Exam 3 study guide A&P 2

Ceruminous glands

-Modified sweat glands in external ear -Open into external auditory canal or sebaceous glands -Secretion of ceruminous glands is called cerumen -mixes with sebum -earwax -Impedes foreign substances

Functions of finger nails

-Protect ends of fingers -Enhance touch perception and manipulation -Grasp small objects -Grooming

4 different types of cells of the pancreas and what they secrete:

1) Alpha cells (A cells) secrete the hormone glucagon. 2) Beta cells (B cells) produce insulin and are the most abundant of the islet cells. 3) Delta cells (D cells) secrete the hormone somatostatin, which is also produced by a number of other endocrine cells in the body. 4) F-cells

Types of hormones are

1) Amines / Amino acid derivative; 2) Peptide/amino acid derivative hormones; 3) Steroid/Cholesterol or lipid derivative hormones ; 4) Proteins/amino acid derivative; 5) Glycoproteins/Protein and carbohydrate derivative hormones;

Types of Circulating hormones:

1) Amino acid based (most common) 2) Steroid based (made from cholesterol)

Types of Local hormonse:

1) Autocrine: Effect the cells that secrete them. 2) Paracrine: Effect local and other cells.

goiters

An enlargement of the thyroid gland that results when the diet is deficient in iodine. A swelling of the neck resulting from enlargement of the thyroid gland.

What hormone is stored in the posterior portion of the pituitary gland?

Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH): This hormone prompts the kidneys to increase water absorption in the blood.

Terminal hairs

Are thick, long, and dark, as compared with vellus hair. During puberty, the increase in androgenic hormone levels causes vellus hair to be replaced with terminal hair in certain parts of the human body.

Heart produces what hormones and the functions of those hormones.

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) also called ANP; the "P" is for "peptide" Functions: Powerful vasodilator. Contributes to homeostatic control of water in the body; Also helps control levels of sodium, potassium (i.e. to control electrolyte homeostasis). Main overall effect: Helps reduce blood pressure.

Gross anatomy for the Pineal Gland

Behind the 3rd ventricle and between the 2 hemispheres of the brain.

Lanugo

Fine, soft hair, especially that which covers the body and limbs of a human fetus or newborn.

Adipose Tissue

Leptin: Regulates intake and expenditure of energy, including appetite/hunger and metabolism. (Acts on receptors in the hypothalamus of the brain, where it inhibits appetite.)

Epidermis

Outer layer of the skin; Made up of epithelial tissue; Is Avascular; Get's it's blood supply from the Dermis.

Facts about Stratum Corneum

- 25-30 layers of dead flattened keratinocytes (but can range from a few cells to 50+ cells); - Overlap; - Outer layer shed and replaced;

Facts about Stratum Granulosum

- 3-5 layers of flattened keratinocytes that are undergoing apoptosis; - Transition between living keratinocytes and dead ones;

The endocrine system is what?

A collection of glands, organs and tissues, each of which secrete different types of hormones to maintain homeostasis and regulate metabolism, growth & development, tissue function, sexual function, reproduction, circadian rhythms, and more.

Hypothyroidism

A disorder caused by a thyroid gland that is slower and less productive than normal

Corticotrope cells produce what hormone?

ACTH / Adrenocorticotropic Hormone;

What is the difference between local and circulating hormones?

Circulating hormones: hormones that diffuse into the blood to activate target cells far away; Local hormones: hormones that affect target cells close to their release site; - autocrine: hormone releasing cell affected. - paracrine: hormone affects nearby cells only.

1) EPI/Epinephrine; 2) NE/Norepinephrine;

Hormones of the Adrenal Medulla;

Thyrotrope cells produce what hormone?

Produce thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Crinis stands for what?

Secrete

Regulation / stimulation of PRL

Tonic inhibition by dopamine, prolactin secretion is positively regulated by several hormones, including thyroid-releasing hormone, gonadotropin-releasing hormone and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. Stimulation of the nipples and mammary gland, as occurs during nursing, leads to prolactin release.

