Exam 3
B
Mephedrone, which is the drug typically found in "bath salts", is a. an acetylcholine uptake blocker. b. substrate-like transporter ligand. c. inert substance when dry, but highly toxic when mixed in water. d. an endogenous inhibitor of glutamate synthesis.
D
Methamphetamine is rapidly metabolized to: a. cocaine. b. alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine (AMPT). c. methylamphinase. d. amphetamine.
B
Methylphenidate (Ritalin) has its highest affinity for a. K+ channels. b. dopamine transporters. c. serotonin transporters. d. 5HT3 receptors.
D
Methylphenidate and cocaine are similar in that they both: a. are used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). b. have a very low abuse potential. c. get in to the brain in very low concentrations. d. are transporter blockers, rather than substrates.
A
Methylphenidate has approximately equal affinity as an inhibitor at a. norepinephrine and dopamine transporters. b. dopamine D1 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors. c. acetylcholine and serotonin transporters. d. nicotinic and muscarinic receptors.
D
One mechanism of action of caffeine appears to be: a. stimulation of GABAA receptors. b. stimulation of adenosine receptors. c. blockade of Ca2+ channels. d. blockade of adenosine receptors.
D
One of the brain areas with the highest concentration of cannabinoid receptors is the: a. reticular formation. b. corpus callosum. c. the cerebral ventricles. d. the hippocampus.
D
One of the key ingredients in the manufacture of methamphetamine is: a. SCH 23390. b. cocaine. c. quaalude. d. pseudoephedrine.
B
One potential effect of dopamine acting on D4 receptors is: a. an increase in adenylyl cyclase activity. b. a decrease in adenylyl cyclase activity. c. a decrease in K+ concentration inside the presynaptic terminal. d. a decrease in Cl- concentration inside the presynaptic terminal.
C
One reason why methadone is useful in the treatment of opiate addiction is because: a. it does not have cross-tolerance to other opiates like heroin. b. it does not have cross-dependence to other opiates like heroin. c. it is a long acting agonist at opiate receptors. d. it is a long acting antagonist at opiate receptors.
C
Opiate receptors are coupled to: a. Cl- channels. b. Na+ channels. c. Gi. d. Gs.
B
Oral administration of marijuana a. results in a shorter duration of action of the drug than smoking. b. yields lower drug levels, but a longer duration of action, compared to smoking. c. does not produce euphoria or a "high." d. yields the highest blood levels of THC about 2 minutes after ingestion.
B
POMC and its peptides play an important role in all of the following EXCEPT a. secretion of hormones in response to hypothalamic releasing factors. b. action of dynorphin at α-receptors. c. linking pain and stress regulation. d. release of -endorphin from the pituitary.
A
The components of cigarette smoke other than nicotine: a. are known to inhibit MAO. b. are known to inhibit L-DOPA. c. fail to elicit smoking behavior in experienced smokers. d. have no harmful effects on human health.
B
What are the first two endocannabinoids that were discovered? a. THC and cannabidiol b. AEA (anadamide) and 2-AG c. THC and 2-AG d. marinol and nabilone
C
What cannabinoid increases the metabolism of THC? a. sulpiride b. cannabidiol c. cannabinol d. rimonabant
A
What cannabinoid inhibits the metabolism of THC? a. cannabidiol b. cannabinol c. rimonabant d. psilocybin
D
What did the experiments by Soria et al. (2005) show with regards to cocaine's ability to alter dopamine in the nucleus accumbens? a. Cocaine had no effect on dopamine levels in CB1 knockout mice. b. Cocaine increased dopamine more in CB1 knockout mice than it did in wild type control mice. c. Cocaine increased dopamine less in CB1 knockout mice than it did in wild type control mice. d. Cocaine increased dopamine to an equal extent in both CB1 knockout and wild type control mice.
C
When CB1 knockout mice are trained to self-administer cocaine: a. they self-administer more cocaine than wild-type controls. b. they refuse to self-administer cocaine. c. they achieve lower progressive ratio breakpoints compared to wild-type controls. d. they achieve higher progressive ratio breakpoints compared to wild-type controls.
D
When an agonist binds at CB1 receptors, this leads to: a. increases in the activity of cAMP b. closing of voltage Cl- channels c. opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels d. inhibition of adenylyl cyclase
D
Which of the following is about adenosine is false? a. It is a constituent of ATP. b. It builds up during wakefulness, creating a state of drowsiness. c. It acts on four different receptor subtypes. d. It is released by caffeine.
