Exam 3 study guide (practice questions)
Early biologists referred to animals as ''simple" and ''advanced," but now it is more accurate to use the following terms: ''simple" and ''complex," since anatomy terms are more exact. ''primitive" and ''derived," since some early forms became very complex and some evolved forms are derived from them but lost characters and are simple. ''allopatric" and ''sympatric," since the species is most important. ''evolved" and ''un-evolved," since everything ties together with evolution. "generalists" and ''specialists," since this is how biologists classify characters.
''primitive" and ''derived," since some early forms became very complex and some evolved forms are derived from them but lost characters and are simple.
Which of the following are biochemicals that function similarly in all living organisms?
-DNA -ATP -RNA
Which of these individuals supported the concept of descent with modification prior to Charles Darwin?
-Erasmus Darwin -Buffon
Select the five kingdoms used in the five kingdom system
-Monera -Animalia -Plantae -Fungi -Protista
Thermoacidophiles prefer which of the following characteristics in an environment?
-acidity -high temperature
Which of the following are components of natural selection?
-adaptation to the environment -heritable variation -differential reproductive success
Which of the following are the major sources of evidence for tracing phylogeny?
-behavioral traits -morphological traits -molecular traits -fossil traits
Which of these characteristics of cladograms increase parsimony?
-decrease in number of ancestors -decrease in the number of clades
In recent years it has been demonstrated that beak size in the Galapagos Island medium ground finch varies with:
-food availability -weather
Which of the following provide evidence for evolutionary change
-fossil record -biogeography -vestigial structures -homologous structures
Binomial nomenclature is a system for naming organisms. It consists of two parts. The first part is the ____ while the second is the specific ____
-genus -epithet
In cladistics, shared derived traits occur only in the ____, while the _____ is included in the cladogram as a basis for determining which traits are shared derived traits
-ingroup -outgroup
During embryonic development in vertebrates, which of the following characteristics are shared by all vertebrate animals
-pharyngeal pouches -postanal tail
Only two kingdoms were recognized in Aristotle's time. Identify both
-plantae -animalia
Select the kingdoms that are included within the domain Eukarya
-protists -fungi -plants -animals
The scala naturae viewed species as occupying rungs on a ladder which represented ____
-spirituality -complexity
Nucleic acid changes can be used as a kind of molecular clock to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time under which conditions?
-when the changes are neutral -when the changes accumulate at a fairly constant rate
Which are bird-like characteristics to modern-day birds?
-wings -feathers -breast bone with flight muscles attached
Match the name of the kingdom found in the domain Eukarya on the left with the right
Fungi=molds Animal=insects Plant=cactus Protista=green algae
Which is the correct binomial nomenclature?
Genus species
Cutting off the tails of mice over several generations should cause the tails of their offspring to become shorter, according to the ideas of which of these scientists? Lyell Darwin Cuvier Lamarck
Lamarck
Who developed the taxonomic system of binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus
Which kingdom contains bacteria and other prokaryotes?
Monera
Lamarck's ideas on evolution were adopted by some Russian scientists, including Michurin and Lysenko in Stalinist Russia. Their textbooks printed Lysenko's assertions that a wheat plant could be made cold-hardy by conditioning in cold storage, or that workmen who develop strong muscles would produce children who were stronger. Which of the major premises of evolution by natural selection was violated? The organisms vary in traits. Some individuals are better adapted to the environment. Natural selection acts on variations that are already available in the population's gene pool. More young are born than can survive. There will always be more demand than resources available.
Natural selection acts on variations that are already available in the population's gene pool.
When comparing archaea with bacteria both archaea and bacteria are easily cultured and studied in the laboratory. the chemical nature of the cell wall of archaea and bacteria is identical and shows their early relationship. bacteria are not very diverse and are limited in distribution, while archaea are far more diverse and found everywhere. the archaea and bacteria are cases of reduction in traits and are both derived from early eukarya. None of the choices are true.
None of the choices are true.
The evolution of organisms in the three domains and four kingdoms is most accurately described by which sequence? Prokaryotes to Protists, from Protists separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals Prokaryotes to Protists, separately to Animals and Plants with Fungi a loss of plant photosynthesis Prokaryotes to Protists to Plants, from Plants separately to both Animals and Fungi Protists to Prokaryotes to Fungi, from Fungi separately to Plants and Animals Prokaryotes to Fungi to Protists to Plants to Animals
Prokaryotes to Protists, from Protists separately to Fungi, Plants, and Animals
Most of Darwin's observations about changes in species over time and in different environments took place in and near North America. Africa. Greenland. Asia. South America.