Hyperthyroidism

overactivity of the thyroid gland

Functions of the skin

#1 function thermoregulation of body temp -liberates sweat and by adjusting blood flow -blood reservoir 8-10% of blood is in dermis -protection microbes, abrasion, heat, chemicals, water evaporation -nervous sensations tactile and thermal sensations -excretion and absorption -remove water, heat, ammonia, urea, uric acid, -absorption of lipid-soluble materials -vitamins (A, D, E, K), drugs, oxygen, carbon dioxide, toxic materials -synthesis of vitamin D -activation of precursor in skin by UV rays -enzymes in liver and kidneys modify activated molecule to calcitriol

Apocrine sweat glands

- Armpit, groin, areolae, bearded region of face - Milky or yellowish - Odorless (it's the metabolites from bacteria that are feeding on the sweat that give us body odor) - Functions after puberty

Facts about Stratum Basale

- Cells undergoing mitosis; - Deepest; - Melanocytes and Merkel cells scattered in this layer;

Luteinizing Hormone:

- Controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone; - Triggers ovulation and release of secondary oocyte, forms corpus luteum, secretion of progesterone and estrogen; - Prepares mammary glands for milk production; - Stimulates testes to secrete testosterone;

Functions of Prolactin / PRL

- Controlled by prolactin-releasing hormone; - Initiates milk production; - Weak effect -needs estrogen, progesterone, glucocorticoids, hGH, thyroxine (T4 hormone), and insulin - Release of milk requires oxytocin (comes from posterior pituitary)

What does oxytocin do?

- Controls uterine and breast tissue, dilation of cervix, contraction of muscle of uterus, milk let down.

What does the antidiuretic hormones do?

- Decreases urine production (through aquaporins NOT through salt); -kidneys return water to the blood; - Decreases water lost through sweating; - Controls blood pressure; - Constricts arterioles (thus the name vasopressin);

Permissive effect

- Exposure to second hormone enhances activity of the first -upregulation of receptors thyroid hormone increases receptors for epinephrine on target tissues (increases epi's effect on those tissues) cortisol on growth hormone estrogen on progesterone (in uterus)

Facts about Stratum Spinosum

- Keratinocytes in 8-10 layers; - Langerhans and projections of melanocytes project into this layer

Facts about Stratum Lucidum

- Thick skin; - 4-6 layers of dead keratinocytes; -Large amounts of keratin;

Synergistic effect

-Coordinated or correlated action of two or more structures, agents, or physiologic processes so that the combined action is greater than the sum of each acting separately. - Two or more hormones act together on tissue - Follicle-stimulating hormone and testosterone both needed for sperm production - Estrogen, oxytocin, prolactin act on breast tissue

List of other organs and tissues that produce hormones.

-Heart (part of the cardiovascular system) -Stomach (also part of the digestive system) -Parts of the Gastrointestinal Tract (GT) including the stomach, duodenum and colon. -Duodenum -Liver (also part of the digestive system) -Kidneys (part of the urinary system) -Skin (also known as the integumentary system) -Adipose Tissue

Finger nails

-Plates of tightly packed, dead keratinized epidermal cells -Clear covering -Made of 3 parts -Nail body -visible portion -Free edge -extends past end of finger -Nail root -buried in fold of skin

How Aldosterone affects water and Blood Pressure

-Produced in the cortex of the adrenal glands which are located above each kidney. -Aldosterone acts on distal tubule and collecting duct to increase Na+ ion reabsorption. -Cl- is also reabsorbed forming NaCl -As NaCl reabsorption increases, the osmotic gradient increases and more water moves out of the nephron, thus increasing blood pressure

Endocrine glands, organs and tissues;

1) Pineal Gland; 2) Pituitary Gland; 3) Thyroid gland; 4) Parathyroid glands; 5) Adrenal glands; 6) Pancreas; 7) Ovaries; 8) Testes; 9) Adipose tissue; 10) Heart; 11) Liver; 12) Placenta; 13) Hypothalamus; 14) Thymus;

Thyroid stimulating hormone

1) What hormone does Thyrotrophs release in the anterior pituitary? 2) Controlled by thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulates thyroid gland to make and secrete T3 and T4

Subcutaneous layer

Also called hypodermis; is below the dermis; it is not part of the skin areolar (loose connective) and adipose tissue large blood vessels pacinian corpuscles sensitive to pressure

Growth hormone (GH)

Also called somatotropin or human growth hormone, peptide hormone secreted by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. It stimulates the growth of essentially all tissues of the body, including bone. GH is synthesized and secreted by anterior pituitary cells called somatotrophs, which release between one and two milligrams of the hormone each day. GH is vital for normal physical growth in children; its levels rise progressively during childhood and peak during the growth spurt that occurs in puberty.