A
Which of the following is an active metabolite of THC? a. 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC b. dronabinol c. carboxy THC d. endocannbinoid
C
Which of the following is an inactive metabolite of THC? a. 11-hydroxy-Δ9-THC b. dronabinol c. carboxy THC d. endocannbinoid
D
Which of the following is likely to be an important role for adenosine in the nervous system? a. Acts as an antagonist at adenosine receptors b. Promotes wakefulness c. Acts as a partial antagonist at opiate receptors d. Promotes sleepiness
A
Which of the following is not a direct effect of THC on the body? a. dilation of the pupils. b. bloodshot eyes. c. drooping eyelids. d. dry mouth.
D
Which of the following is not a reason why methadone is an effective treatment for opiate drug abuse? a. It is a long-lasting drug, producing stable blood levels across the day. b. It is cross-tolerant with abused opiates, so it can reduce the effects of morphine and heroin with repeated use. c. It produces no euphoria or craving when administered orally in clinics. d. It has no reinforcing effect, even if administered intravenously.
A
Which of the following is not a symptom of the nicotine abstinence syndrome? a. Weight loss b. Insomnia c. Trouble concentrating d. Restlessness
C
Which of the following is the primary metabolite of caffeine (i.e., it is found in the highest concentration)? a. theobromine b. methoxsalen c. paraxanthine d. theophylline
C
Which of the following peptides or propeptides is linked to pain and stress regulation? a. Dynorphin A b. Dynorphin B c. POMC d. Proenkephalin
C
Which of the following pieces of evidence suggests that NMDA receptors play a role in opiate tolerance and dependence? a. MK-801 increases PKC activity and as a result increases tolerance. b. Increased nitric oxide activity decreases tolerance. c. MK-801 blocks morphine tolerance. d. NMDA receptor antagonists induce opiate dependence.
A
Which of the following regarding people who are tolerant and/or dependent on caffeine in coffee is false? a. They are considered addicted to caffeine. b. They may develop a headache if they miss their morning cup of coffee. c. They may exhibit no trouble sleeping after consuming coffee right before bedtime. d. They may develop an intense craving for coffee if they try to stop drinking it.
D
Which of the following regarding the most prevalent CNS cannabinoid receptor is false? a. It is expressed in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, hippocampus, and cortex. b. It was discovered in 1988 before endogenous cannabinoids were identified. c. It plays a role in locomotor activity, coordination, and memory. d. It is an ionotropic receptor, currently designated CB1.
A
"Chipping" refers to a. the occasional use of heroin. b. twitching of the arms and legs during withdrawal. c. obtaining and administering heroin. d. intravenous administration of heroin.
B
"Slow metabolizers" of nicotine are: a. more likely to smoke. b. less likely to smoke. c. more likely to have high levels of bicuculline in their system. d. less likely to have high levels of bicuculline in their system.
B
A partial opiate agonist has: a. high affinity and high efficacy. b. high affinity and low efficacy. c. high affinity and no efficacy. d. a partial effect at ORL1 receptors.
A
A primary signal for the synthesis of endocannabinoids is: a. a sudden increase in Ca2+ concentrations. b. a sudden decrease in Ca2+ concentrations. c. the opening of K+ channels. d. a sudden decrease in membrane potential.
D
A pure opiate antagonist, such as naloxone, has which of the following characteristics? a. low affinity and low efficacy. b. no affinity and high efficacy. c. high affinity and high efficacy. d. high affinity and no efficacy.
D
A serious effect of heavy cocaine use, that might even be fatal, is a. stroke. b. heart failure. c. intracranial hemorrhage. d. All of the above
D
A smoker extracts a. 50-75 mg of nicotine per cigarette. b. 15-25 mg of nicotine per cigarette. c. 6-11 mg of nicotine per cigarette. d. 1-3 mg of nicotine per cigarette.
A
Coca chewers mix a wad of cocoa leaves with calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) to: a. increase salivary pH and thus increase absorption of cocaine. b. decrease salivary pH and thus increase absorption of cocaine. c. increase blood pH and thus increase absorption of cocaine. d. decrease blood pH and thus decrease absorption of cocaine.
C
Activation of the nAChR leads to: a. an increase in adenylyl cyclase. b. a decrease in adenylyl cyclase. c. an EPSP. d. an IPSP.
D
Adenosine receptors are found co-localized with __________ receptors in the nucleus accumbens. a. NMDA b. nicotinic and muscarinic c. 5-HT3 d. D1 and D2
D
Adenosine receptors: a. are co-localized with D1 and D2 receptors. b. are metabotropic. c. exist in a least 4 subtypes d. all of the above
C
Adenosine: a. is a constituent of dopamine. b. is only found in the peripheral nervous system. c. builds up during wakefulness, creating a state of drowsiness. d. is an agonist at AMPA receptors.