South America.
Which type of trait is more valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms? Both traits are equally valuable in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms. Neither trait is useful in determining the evolutionary relationship between two organisms. ancestral derived
derived
New traits that were previously unseen in an evolutionary history show divergence from an organisms ancestors. What are these traits called?
derived traits
Evolution explains the __ of life because it demonstrates that living things have adapted to a wide range of environmental conditions.
diversity
A similarity between Darwin's natural selection and Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics is that in each, the __ determines the benefit of a physical characteristic.
environment
Unlike other domains, the organisms in the domain ____ have membrane-bound nuclei.
eukarya
T/F: The fossil record gives us a complete and accurate record of past organisms
false
Of those listed, which level of classification is the most specific? Class Family Domain Kingdom Phylum
family
A structure that has a similar function in separate lineages but differs in anatomy and ancestry is called a(n) ___ structure.
analogous
Similarities in structures due to convergent evolution are referred to as _____ structures
analogous
Similarity due to convergent evolution is called what?
analogy
Traits that are not used for determining the evolutionary relationships of an ancestors descendants are known as ______ traits
ancestral
The organism you'd most likely find in a high temperature, high salt environment
archaea
The type of selection practiced by humans when breeding dogs is referred to as ___ selection.
artificial
Over many generations man has chosen certain desirable characteristics in dogs by allowing dogs possessing those characteristics to reproduce. In this way, 150 breeds of dogs, all in the same species, have descended from wolves. This process is referred to as convergent evolution. natural selection. inheritance of acquired traits. artificial selection.
artificial selection.
Each of the present-day species of Galapagos finches has a(n) ___ adapted to a particular way of life.
beak
Differential reproduction over many generations will cause adaptations to _____
become more common
The mating call of leopard frogs is an example of a ___ trait that can be used to construct an evolutionary history of that group of frogs.
behavioral
Latin names are used in the ______nomenclature system
binomial
Darwin's observation that there were Patagonian hares but no rabbits in South America would be considered ______________ evidence. anatomical fossil biochemical biogeographical
biogeographical
The study of geographical distribution of organisms is called ___.
biogeography
Darwin's theory of natural selection to explain evolution is also known as descent with modification. uniformitarianism. catastrophism. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
catastrophism
Which of the following was offered as an explanation for worldwide disaster occurring which wiped out many species and then god created new species to repopulate the world
catastrophism
Evolution is:
changes in the gene pool of populations from one generation to the next
The amino acid sequences in cytochrome c were determined for chickens, ducks, and humans. Scientists found a difference of 3 amino acids between chickens and ducks, but between chickens and humans there were 13 differences. One may conclude that chickens are as closely related to humans as they are to ducks. chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans. chickens are more closely related to humans than they are to ducks. None of the above.
chickens are more closely related to ducks than they are to humans.
_____ is a method that uses derived traits to develop the best hypothesis for a evolutionary history.
cladistics
A _____ is a diagram that uses cladistics in constructing a phylogeny of a group of organisms
cladogram
A(n) ____ ancestor is one that has given rise to two or more lines of descent.
common
In cladistics, _______________ is(are) the primary criterion used to classify organisms. ecological niche common ancestry mating behavior observable traits All of the above.
common ancestry
Homologous structures such as the bones in wings, flippers, and arms would be studied in the field of biogeography. comparative embryology. comparative biochemistry. the fossil record. comparative anatomy.
comparative anatomy
Erasmus Darwin, in his discussion of evolutionary possibilities, included all of the following EXCEPT changes during the development of organisms. vestigial organs. comparative anatomy of plants and algae. artificial selection in animal breeding.
comparative anatomy of plants and algae
A line of evidence NOT considered by Darwin in his development of the theory of natural selection is comparative anatomy. the fossil record. biogeography. comparative biochemistry.
comparative biochemistry.
A trait that is not found in a common ancestor to two species is called a ____trait
derived
People who believed in the fixity of species believed that each species ___.
had an ideal structure
Transitional forms are seen in the fossil record that links all of these groups EXCEPT fish and amphibians. birds and reptiles. mammals and reptiles. mammals and birds. reptiles and amphibians.
mammals and birds.