Skin

Cholecalciferol** Functions of Calcitriol** Increases blood calcium levels (Ca2+) by increasing absorption of dietary calcium. Contributes to reduction of loss of calcium via urine. Contributes to stimulation of release of calcium from bone (via action on osteoblasts that leads to activation of osteoclasts). ** Cholecalciferol (sometimes called calciol) is often described as a biologically inactive form of vitamin D. It is synthesized when skin is exposed to UV radiation e.g. sunlight, then it is metabolized into the active form of vitamind (calcitriol), which is a steroid hormone. Cholecalciferol itself is a secosteroid hormone that is structurally similar to testosterone and cholesterol.

Dermis

Deeper than dermis; Connective tissue; Is vascular; Supplies blood to the epidermis.

Cerumen

Earwax

The Adrenal Medulla secretes what 2 hormones and what are the hormones used for?

Epinephrine & Norepinephrine; Used for the fight or flight response.

Liver & Kidneys (Mainly by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney, to a lesser extent also secreted by the perisinusoidal cells of the liver)

Erythropoietin (EPO) / also known as erythropoetin, erthropoyetin, hematopoietin and hemopoietin: Main Role: Controls production of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) which takes place in bone marrow and is esp. useful for athletes. Involved in the brain's response to neuronal injury and helps with wound healing. Can also increase iron absorption (by suppressing the hormone hepcidin) among other functions

1) Epinephrine; 2) Norepinephrine;

Examples of Amines hormones;

1) FSH/Follicle stimulating hormone; 2) LH/Luteinizing hormone; 3) TSH/Thyroid-stimulating hormone;

Examples of Glycoprotein hormones;

1) PTH/Parathyroid hormone; 2) GH/Growth hormone; 3) PRL/Prolactin;

Examples of Protein hormones;

1) ADH/Antidiuretic hormone; 2) OT/Oxytocin; 3) TRH/Thyrotropin-releasing hormone; 4) SS/Somatostatin; 5) GnRH/Gonadotropoin-releasing hormone;

Examples of peptide hormones;

1) Estrogen; 2) Testosterone; 3) Aldosterone; 4) Cortisol;

Examples of steroid hormones;

Functions of LH & FSH

FSH stimulates the ovarian follicle, causing an egg to grow. It also triggers the production of estrogen in the follicle. The rise in estrogen tells your pituitary gland to stop producing FSH and to start making more LH. The shift to LH causes the egg to be released from the ovary, a process called ovulation.

Glucocorticoids: from which gland; what is the target organs; Primary effects;

From Adrenal cortex; Target Liver and muscles; Primary effects: Influence glucose metabolism;

Leptin: from which gland, what is the target organs, Primary effects;

From: Adipose tissue; Target: Hypothalamus; Primary effects: Suppresses appetite;

Aldosterone: from which gland, what is the target organs, Primary effects;

From: Adrenal cortex; Target: Kidneys; Primary function: Promotes Sodium retention and Potassium excretion;

Epinephrine: from which gland, what is the target organs, Primary effects;

From: Adrenal medulla; Target: Heart, bronchioles and blood vessels;

Functions of Lanugo hair

Functions as an anchor to hold the vernix caseosa on the skin. Together they protect the delicate fetal skin from being damaged by the amniotic fluid. The vernix caseosa also helps to prepare the fetus for life outside the womb.

Somatotrope cells produce what hormone?

GH / Growth hormone

Stomach produces what hormones:

Gastrin: Main functions: Regulates secretion of gastric acid; Promotes growth of gastric mucosa. Ghrelin: Stimulates secretion of human growth hormone (HGH) from the anterior pituitary gland. Also thought to stimulate appetite (hence eating).

