EXAM 3- PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS (CH. 12)
dissociative disorders often occur in people who show signs of ________
PTSD
________ is a psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety; people with this disorder are nervous most of the time
generalized anxiety disorder
what are the 4 most common anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder
causes of generalized anxiety disorder in terms of biological factors includes _______, _______, and _______
genetic predisposition, deficiency in GABA, and respiratory abnormalities
________ are sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli
hallucinations
_________ is a disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or natural disaster
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
antisocial personality disorder is linked to low levels of activation in the ________
prefrontal cortex
depressed individuals show lower levels of brain activity in a section of the _________ that is involved in generating actions and in regions of the brain associated with the perception of ________ in the environment
prefrontal cortex; rewards
________ is referred to as _______, and entails compulsively pulling at the hair from the scalp, eyebrows, and other body areas
trichotillomania; hair pulling
borderline personality disorder is characterized by what 4 essential features
unstable affect, unstable sense of self and identity, negative interpersonal relationships, self-harm
_________ is a theory holding that preexisting conditions (genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, experiences, and so on) put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder
vulnerability-stress hypothesis (diathesis-stress model)
the vast majority of individuals with dissociative identity disorder are _________
women
borerline personality disorder is far more common in _______ than ______
women; men
the suicide risk for individuals with schizophrenia is ______ times higher than the general population
8
the ________ is the major classification system of psychological disorders in the US
DSM-5 (diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders)
_______ is a disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation
OCD
_________ is behavior that is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time
abnormal behavior
________ has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder
anorexia
_______ is an eating disorder that involves the relentlessness pursuit of thinness through starvation
anorexia nervosa
________ is a psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit
antisocial personality disorder
________ are disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts
anxiety disorders
women are three times more likely to ________ suicide than men
attempt
__________ is one of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
the most common eating disorder, affecting men and women is _________
binge-eating disorder
_______ is an eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating
binge-eating disorder (BDD)
the _______ approach attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes; it focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality
biological
_________ disorder is equally common in men and women
bipolar
________ is a mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state
bipolar disorder
________ involves a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance
body dysmorphic disorder
_________ is a psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
_________ is often difficult to detect since it occurs within a normal weight range
bulimia
________ is an eating disorder in which an individual (typically female) consistently follows a binge-and-purge eating pattern
bulimia nervosa
________ is a state of immobility and unresponsiveness, lasting for long periods of time
catatonia
_________ symptoms of schizophrenia include difficulty sustaining attention, problems holding info in memory, deficits in the ability to self-reflect, and inability to interpret info and make decisions
cognitive
men are four times more likely than women to _______ suicide
complete
_________ are recurrent behaviors
compulsions
binge-eating disorder is associated with high levels of circulating ________ due to overactivity in the brain
cortisol
_________ in what it means to be normal is what makes it very difficult to compare different psychological disorders across different countries
cultural variation
suicide rates are higher in states with a _________
culture of honor
_______ are false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture
delusions
in bipolar disorder, there is a decrease in metabolic activity during _______, and an increase during _______
depression; mania
_______ are mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression- an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life
depressive disorders
_______ are unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions that may become catatonic in extreme cases and can include repetitive motions
disorders of movement
__________ is a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder
________ refers to psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from immediate experience
dissociation
_________ is a dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress
dissociative amnesia
________ are psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts
dissociative disorders
the most controversial disorders (due to being either mistakenly diagnosed or underdiagnosed) are _________
dissociative disorders
in _________ disorder, one identity dominates at one time and another takes over at another time- memory does not transfer across these identities
dissociative identity
__________ was formerly called multiple personality disorder, and is a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
problems in neurotransmitter regulation in those with schizophrenia includes problems regulating ________ (schizophrenia is linked to ________ )
dopamine; excess dopamine production
structural brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia are __________ and _______
enlarged ventricles in the brain and a small frontal cortex