According to Lamarck, if a dog has its tail removed and this serves to to improve its hunting ability, it should:
produce offspring without tails
Prokaryotes were divided into two groups because of the differences in their _____sequenes
rRNA
Halophiles are commonly found in environments that contain high _____ concentration
salt
A(n) _______ is one that is present in the common ancestor and all members of a group. shared derived character analogous structure shared ancestral character divergence clade
shared ancestral character
Hair is a character shared by all mammals, but not found in their ancestral lineage. Hair is therefore considered to be a(n) clade. shared ancestral character (trait). shared derived character (trait). analogous structure.
shared derived character (trait).
comparative anatomy is the study of _____ structures across species
similar
The "mystery of mysteries" contemplated by Charles Darwin was the origin of new:
species
Which of the following is an example of evolution that can be observed and studied? resistance of HIV to drug treatment bacterial resistance to antibiotics All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied. resistance of weeds to select herbicides
All are examples of evolution that can be observed and studied.
Phylogenetic trees with proportional branch lengths indicate relatedness among organisms. indicate the relative number of nucleotide pair differences between groups. are constructed by comparing DNA sequences of homologous genes and calibrating this molecular clock with the fossil record. All of the above are true. indicate relatedness evolutionary time.
All of the above are true.
Which of the following features would be used to construct a phylogenic tree? homologous structures fossil record data DNA-DNA hybridization amino acid sequences All of the above.
All of the above.
If a phylogeny is based on the natural evolution of organisms, it could explain the variations among fossils from rock strata. explain why there are similarities and differences among modern living groups. reflect patterns of shared and unique sections of DNA among groups of animals. help predict where unresearched features will be in common, such as how widely a medicine will be effective among animals. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Nonscientists often use the words ''name," ''identify," and ''classify" interchangeably. When they want to know what an organism is, they may ask "Can you name this?" or "Can you identify this?" or "Can you classify this?" Which of the following is/are correct usage(s) of the term(s)? Only the scientist who first describes a new species actually names it. Classifying is grouping, and to classify something requires several organisms so you can group one as closer to a second and distant from a third. A farmer is using a key to detect pest insect species in his fields is identifying insects but not naming or necessarily classifying them. A scientist who publishes the name and description of a new species must necessarily also know both how to identify and classify the species. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Taxonomy is the branch of biology dealing with the naming, identification, and classification of organisms. uses a binomial system developed by Linnaeus. uses reproductive isolation as the basis of definition of a species. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The post Darwinian view of the world included the age of the Earth is billions of years old. species are related by descent. an interaction of random variations and environmental conditions produced environmental adaptation. All of the choices are correct. only two of the above are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The scientific name of the giant swallowtail is Heraclides cresphontes. Therefore, it belongs to the genus Heraclides. it belongs to the species cresphontes. the specific epithet is cresphontes. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
The use of a molecular clock may be used to indicate relatedness and evolutionary time if nucleic acid changes are neutral and not tied to adaptation. if nucleic acid changes occur at a fairly constant rate. but still needs to be calibrated with the fossil record. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
When he arrived at the Galápagos Islands, Darwin did not observe the amazing tool-using "woodpecker finch" that can modify twigs to pry out grubs. Because there are no true woodpeckers on the Galápagos Islands, this behavior allows this finch to exploit an untapped food source. However, not all members of this species exhibit this behavior, which is probably learned from watching other finches. Therefore, young isolated at hatching will not know how to do this. it is probably not "hardwired" in the brain as a behavior passed on genetically. there must be a great advantage to reaching this food source for this learned behavior to be repeated by most descendants of each generation. as an acquired characteristic, in a strict sense this is not part of the adaptive radiation of finches on the Galápagos. All of the choices are correct.
All of the choices are correct.
Two fossilized remains are found and scientists assume the two organisms are different but related. Which of the following would determine the relatedness of these two organisms? A. homologous structures B. vestigial structures C. biogeography D. All of the choices could be examined to determine relatedness.
All of the choices could be examined to determine relatedness.
Which kingdom or supergroup is characterized by organisms that are heterotrophic by ingestion? Plant Fungi Protists Animal
Animal
Which Domains did Kingdom Monera get divided into? Bacteria & Eukarya Archaea & Eukarya Archaea & Bacteria Protista & Archaea
Archaea & Bacteria
Which of the following Domains includes the majority of the organisms that were previously classified in Kingdom Monera? Bacteria and Eubacteria Protista and Eukarya Archaea and Algae Eukarya and Bacteria Archaea and Bacteria
Archaea and Bacteria
Into what three domains are all living things categorized?
Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya
______ is the process of naming and assigning organisms to a taxon. Cladistics Taxonomy Phylogeny Classification None of the above
Classifcation
____ founded the science of paleontolgy
Cuvier
Single celled eukaryotic cells belong to which of the following domains? Fungi Animalia Eukarya Plantae
Eukarya
The domain Archaea is more closely related to the domain _____ than to the domain____
Eukarya; Bacteria
AAT GAC CCG GAA TTT. Which species below is most closely related to the ancestral species?
Human: AAT GAC GCG GAA TTT
Which of the following is/are true about natural selection? It acts on genotypes rather than phenotypes. It assures the survival of each fit individual. On average, it favors the survival of more young with adaptive characteristics. It always selects for more complex forms. All of the choices are correct.
On average, it favors the survival of more young with adaptive characteristics.
Which kingdom is correctly described? Animalia: multicellular and heterotrophic by absorption Plantae: multicellular and photoautotrophic Fungi: multicellular and heterotrophic by ingestion Protista: unicellular and heterotrophic only
Plantae: multicellular and photoautotrophic
Which of the following is NOT involved in natural selection? There are inheritable variations in populations. Organisms differ in reproductive success. There is competition for resources. The desired traits are chosen by a breeder.
The desired traits are chosen by a breeder.
Which of these structures can be said to be analogous to each other?
a bee wing and a bat wing
How are organisms in a particular taxonomic category grouped together?
They share a trait or set of traits
What was Darwin's main purpose during his time aboard the H.M.S. Beagle? Darwin was a simple sailor with not specific purpose aboard the H.M.S. Beagle. To serve as the ships naturalist. To document evidence that would support the concept of Natural Selection. To develop evidence that could be used to support the theory of evolution.
To serve as the ships naturalist.
T/F: Because mitochondrial DNA mutates faster than nuclear DNA, it is more useful for tracing phylogeny
True
How is convergent evolution best explained?
Two different species develop similar traits due to adaptation to similar environments.
Which of the following list best describes the features used to classify an organism as a member of Domain Bacteria? Multicellular, lacks a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains introns but lacks ribosomes Unicellular, contains a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns Unicellular, lacks a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains introns but lacks ribosomes Unicellular, lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns
Unicellular, lacking a nuclear envelope and membrane bound organelles, contains ribosomes but lacks introns
Which of the following lists of features exemplifies the Domain Archaea? Unicellular, unbranched phospholipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, nuclear envelope and contain some introns Multicellular, varying branched lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns
Unicellular, varying brached lipids in their cell membrane, no nuclear envelope and contain some introns
A trait that helps an organism be more suited to its environment is called a(n):
adaptation
Which of the following features were present in the transitional species between amphibian tetrapods and the fishes? lungs, fins and scales fins, scales and expanded ribs fins, rounded head with eyes on the side and a neck a flat head with eyes on the top, fins and scales
fins, scales and expanded ribs
___ is the reproductive success of an individual relative to other members of the population.
fitness
Darwin's opinion that living forms must be descended from extinct forms was based on ________ evidence. fossil biochemical biogeographical anatomical
fossil
The inheritance of acquired characteristics does not occur because these acquired characteristics are not encoded in the individuals _____
genes
The scientific name of the family dog is Canis familiaris. Canis represents the species _______. kingdom. genus name. species name. phylum name.
genus name.
The pharyngeal pouches that develop into jaws, ear structures, and glands in humans, develop into ____ in fish
gills
Most bacteria are
heterotrophic
Many animals, including humans, share a set of genes that regulate the development of the body plan of the animal. These genes are known as ___ genes.
homeobox
A structure that is similar in different types of organisms because these organisms are derived from a common ancestor but that may perform different functions in these organisms is called a(n) ___ structure.
homologous
Structures that are similar to each other because of common descent are referred to as _____ structures
homologous
Structural similarity that stems from having a common ancestor is known as what?
homology
A study of echinoderm embryos, such as sea stars, confirms a similar developmental pattern to that of vertebrates. In both, the blastopore becomes the anus. This would be considered convergent evolution. homology. behavioral data. synapomorphy. analogy.
homology.
A population must have ______ for natural selection to occur. many individuals a stable environment abundant resources inheritable variation
inheritable variation
All of the following are true regarding systematics EXCEPT that it is the study of the diversity of organisms at all levels of organization. utilizes protein, DNA, and RNA comparisons to determine relatedness of individuals. relies on data from the fossil record, homology, and molecular data. is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification of organisms.
is the specific study of identification, naming, and classification of organisms.