1) Aldosterone; 2) Cortisol;

Hormones of the Adrenal Cortex;

1) ACTH/Adrenocorticotropic hormone; 2) FSH/Follicle stimulating hormone; 3) GH/Growth Hormone; 4) LHf/Luteinizing hormone; 5) PRL/Prolactin; 6) TSH/Thyroid-stimulating hormone;

Hormones of the Anterior Pituitary Gland;

1) CRH/ Corticotropin-releasing hormone; 2) GnRH/Gonadotropin releasing hormone; 3) SS/Somatostatin; 4) GHRH/Growth hormone-releasing hormone; 5) PIH/Prolactin release-inhibiting hormone; 6) PRF/Prolactin-releasing factor (factor is used because a specific prolactin-releasing hormone has not yet been identified) 7) TRH/Thyrotropin-releasing hormone;

Hormones of the Hypothalamus;

1) Glucagon; 2) Insulin; 3) SS/Somatostatin;

Hormones of the Pancreas;

1) PTH/Parathyroid Hormone;

Hormones of the Parathyroid Gland;

Hormones are not made here, they are just stored here. 1) ADH/Antidiuretic hormone; 2) OT/Oxytocin;

Hormones of the Posterior Pituitary Gland;

1) Calcitonin 2) T4/Thyroxine; 3) T3/Triiodothyronine;

Hormones of the Thyroid Gland;

What does leutenizing hormone/(LH) do?

In females, an acute rise of LH ("LH surge") triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH had also been called interstitial cell-stimulating hormone (ICSH), it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone. It acts synergistically with FSH.

Where is the Thymus located?

In the center of the upper chest

Duodenum

Intestinal gastrin / also called enteric gastrin: Promotes secretion of gastric acid. Secretin: Regulates the environment within the duodenum (esp. its pH) via secretions from the stomach and pancreas; Helps regulate homeostatic control of water throughout the body; Has been used as a medicine - hormone products coming from animal sources or synthesized artificially. Cholecystokinin (CCK) / also known as pancreozymin: The main hormone controlling gallbladder contraction and pancreatic enzyme secretion, CCK stimulates delivery of digestive enzymes from the pancreas and bile from the gallbladder into the small intestine.

Pheomelanin

Is a cysteine that contains red polymer of benzothiazine units largely responsible for red hair, among other pigmentation. Neuromelanin is found in the brain, though its function remains obscure. In the human skin, melanogenesis is initiated by exposure to UV radiation, causing the skin to turn tan.

What does follicle stimulating hormone/(FSH) do?

Is a gonadotropin, a glycoprotein polypeptide hormone. FSH is synthesized and secreted by the gonadotropic cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and regulates the development, growth, pubertal maturation, and reproductive processes of the body.

Cortisol

Is a hormone involved in the regulation of metabolism in the cells and helps us regulate stress within the body. Is a steroid-based hormone and is synthesized from cholesterol and belongs to a group of hormones called glucocorticoids.

What is the function of mineralocorticoids aldosterone?

Is a hormone produced by the adrenal gland. The hormone acts mainly in the functional unit of the kidneys to aid in the conservation of sodium, secretion of potassium, water retention and to stabilize blood pressure.

What does adrenocorticotropic hormone (ATCH) do?

Is a hormone produced in the anterior, or front, pituitary gland in the brain. The function of ACTH is to regulate levels of the steroid hormone cortisol, which released from the adrenal gland

What does Thyroid-stimulating hormone/TSH do?

Is a pituitary hormone that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroxine (T4), and then triiodothyronine (T3) which stimulates the metabolism of almost every tissue in the body.[1] It is a glycoprotein hormone synthesized and secreted by thyrotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland, which regulates the endocrine function of the thyroid

ADH / Anti-diuretic hormone

Is also called arginine vasopressin. It's a hormone made by the hypothalamus in the brain and stored in the posterior pituitary gland. acts to maintain blood pressure, blood volume and tissue water content by controlling the amount of water and hence the concentration of urine excreted by the kidney.

What is the function of Prolactin?

Is produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. It's also known as PRL or lactogenic hormone. Prolactin is mainly used to help women produce milk after childbirth. It's important for both male and female reproductive health. The specific function of prolactin in men is not well-known.

Vellus hairs

Is short, thin, slight-colored, and barely noticeable thin hair that develops on most of a person's body during childhood. Exceptions include the lips, the back of the ear, the palm of the hand, the sole of the foot, some external genital areas, the navel, the forehead and scar tissue.

Gonadotrope cells produce what hormone(s)

LH / Luteinizing hormone; FSH / Follicle-stimulating hormone;

What does Insulin Like Growth Factor/IGF do?

Makes cells grow and multiply, It enhances lipolysis, and Influences carbohydrate metabolism.

What are "Mineralcorticoids?"

