Exam 3 Review

Animals displaying bilateral symmetry can be divided into no more than one vertical plane at midline, where each half creates a mirror image of the other.

TRUE

Nematodes and arthropods utilize similar hormones in the molting process, suggesting that these two phyla are closely related within the Ecdysozoa.

TRUE

The Radiata include the phyla Cnidaria and Ctenophora

TRUE

The cuticle is a non-living cover that serves to both support and protect the animal.

TRUE

The cuticle limits growth and must be periodically shed to allow a new larger cuticle to be formed.

TRUE

The evolution of the watertight amniotic egg with its series of membranes allowed reptiles to replace ________________ and become the dominant terrestrial vertebrate.

amphibians

Many aquatic photosynthetic bacteria possess ______________ which allow them to access the maximum amount of light near the water's surface.

gas vesicles

The hinged jaw seen in the gnathostome vertebrates developed from the ___________________ that help support the ______________ tissues.

gill arches; gill

Vertebrates possess a __________ diversity of internal organs.

great

Although there was far _______ oxygen available to gills in air than in water, the delicate structure of gills couldn't be supported in the terrestrial environment.

more

Organisms called ______________ use light for energy and CO₂ as a carbon source.

photoautotrophs

Organisms called _____________ use light as an energy source but cannot synthesize their own organic compounds.

photoheterotrophs

Cyanobacteria differ from other prokaryotes because they carry out ________________ and generate oxygen.

photosynthesis

The ___________ provides food for the embryo via blood vessels connecting to the embryo's gut.

yolk sac

Plasmodium gametes in the mosquito form a _________ after fertilization.

zygote

The arthropods are the most successful group of animals; several key features explain their success. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into this phylum.

-Growth takes place through ecdysis -A rigid exoskeleton made of chitin -Jointed appendages -Segments specialized into functional tagmata

Select all of the potential changes in current bird anatomy that would prevent flight from occurring.

-Increase in reproductive output -Changes in bone structure -Reduction of barbs and barbules on contour feathers

Which of the possible adaptations listed did the amphibian ancestor acquire in order to live on land? (Check all that apply)

-Legs -Thinner skin to aid in respiration

Select the reasons why choanoflagellates are thought to be the closest living relatives to animals. (Check all that apply)

-Molecular comparisons between choanoflagellates and simple animals are similar. -They are similar to the cells of simple animals.

All animal species have general characteristics in common. Check all of the characteristics that would apply to members of this kingdom.

-Most animals have a muscle system that allows for active movement. -Most animals undergo sexual reproduction where a small motile sperm cell unites with a larger egg cell to produce a zygote. -All animals are heterotrophs.

In your zoology class, you are given a model of a lobe-finned fish to study. You immediately note that this fish is distinctly different from a ray-finned fish. Noting these differences and based on what you know about the differences between these two types of fish, what do you expect a lobe-finned fish might be able to do that a ray finned fish could not? (Check all that apply)

-Move across land using fins -Breathe air outside of water -Possess lungs

What are the key distinguishing features between the bony fish (osteichthyans) and the cartilagenous fish (chondrichthyans)? (Check all that apply)

-Osteichthyans have bony skeletons, chondrichthyans have skeletons made of cartilage. -Osteichthyans have a covering over their delicate respiratory organs, the gills called an operculum, chondrichthyans have open gill slits. -Osteichthyans regulate their buoyancy through the use of a gas or swim bladder, chondrichthyans regulate buoyancy through motion and large, oily livers.

Chordates possess several distinguishing characteristics that separate them from other animal groups. Check all of the features that one would use to classify members into this phylum.

-Postanal tail -Pharyngeal slits -Notochord -Dorsal hollow nerve cord

You are a teaching assistant for an introductory biology laboratory. You would like your students to see connections between admittedly very different looking and functioning creatures that make up the major groups of vertebrates. What structures could you point to in fish that have connections in the evolutionary framework to higher vertebrates? (Check all that apply)

-Skeletal developments leading to the amphibian movement onto land probably evolved from lobe-finned fishes. -The anterior gill arch formed the basis for the evolution of the vertebrate jaw.

As a final exam question in your biology course, you are asked to identify an animal that you immediately recognize as a chordate. Your instructor applauds you for your quick recognition of the phylum, but then he asks you to be more specific. You reply that the animal that you are observing is a vertebrate. To get an A, you must also tell your instructor how you came up with your answer. What features would you use to formulate your answer? (Check all that apply)

-The anterior end of the nerve cord is elaborated to form a brain in vertebrates. -The brain is encased in a protective bony or cartilaginous housing in vertebrates. -Multiple clusters of Hox genes are present in vertebrates.

What characteristics are shared by animals and fungi? Check all that apply.

-derived from protists -absorptive nutrition -secrete digestive enzymes

What is true of sexual reproductive processes in fungi? Check all that apply.

-different, but compatible, hyphal branches fuse -fruiting bodies produce haploid spores

The common mechanisms of horizontal gene transfer include:

-endosymbiosis -conjugation -transduction -transformation

The cuticle is porous and the diffusion of respiratory gases, even through the thickest areas, is not a problem

FALSE

What evolutionary trait do frogs and other amphibians lack (but reptiles have) that continues their association with water?

Amniotic egg

You are presented with a newly discovered invertebrate species. As you observe individuals of the new species in your lab, you note that the animals shed their skin. Which designation might this lead you to consider?

