Simon doing? Nonrational reasoning Critical thinking Availability heuristics Intuitive mapping
Critical thinking
In the context of evolution of language in humans, what do scientists think about the development of grammatical language? A. Evolution of grammatical language occurred along with shorter working memory. B. Evolution of the brain occurred first leading to language development. C. Evolution of language occurred before evolution of music. D. Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.
D. Evolution of language and the evolution of brain are intertwined.
Identify a difference between visual perception and visual imagery. A. Visual perception can be measured on an ordinary scale, whereas visual imagery is abstract, and it is difficult to determine its intensity. B. Visual perception occurs through verbal formulation, whereas visual imagery primarily occurs through mental rotation. C. Visual perception occurs in the absence of sensory stimulus, whereas visual imagery is imagining an object turning in three-dimensional space for a long period of time. D. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.
D. Visual perception occurs while the stimulus is still present, whereas visual imagery consists of visual representations created by the brain after the original stimulus is no longer present.
Most language theorists agree upon the perspective that: A. social interaction, environmental input, and stimulation are of utmost importance in a child's language development. B. languages are learnt as a result of shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement. C. the most significant factors influencing language acquisition are one's brain structures and genetic factors. D. acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.
D. acquiring language involves natural abilities that are modified by the language learner's environment.
Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: A. males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. B. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. C. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
D. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
Anna and Johanna visit their hometown after a long time. They are disappointed to find the old local library razed to erect a mall. Johanna remarks that she still has such fond memories associated with the library that she vividly remembers how the librarian greeted them on every visit, and how she used to look forward to the arrival of new books every month. This is an example of: A. mental rotation. B. memory perception. C. verbal formulation. D. visual imagery.
D. visual imagery.
Which of the following makes human language unique? It can be used to express one's needs and desires. It can be spoken in different ways by different people. It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction. It can be used for the purpose of metacommunication.
It can be used to transmit ideas in abstraction.
Which of the following is true in the context of language development in infants? Language comprehension occurs in the right hemisphere of the brain, in the region called Broca's area. It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area. Language production is associated with the left-hemisphere region called Wernicke's area. The ability to understand words develops after the ability to produce words.
It is suggested that Wernicke's area develops earlier than Broca's area.
Identify a true statement about visual representation. It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived. It is found that the brain is less active during visual imagery than it is during visual perception. It usually occurs only through verbal formulation of thoughts. It refers to the ability of classifying one's thoughts and perceptions into concepts and categories.
It is the ability to imagine things that are not currently being perceived.
Which of the following is the central tenet of the nativist theory? Language is something that exists because it is reinforced and shaped. Language is little influenced by socioeconomic factors. Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process. Language influences rather than determines people's thinking.
Language is discovered rather than learnt since language development is an inborn process.
Which theory holds that language shapes our thoughts and perceptions to such an extent that people who speak languages that lack a common foundation have difficulty directly communicating and translating their ideas from one language to the other? Nativist theory Theory of innately guided learning Linguistic determinism hypothesis Skinnerian theory of language
Linguistic determinism hypothesis
According to Uylings' study in the context of language development in humans, which of the following is true? Sensitivity periods begin after the plasticity of neural connections becomes more flexible. Pruning increases the plasticity of the neural connections. Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak. Neural wiring plummets when the sensitivity period begins.
Sensitivity periods end after neural pruning and neural wiring reach their peak.
What terms did Skinner use to explain the progression of language development in children from birth till the age they are able to utter short phrases and sentences? Successive approximations, observation, and interaction Interaction, reinforcement, and shaping Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement Reinforcement, observation, and interaction
Shaping, successive approximations, and reinforcement
Liam goes to a music store. Not knowing which DVDs to buy, he ends up buying DVDs of movies, trailers he has often seen on television. Which of the following indicates the judgment Liam uses when buying the DVDs? The representative heuristic Visual imagery The availability heuristic Mental representation
The availability heuristic
Miriam engages in deductive reasoning. Which of the following is a prerequisite if her conclusions are to be correct? Her general conclusion from specific evidence is not a causal inference. The conclusion is corroborated by an independent party. The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true. Her ability to selectively attend to information that supports her general beliefs is logically fallacious.
The general statement upon which she bases her specific premise is true.
Which of the following is true in the context of Chomsky's views on language development? Grammar is universal, but it may not always follow universal principles. Not all languages have the same components of speech. The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar. The components of speech seldom vary in where they can be put in sentences.
The language acquisition device must have principles of universal grammar.
In the context of verbal representation of one's thoughts and perceptions, ______ lets us know that certain concepts are related in a particular way, with some being general and other specific. inductive reasoning concept hierarchy mental rotation complex distribution
concept hierarchy
Research on gender differences in spatial ability has shown that: males and females perform at the same skill level on mental rotation tasks. females generally do better than males on mental rotation tasks. both males and females are rarely if ever skilled at mental rotation tasks. males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
males generally do better than females on mental rotation tasks.
In the context of the nature of language, words are put together in ways that follow the rules of: semantics. logic and reasoning. syntax and grammar. semiotics.
syntax and grammar
Dan, a German, is preparing to take a standardized test in a non-native language. Psychologists would argue that the test he would be taking will not be valid because: he would perform better in the non-native language rather than the native language. standardized tests usually have a lower internal consistency. different versions of standardized tests are designed for students taking tests in nonnative languages. the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.
the scores would not accurately portray the aptitude of the test taker.