Mineralocorticoids are a class of corticosteroids, which are a class of steroid hormones. Mineralocorticoids are corticosteroids that influence salt and water balances (electrolyte balance and fluid balance). The primary mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, notable for an aldehyde group at the 18 position.

Eccrine sweat glands

Most common Throughtout most of our body Regulate body temp. Removes waste: Urea, uric acid, ammonia; Function after birth;

Parts of Gastrointestinal Tract incl. the stomach, duodenum and colon

Motilin: secreted from mucosa of the proximal small intestine; Helps to stimulate the movements of the stomach and small intestine via smooth muscle contractions. Also stimulates secretion of pepsin. Incretins: a group of gastrointestinal hormones, incl. GLP-1 & GIP: Stimulate increase in insulin after eating. Slows rate of absorption of nutrients into the blood stream by reducing gastric emptying, may directly reduce food intake, i.e. suppress appetite.

1) Uterine muscles & Mammary glands; 2) Kidney tubules; 3) Thyroid; 4) Adrenal cortex; 5) Testes or ovaries; 6) Entire body; 7) Mammary glands (in mammals); 8) Pain receptors;

Name the target organs for these hormones.

1) Stratum Corneaum; 2) Stratum Lucidum (only found on thick skin); 3) Stratum Granulosum; 4) Stratum Spinosum; 5) Stratum Basale ( the only layer that divides) 6) Dermis; 7) Sensory neuron; 8) Tactile disk; 9) Merkel cell; 10) Melanocyte (produces melanin); 11) Langerhans cell; 12) Keratinocyte; 13) Lamellar granules; 14) Dead keratinocytes;

Name these items listed in red.

Effects of Glucocorticoids and where they are produced.

Natural glucocorticoids are produced by the cortex of the adrenal gland. ... Glucocorticoids like cortisol and cortisone affect metabolism and inhibit inflammation.

Chief cells (stained purple), of the parathyroid gland,secrete:

Parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is involved in calcium homeostasis.

Parathyroid gland

Parathyroid hormone regulates the body's calcium levels. There are four parathyroid glands, and they are each about the size of a grain of rice. Though they're located near each other, the parathyroid glands are not related to the thyroid gland.

Gross anatomy of the hypothalamus

Part of the diencephalon; below the thalamus and above the brain stem;

Permissiveness

Permissiveness is a biochemical phenomenon in which the presence of one hormone is required in order for another hormone to exert its full effects on a target cell.

Lactotrope cells produce what hormone?

Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk.

Gross anatomy for the Pituitary Gland

Protrusion off of the bottom of the hypothalamus that rest in the sella trucica with in the hypophyseal fossa which is part of the sphenoid bone; composed of anterior and posterior lobes.

Function of Vellus hair

Provides both thermal insulation and cooling for the body. This insulation regulates body temperature: This type of hair functions like a wick for sweat. While a skin pore is open, sweat wets a strand of hair. The sweat on the external part of the strand evaporates.

Kidneys

Renin / also known as angiotensinogenase Renin: is an enzyme that regulates mean arterial blood pressure by adjusting extracellular volume (i.e. of the blood plasma, lymph and interstitial fluid), and arterial vasoconstriction.

How does the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Pathway affect blood pressure.

Renin converts angiotensinogen, which is produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I. An enzyme known as ACE or angiotensin-converting enzyme found in the lungs metabolizes angiotensin I into angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes blood vessels to constrict and blood pressure to increase.

1) Endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone; 2) Steroid hormone diffuses through target cell membrane and enters cytoplasm or nucleus; 3) Hormone combines with a receptor molecule in the cytoplasm or nucleus; 4) Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA and promotes transcription of messenger RNA; 5) Messenger RNA enters the cytoplasm and directs protein synthesis; 6) Newly synthesized proteins produce hormone's specific effects.

Sequence of Steroid Hormone Action;

1) Endocrine gland secretes non-steroid hormone; 2) Body fluid carries hormone to its target cell; 3) Hormone combines with receptor site on membrane of its target cell, activating G protein; 4) Adenylate cyclase molecules are activated in target cells membranes; 5) Adenylate cyclase circularizes ATP into cyclic AMP; 6) Cyclic AMP activates protein kinases; 7) Protein kinases activate protein substrates in the cell that change metabolic processes; 8) Cellular changes produces the hormone's effect.