________ is referred to as ________, and is the particular compulsion of picking at one's skin, sometimes to the point of injury
excoriation; skin picking
dissociation can be a way of dealing with ________
extreme stress
the worry from generalized anxiety disorder can take a physical toll and cause _______, ______, ______, and ______
fatigue, muscle tension, stomach problems, and difficulty sleeping
________ is the display of little or no emotion- a common negative symptom of schizophrenia
flat affect
________, ________, _______, and ________ are all positive symptoms of schizophrenia
hallucinations, delusions, thought disorder, and disorders of movement
what are 4 examples of OCD-related disorders
hoarding disorder, excoriation, trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder
cognitive factors related to those with borderline personality disorder could deal with them displaying ________, which is the tendency to be constantly on the alert, looking for threatening info in the environment
hypervigilance
the impression that individuals who suffer from psychological disorders are prone to violence is called an _________
illusionary correlation
the ________ states that suicide involves two factors: a desire to die, and the acquired capability for suicide
interpersonal theory of suicide
what are the three criteria of abnormal behavior
it is deviant, it is maladaptive, it is personally distressful over a long period of time
a reason that some people become depressed is _______, which involves an individual's feelings of powerlessness after exposure to aversive circumstances over which the person has no control
learned helplessness
individuals with a ______ are more likely to develop depression, and _______ are twice as likely as ______ to develop depression
low SES; women; men
_________ is a psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks
major depressive disorder (MDD)
__________ is the view that psychological disorders are medical diseases with a biological origin
medical model
antisocial personality disorder is far more common in _______ than ______, and is related to ______, ________, ______, and _______
men; women; criminal behavior, substance abuse, vandalism, and alcoholism
________ symptoms of schizophrenia reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions
negative
high levels of ________ and ________, and low levels of _______ are associated with bipolar disorder
norepinephrine and glutamate; serotonin
individuals with panic disorder might have a genetic predisposition to the disorder, and biological factors include genes that direct the action of neurotransmitters such as ________, _______, and _______; _______ has also been found to be elevated in individuals with this disorder
norepinephrine, GABA, and serotonin; lactate
________ are recurrent thoughts
obsessions
what are the 2 disorders that are related to the experience of anxiety, but are not classified as anxiety disorders
obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder
_________ is an anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause
panic disorder
individuals who experience less extreme depressive mood for more than two months may be diagnosed with _________
persistent depressive disorder
________ are chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality
personality disorders
depression is thought to be related to a _______ attributional style
pessimistic
________ symptoms of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function
positive
symptoms of schizophrenia can be _________, _______, or _________
positive, negative, or cognitive
the _________ approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders
psychological
_________ is a state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality
psychosis
one key aspect in successful treatment of borderline personality disorder appears to be a ________
reduction in social stress
a person with thought disorder (a positive symptom of schizophrenia) can show _________, which is ascribing personal meaning to completely random events
referential thinking
a critical step toward eliminating stigma is to ________ and create a ________
resist thinking of people with disorders as completely defined by their condition; positive environment for people with disorders
_________ is a severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from this may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality
schizophrenia
borderline personality disorder is related to _______ behaviors such as ______ and _______
self-harming; cutting and suicide
biological factors related to suicide includes low levels of ______
serotonin
genes influence many psychological characteristics of anorexia and bulimia, including problems in regulating _________
serotonin
individuals with depression have too few receptors for the neurotransmitters ______ and _______
serotonin and norepinephrine
depression has been linked to particular features of the ________ gene
serotonin transporter
low levels of ______, _____, and _____ are likely involved with OCD
serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate
_________ or _______ is an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations
social anxiety disorder or social phobia
individuals with dissociative identity disorder can develop multiple identities through ____________
social contagion
_______ factors appear to affect the course of schizophrenia (how it progresses)
sociocultural
the _______ approach emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including gender, ethnicity, SES, family relationships, and culture
sociocultural
______ and _______ are bodily symptoms that are either very distressing or that interfere with a person's functioning along with excessive thoughts, feelings, and behaviors about the symptoms
somatic symptom and related disorders
_________ is a psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation
specific phobia
people with borderline personality disorder tend to see the word in black-and-white terms, a thinking style called _________
splitting
people with dissociative amnesia forget only aspects of _______ and ________
their own identity and autobiographical experiences
________ refers to the unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia
thought disorder