____ moths increased in frequency following the enactment of laws limiting pollution
light-colored
Based on this tree, the lineage leading to ________ was the first to diverge from the other lines. turtles crocodilians mammals dinosaurs birds
mammals
Species with more DNA similarities are
more closely related
Taxonomy is the science of ____ organisms.
naming
The evolutionary mechanism in which organisms best adapted to their environment produce more offspring than less adapted individuals is called ___ selection.
natural
Darwin and Lyell, in opposition to the popular belief held at their time, believed that the Earth was very __.
old
The term taxon is used when classifying a group of ______ that all have a particular group pf characteristics
organisms
_____ are used in cladistics to detect ancestral and derived traits of characters in the ingroups
outgroups
The outlined group is: polyphyletic. monophyletic and paraphyletic are correct. paraphyletic. monophyletic.
paraphyletic.
Cyanobacteria obtain their nutrients through the process of
photosynthesis
The ______ of a group of organisms is its evolutionary history
phylogeny
Of the following, which is the most inclusive level of taxonomic classification?
phylum
Lamarck proposed that offspring inherit ___ that their parents had acquired during their lifetime.
physical characteristics
Which type of mammal was last to evolve and diversify?
placental
The highlighted grouping in the cladogram is a ____________ grouping. monophyletic paraphyletic polyphyletic None of the above.
polyphyletic
Order these major taxonomic categories into an increasingly inclusive hierarchy. class, order, family, genus, species, kingdom, phylum, domain genus, species, class, order, family, domain, kingdom, phylum species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
species, genus, family, order, class, phylum, kingdom, domain
In binomial nomenclature, an organisms genus is followed by its
specific epithet
Taxonomy is branch of _____ that identifies, names, and organizes biodiversity into related categories
systematic biology
The study of the evolutionary history of biodiversity on Earth is called
systematics
Darwin concluded that south america lacked rabbits because
the ancestors of rabbits did not occur in south america
The northern copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix contortrix, the southern copperhead is Agkistrodon contortrix mokasen, and the cottonmouth is Agkistrodon piscivorous. Therefore, the copperheads are subspecies and the cottonmouth is a separate species. all are subspecies of Agkistrodon. they are all the same species. they are three distinct species.
the copperheads are subspecies and the cottonmouth is a separate species.
Which of the following ideas was most commonly held in the eighteenth century? genetic change through mutation evolution by natural selection over time the fixity of species changes in a species through adaptation to the environment
the fixity of species
Which of the following best represents analogous structures? the arm of a human and the wing of a bat the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly the wing of a butterfly and the wing of a bee the arm of a human and the leg of a human
the wing of a bat and the wing of a butterfly
Birds and insects both have wings, but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin. they did not evolve in the same region or live at the same time period. bird wings function on different physics principles of lift. there is no fossil link between these groups. insect wings are vestigial.
the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.
Lamarck's inheritance of acquired characteristics included the idea that local catastrophes cause mass extinctions of species. species are only produced through special creation. there is a natural force in all living things that pushes them toward perfection. species are fixed and unchanging over time.
there is a natural force in all living things that pushes them toward perfection.
A recent book by a reputable biologist suggests there is a deep, hot biosphere under the Earth's crust that may have more biomass than all life at the Earth's surface. This would primarily rely on what organisms? primitive heat-loving plants viruses fungi living on the detritus from above primitive animals thermoacidophilic archaea
thermoacidophilic archaea
The organisms on the Galápagos Islands that were most important to the development of Darwin's theory of natural selection were snails and fish. tortoises and finches. rabbits and hares. monkeys and armadillos. plants and fungi.
tortoises and finches.
A fossil of a common ancestor for two groups of organisms that demonstrates the relationship between the two groups is called a ___ fossil.
transitional
The belief that geological change is a slow and continuous process is called:
uniformitarianism
Where as ___ described a past in which geological change is slow and continuous, ___ describes the change in the makeup of communities of organisms as the result of discontinuous, monumental events.
uniformitarianism; catastrophism
An idea that could be traced back to Plato is that hybrids showed that species could be changed with time. variation is due to imperfections in copies of some perfect ideal form. worldwide catastrophes caused extinction, followed by creation of new species. artificial selection of animals by humans proves that evolution can occur. acquired characteristics could be passed from parents to offspring.
variation is due to imperfections in copies of some perfect ideal form.
Structures or organs that were thought to have been functional in an ancestor but are reduced and nonfunctional in the descendant are called ___ structures.
vestigial structures
The Galapagos Islands were formed as a result of ___ activity.
volcanic