Sequence of actions of non-steroid hormone using cyclic AMP

Location of the parathyroid glands.

Small glands of the endocrine system which are located in the neck behind the thyroid. Parathyroid glands control the calcium in our bodies--how much calcium is in our bones, and how much calcium is in our blood.

5 cells in the the anterior pituitary and the hormones they secrete.

Somatotropes (GH); Lactotropes (PRL); Gonadotropes (LH and FSH); Corticotropes (ACTH); Thyrotropes (TSH);

Antagonistic effect

Something opposing or resisting the action of another; certain structures, agents, diseases, or physiologic processes that tend to neutralize or impede the action or effect of others. - Actions of hormones appose each other insulin and glucagon; parathyroid hormone and calcitonin, atrial natriuretic peptide and aldosterone

Adrenalin; Source and Function?

Source: Adrenal gland; Intitiates emergency "fight or flight" responses in the nervous system;

Androgens (including testosterone) Source and Function?

Source: Testes; Function: Develop and maintain sex organs and male secondary sex characteristics;

Adrenal gland

The adrenal glands are two glands that sit on top of your kidneys that are made up of two distinct parts. The adrenal cortex—the outer part of the gland—produces hormones that are vital to life, such as cortisol (which helps regulate metabolism and helps your body respond to stress) and aldosterone (which helps control blood pressure). The adrenal medulla—the inner part of the gland—produces nonessential (that is, you don't need them to live) hormones, such as adrenaline (which helps your body react to stress).

Parathyroid Hormone/PTH function

The four parathyroid glands make more or less parathyroid hormone (PTH) in response to the level of calcium in the blood. When the calcium in our blood goes too low, the parathyroid glands make more PTH. ... Increased PTH causes the bones to release their calcium into the blood.

Two main hormones secreted by the Thyroid Gland

The function of the thyroid gland is to take iodine, found in many foods, and convert it into thyroid hormones: thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3). Thyroid cells are the only cells in the body which can absorb iodine. These cells combine iodine and the amino acid tyrosine to make T3 and T4. T3 and T4 are then released into the blood stream and are transported throughout the body where they control metabolism (conversion of oxygen and calories to energy). Every cell in the body depends upon thyroid hormones for regulation of their metabolism. The normal thyroid gland produces about 80% T4 and about 20% T3, however, T3 possesses about four times the hormone "strength" as T4.

Pituitary gland

The hormones of the pituitary gland help regulate the functions of other endocrine glands. The pituitary gland has two parts—the anterior lobe and posterior lobe—that have two very separate functions. The hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormone production. The pituitary gland is often dubbed the "master gland" because its hormones control other parts of the endocrine system, namely the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, ovaries, and testes. However, the pituitary doesn't entirely run the show.

Hypothalamus

The hypothalamus plays a significant role in the endocrine system. It is responsible for maintaining your body's internal balance, which is known as homeostasis. To do this, the hypothalamus helps stimulate or inhibit many of your body's key processes, including: -Heart rate and blood pressure -Body temperature -Fluid and electrolyte balance, including thirst -Appetite and body weight -Glandular secretions of the stomach and intestines -Production of substances that influence the pituitary gland to release hormones -Sleep cycles The hypothalamus is involved in many functions of the autonomic nervous system, as it receives information from nearly all parts of the nervous system. As such, it is considered the link between the nervous system and the endocrine system.

Thermal regulation

The maintenance of a constant internal temperature of an organism independent of the temperature of the environment.

Eumelanin

The most abundant type of human melanin, found in brown and black skin and hair; cross-linked polymers of 5,6-dihydroxyindoles, usually linked to proteins; levels are decreased in certain types of albinism.

Ovaries:

The ovaries maintain the health of the female reproductive system. They secrete two main hormones—estrogen and progesterone. Diseases associated with the ovaries include ovarian cysts, ovarian cancer, menstrual cycle disorders, and polycystic ovarian syndrome.

Pancreas

The pancreas maintains the body's blood glucose (sugar) balance. Primary hormones of the pancreas include insulin and glucagon, and both regulate blood glucose. Diabetes is the most common disorder associated with the pancreas. The pancreas is unique in that it's both an endocrine and exocrine gland. In other words, the pancreas has the dual function of secreting hormones into blood (endocrine) and secreting enzymes through ducts (exocrine). The pancreas belongs to the endocrine and digestive systems—with most of its cells (more than 90%) working on the digestive side. However, the pancreas performs the vital duty of producing hormones—most notably insulin—to maintain the balance of blood glucose (sugar) and salt in the body. Without this balance, your body is susceptible to serious complications, such as diabetes.