Ecdysozoa

An organism in your lab has issues with a malformed central nervous system that can be traced all the way back to the embryonic stage. To further investigate this issue, which germ layer would you want to examine closely to get an idea of exactly how the malformation occurred?

Ectoderm

A disadvantage in possessing a cuticle is that it forces fertilization to be external.

FALSE

A jellyfish displaying radial symmetry can be divided into no more than three lines of symmetry.

FALSE

All non-radiate animals, including the sponges, display bilateral symmetry.

FALSE

Rhodobacter spheroides has the ability to swim quickly through water toward light, which is necessary for photosynthesis. Such quick swimming is characteristic of:

Flagella

While on a nature walk, a student finds fungal fruiting bodies growing along the trail. He decides to bring them home so he can consume them with dinner. Why is this unwise?

Fungal fruiting bodies may be toxic—only an expert can identify these toxic types.

After an ocean fishing trip, you return with a species that you have not encountered before. Your curiosity will not allow you to dismiss your catch without proper identification. Your fishing buddy argues that this is just another species of bony fish. Upon dissection, you conclude that it belongs with a taxonomic grouping that includes the sharks. What observed feature of your catch would lead you to such a conclusion?

Large oil-filled liver

Which of the following traits are possessed by amphibians but are not present in fish?

Limbs

You are exploring in the desert and you discover a new unicellular organism. It is small and eukaryotic. Even so, you suspect it is not a protist. Why?

Most protists live in moist habitats.

Over 40% of amphibians are threatened with extinction. Considering an amphibian's lifestyle, which of the following explains why amphibians are called "indicator species" of environmental quality?

Their permeable skin and life cycle depends on both water and land.

The _________ surrounds a cavity into which waste products from the embryo are excreted.

allantois

The ___________ encases the developing embryo within a fluid filled cavity.

amnion

The domain Eukarya shares a most recent common ancestor with the domain ______________.

archea

Archaea and ____________ are often grouped together because they have a prokaryotic structure, even though this group is not monophyletic.

bacteria

What process is responsible for bacterial reproduction?

binary fission

The Bilateria are, in turn, divided into three major classifications based upon the structure of the _________________-.

body cavity

Because of their large _______________, ancestral amphibians likely faced challenges supporting themselves out of the aquatic environment.

body size

This structure is composed of either ______________________________.

bone or cartilage

A prokaryotic metabolism that uses organic compounds for energy and as a carbon source is found in

chemoheterotrophs

A prokaryotic metabolism that uses inorganic compounds as an energy source to synthesize organic molecules is found in

chemolithoautotrophs.

Starting with the outermost membrane, the _________ lies just beneath the porous shell of the egg.

chorion

Tiny hairlike structures called _______ are characteristic of certain protists.

cilia

The costs of locomotion on land and greater oxygen demand from enlarged muscles led to modifications of the heart and ________________.

circulatory system

The cellular shape of _________ bacteria facilitates a high surface area-to-volume ratio, allowing more efficient exchange of materials with the environment than other shapes.

cocci

These early amphibians could not venture too far away from water because __________________ was restricted to moist environments.

egg deposition

Fungi called ______________ live compatibly within the leaves of plants.

endophytes

The cranium and vertebral column are parts of the __________________.

endoskeleton

One characteristic shared by Bacteria and ___________ is the presence of ester bonds in their membrane lipids.

eukarya

Certain protists use a long whip-like structures called _________ to swim.

flagella

This feature is important because it allows for organs to be cushioned by _______ that is relatively incompressible.

fluid

The maintenance of plastids within eukaryotic cells was facilitated by ____________________ following endosymbiosis.

horizontal gene transfer

A _________ is a cooperative association between fungi and certain types of algae.

lichen

The ability to locate their ideal habitats using the Earth's magnetic field is conferred to some species by ____________________.

magnetosomes

The disease ____________ results from Plasmodium infections in humans.

malaria

Human red blood cells are destroyed by the _____________ stage of Plasmodium.

merozoite

Plasmodium uses _______________ to produce gametocytes.

mitosis

Certain fungi form _________________ with plant roots in a beneficial association.

mycorrhizae

For the majority of vertebrates, the _____________ is replaced by the vertebral column during embryonic development.

notochord

The separation of DNA from the rest of the cell is achieved by ____________________ in some bacteria species.

nucleus like bodies

Plant diseases are caused by _______________ fungi.

pathogenic

Amoeboid movement is carried out using structures called

pseudopodia

Lastly, animals can be classified by the way their zygotes subsequently divide to form a multicellular individual; the embryological pathway can proceed by either ________________ cleavage.

radial or spiral

Adult echinoderms display __________ symmetry; however, their larvae display ____________ symmetry.

radial; bilateral

A __________ is a fungus that decomposes organic matter.

saprobe

A stage called a _______________ reproduces in the human liver.

sporozoite

The Eumetazoa are divided into the Radiata and the Bilateria; this division is based upon each group's unique____________.

symmetry

For a lab assignment, you are presented with a fungus and are asked to observe and draw conclusions about its reproductive cycle. During the first hour you notice about 10% of your sample has produced dust-like spores at the tips of its hyphae. After 8 hours, 90% of the sample is producing the spores. You conclude that

the fungus is reproducing asexually.

Animals collectively known as the Eumetazoa possess specialized _____________.

tissues

In addition to the frog, what other organisms are classified as modern amphibians?

toads, salamanders

These include a heart with at least ____ chambers.

two