exam 3

18. A teratogen is:

a. An environmental agent that can produce a birth defect

3. Which should be identified more quickly as a fruit, an orange or an olive? Why?

a. An orange should be identified as a fruit more quickly because an orange is more prototypical.

13. A test that does not discriminate against the members of any minority group is termed a ______ test.

a. Culture-fair

17. Which sequence reflects the stages of prenatal development from conception to birth?

a. Germinal> embryonic> fetal

16. Which answer choice is a correct match?

a. Longitudinal study - indicates changes over time

9. A psychological test is valid to the extent that it:

a. Measures what it is supposed to measure

1. A prototype is the:

a. Most representative example of a concept.

15. Heredity vs. environment is another of way of referring to the __________ debate.

a. Nature vs. nurture

22. When an infant recognizes that objects continue to exist even when they are no longer in sight, the infant has attained what Piaget termed:

a. Object permanence

37. Which of Baumrind's parenting styles tends to produce the most independent, competent, and socially responsible children? Why?

a. The authoritative parenting style tends to produce the most independent, competent, and socially responsible children. In this style, the child's point of view is taken into account.

43. According to Abraham Maslow, a major prerequisite for becoming self actualized is having:

a. all of one's lower-order needs fulfilled

33. Donna just turned 65, and she feels as if she made no real contributions through her career. She is starting to believe that her life has been meaningless and that it has had no purpose. Based on Erikson's theory, it is likely that Donna will:

a. develop a sense of despair.

31. At Kohlberg's preconventional level of moral reasoning, moral decisions are based on:

a. external consequences

41. Shellie takes college courses that interest her and enjoys learning for its own sake; Tori takes courses in which she is fairly certain she'll do well and studies mainly to ensure good grades. Shellie is __________ motivated; Tori is __________ motivated.

a. intrinsically; extrinsically

14. Maturation refers to ________ development.

a. physical

44. Which sequence BEST expresses the order in which the needs in Maslow's pyramid must be fulfilled, from the first to the last?

a. physiological and safety needs> love and belonginess> esteem> self- actualization and self- transcendence

49. Excitement is a(n) ____________ emotion.

a. pleasant, high arousal

6. The text's discussion of insight suggests that its key characteristic is its:

a. suddenness

35. Parents who set strict boundaries and show little warmth reflect a(n) _____________ parenting style.

authoritarian

42. Does drive theory offer a comprehensive account of motivation?

b. No. Drive theory offers a satisfactory explanation of physiological motives but fails to account for psychologically based motives.

21. During the sensorimotor period:

b. Understanding is based mainly on basic sensory and motor abilities

2. Which is MOST likely the prototype for the concept "fruit"?

b. apple

29. According to Piaget, adolescents are in the ____________ stage of cognitive development.

b. formal operational

40. When behavior is motivated by personal satisfaction or interest, it is driven by ______________ motivation.

b. intrinsic

4. The textbook relates the story of Dr. Jill Bolte Taylor, a Harvard neuroscientist who suffered a stroke. After the stroke, the healing of Jill's brain began with changes to neurons. The general term for these kinds of changes is:

b. neuroplasticity

11. Angie is computing the correlation between the intelligence test scores and the household incomes of a large sample of American adults. Angie should find a _______ correlation.

b. positive

50. In the 1990s, the U.S. Army used the recruiting slogan, "Be all that you can be." This phrase is MOST nearly reminiscent of Maslow's need for:

b. self- actualization.

12. Coral's IQ score is 104. She is in good company: nearly ______ out of 10 people have IQ scores between 85 and 115.

c. 7

45. Which statement BEST expresses Maslow's view of the relationship between physiological needs and psychological needs?

c. Physiological needs take precedence over psychological ones.

23. Which sequence accurately reflects the order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development from birth through adolescence?

c. Sensorimotor> preoperational> concrete operational> formal operational

7. Making several minor household repairs, Alyssa uses a shoe as a hammer and a butter knife as a screwdriver. Which of the following statements BEST characterized Alyssa's problem solving?

c. She is not constrained by functional fixedness.

10. A psychological test is reliable to the extent that it:

c. Yields consistent measurements

19. Four-year-old Darlene is exploring one day when she finds a bottle of vitamins in a cupboard. They look just like the candies she got for Halloween so she eats them all. Darlene's error illustrates Piaget's process of:

c. assimilation

25. Mrs. Weston asks Colin if he wants his sandwich in one piece, or cut into two pieces. Colin asks her to keep it in one piece, because he isn't hungry enough to eat two pieces. Colin's answer suggests that he:

c. does not yet understand conservation

5. "Eureka! I've got it!" That sudden awareness of the path toward a problem's solution is called:

c. insight

27. Harry Harlow and his colleagues completed a number of studies in which baby macaque monkeys were raised with two artificial surrogate mothers. One of the mothers was made of wire, and the other was made of soft cloth. Either mother could provide food. Harlow found that when the infant monkeys were startled or frightened, they:

c. preferred the cloth surrogate, even if it provided no food

28. According to Erikson, the first stage of a child's psychosocial development is the _____________ stage.

c. trust vs. mistrust

26. Jay complains to his father that he does not have enough juice. There is no more juice in the house, so his father takes the juice Jay has in his glass and pours it into a taller, narrower glass. Jay believes that he has more juice because he has not yet developed an understanding of:

conservation

32. A ban is imposed on outdoor watering during a severe drought. The Robinsons decide not to water their new shrubs because the neighbors would disapprove. Their reasoning places them at which of Kohlberg's levels?

conventional

8. If one were to plot the IQ scores of every person in the United States on a graph, one would end up with a:

d. Bell shaped curve

20. Four-year-old Hope thought her next door neighbor's new pet rabbit was a kitty cat until she noticed it hopped instead of walked, and it didn't purr at all. The change in Hope's understanding of her neighbor's new pet illustrated Piaget's process of:

d. accommodation

30. According to Erikson, adolescents must resolve the psychosocial task of:

d. identity vs. role confusion

38. Charles has been told that he has lung cancer that is too invasive for treatment. His doctor tells him that he will probably die within a year. Charles suddenly starts to laugh, and he tells the doctor that the lab must have mixed up the test results. Charles is most likely in Kubler-Ross's __________ stage of dying.

denial

39. When behavior is motivated by reinforcers in the environment, it is driven by _______________ motivation.

extrinsic

34. Ideally, most adults feel that their activities contribute positively to society. That is, they experience a sense of:

generativity

47. Basic emotions include each of these EXCEPT:

guilt

46. Basic emotions are those that are:

innate

48. Complex behaviors that are innate, fixed, and universal are called:

instincts

36. Parents who demand little of their children and set few restrictions reflect a(n) ______________ parenting style.

permissive

24. Rhonda is currently attending preschool. According to Piaget, Rhonda is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.

preoperational