Pineal gland

The pineal gland produces melatonin, which helps maintain circadian rhythm and regulate reproductive hormones.

Testes:

The testes secrete testosterone, which is necessary for proper physical development in boys. In adulthood, testosterone maintains libido, muscle strength, and bone density. Disorders of the testes are caused by too little testosterone production. The testes (or testicles) are a pair of sperm-producing organs that maintain the health of the male reproductive system. The testes are known as gonads. Their female counterpart are the ovaries. In addition to their role in the male reproductive system, the testes also have the distinction of being an endocrine gland because they secrete testosterone—a hormone that is vital to the normal development of male physical characteristics.

Thymus

The thymus gland, located behind your sternum and between your lungs, is only active until puberty. After puberty, the thymus starts to slowly shrink and become replaced by fat. Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T cells. The thymus gland will not function throughout a full lifetime, but it has a big responsibility when it's active—helping the body protect itself against autoimmunity, which occurs when the immune system turns against itself. Therefore, the thymus plays a vital role in the lymphatic system (your body's defense network) and endocrine system.

Thyroid gland

The thyroid regulates your metabolism. The two main thyroid hormones are T3 and T4. Thyroid disorders are common, and they include goiters, hyperthyroidism, and hypothyroidism.

Where are the adrenal glands located?

They sit on top of each kidney like a little hat.

Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone

What 2 hormones do Gonadotrophs release in the anterior pituitary? - Controlled by gonadotropin-releasing hormone; -acts on the ovaries and testes -development of follicles and sperm -stimulate release of estrogen from follicles

Oxytocin and Antidiuretic hormone

What 2 hormones does the posterior pituitary store and release?

Somatotrophs, Thyrotrophs, Gonadotrophs, Lactotrophs, Corticotrophs

What are the 5 types of cells that secrete hormones in the anterior pituitary?

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

What hormone do Corticotrophs release in the anterior pituitary? - Controlled by corticotropin-releasing hormone; - Controls production and secretion of glucocorticoids (adrenal gland);

Prolactin

What hormone do Lactotrophs release in the anterior pituitary?

Human growth hormone

What hormone do Somatographs release in the anterior pituitary?

1) Oxytocin; 2) ADH, Antidiuretic Hormone; 3) TSH, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone; 4) ACTH, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone; 5) FSH & LH, Follicle-stimulating Hormone & Luteinizing Hormone; 6) GH, Growth Hormone; 7) PRL, Prolactin; 8) Endorphins;

What hormones complete the diagram?

Hypothalamus

What is the major link between the nervous and endocrine systems?

Endo stands for what?

Within

A link to the endocrine glands

https://www.endocrineweb.com/endocrinology/about-endocrine-system

Skin

is a cutaneous membrane (covers the outside of the body); Largest organ; Outer layer called epidermis epithelial tissue avascular Deeper dermis connective tissue vascular

ACTH

is made in the pituitary gland in response to the release of another hormone, called corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), by the hypothalamus. In turn, the adrenal glands then make a hormone called cortisol, which helps your body manage stress. Cortisol is needed for life, so its levels in the blood are closely controlled. When cortisol levels rise, ACTH levels normally fall. When cortisol levels fall, ACTH levels normally rise. Both ACTH and cortisol levels change throughout the day. ACTH is normally highest in the early morning (between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m.) and lowest in the evening (between 6 p.m. and 11 p.m.). ACTH levels may be tested in the morning or evening if your doctor thinks that they are abnormal. Cortisol levels are often measured at the same time as ACTH.

Function of GH

stimulates protein synthesis and increases fat breakdown to provide the energy necessary for tissue growth. It also antagonizes (opposes) the action of insulin. GH may act directly on tissues, but much of its effect is mediated by stimulation of the liver and other tissues to produce and release insulin-like growth factors, primarily insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1; formerly called somatomedin).

Function of Cerumen

trap tiny bits of dirt or other tiny foreign materials and move this debris outward, away from the eardrum. It is the ear's self-cleaning mechanism