B
Coca chewers mix slaked lime with the wad of coca leaf they chew in order to: a. decrease side effects. b. make the saliva more basic and thereby improve absorption of cocaine. c. render cocaine undetectable by urinalysis. d. soften the coca leaves so they are less likely to cut or otherwise irritate their gums.
C
A key factor that determines if an opiate will be self-administered is its ability to stimulate __________ receptors, whereas its tendency to be aversive and not self-administered is related to its ability to stimulate __________ receptors. a. μ (mu); θ (theta) b. δ (delta); μ (mu) c. μ (mu); κ (kappa) d. κ (kappa); δ (delta)
B
A model of the neurobiology of opiate reinforcement suggests that opiates produce their effects by inhibiting a. dopamine. b. GABA. c. dynorphin. d. beta-endorphin.
A
A2A receptors: a. are coupled to Gs and stimulate PKA activity when they are activated. b. increase the activity of postsynaptic cells when they are stimulated by anandamide. c. are down-regulated in response to repeated opiate exposure. d. are only found in the PNS.
C
According to the recently released report, "The Health Effects of Cannabis and Cannabinoids," which of the following is true? a. The regulation of cannabis as a Schedule II compound has impeded research. b. There is conclusive evidence for cannabis having therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of epilepsy, glaucoma, pain, Parkinson's disease, substance use disorders, and 15 other medical conditions. c. The only medical conditions for which there is conclusive evidence for cannabis having therapeutic efficacy is in the treatment of nausea and vomiting induced by chemotherapy, the treatment of chronic pain, and for muscle spasms associated with multiple sclerosis (MS). d. There is conclusive evidence that cannabis is a "gateway" drug.
D
According to the study discussed in class, blockade of D2 receptors by haloperidol: a. leads to an increase in locomotor activity. b. leads to a decrease in the ability of cocaine to inhibit MAO. c. alleviates the symptoms of Parkinson's Disease. d. reduces the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine.
A
After smoking a cigarette, the concentration of nicotine is: a. highest in arterial blood. b. highest in venous blood. c. highest in the stomach. d. highest in the liver because of first pass metabolism.
D
All of the following are naturally occurring opiates EXCEPT a. thebaine. b. codeine. c. morphine. d. heroin.
B
All of the following are withdrawal symptoms observed following long-term heavy marijuana use except a. a depressed mood. b. increased sleep. c. aggression. d. decreased appetite.
C
Amphetamine and methamphetamine affect synaptic transmission by a. increasing catecholamine reuptake. b. increasing metabolism by MAO. c. releasing dopamine from vesicles into the cytoplasm. d. shutting down the dopamine transporter.
B
Amphetamine and related psychostimulants in the amphetamine-like family a. are drugs of abuse with no therapeutic value. b. resemble the neurotransmitter DA in their chemical structure. c. are all synthetic. d. are drugs of the twentieth century, having no use prior to 1900.
B
Amphetamine and related psychostimulants in the amphetamine-like family a. are drugs of abuse with no therapeutic value. b. resemble the neurotransmitter DA in their chemical structure. c. are all synthetic. d. are drugs of the twentieth century, having no use prior to 1900.
B
Amphetamine binds to a. D2 receptors b. norepinephrine transporters (NETs) c. vesicular acetylcholine transporters d. Both A and B
B
Amphetamine increases synaptic levels of serotonin because: a. it increases the activity of the VMAT. b. it causes exchange diffusion. c. it increases the activity of MAO. d. it blocks COMT
D
Amphetamine increases synaptic levels of serotonin because: a. it increases the activity of the VMAT. b. it blocks COMT c. it increases the activity of MAO. d. it causes exchange diffusion.
B
Amphetamine is a: a. weak base with a pKa between 0.5-1.5. b. weak base with a pKa between 9-10. c. weak acid with a pKa between 5.5-6.5. d. weak acid with pKa between 9.5-10.3.
B
Amphetamine was originally synthesized as an alternative for: a. methamphetamine b. ma huang c. cocaine d. aspirin
B
Amphetamines increase catecholamine release in part by a. increasing calcium influx. b. reversing the transporter. c. increasing the firing rate of catecholamine neurons. d. decreasing autoreceptor function.
A
Anadamide a. was one of the first endocannabinoids to be identified. b. is stored in vesicles via the anandamide transporter c. is synthesized in the cell body and transported along the axon for release at the terminal. d. All of the above
D
At high doses, caffeine: a. stimulates Ca2+ release b. inhibits cAMP phosphodisterase c. blocks GABAA receptors d. All of the above
D
At low doses, caffeine primarily a. inhibits Ca2+ release b. stimulates Ca2+ release c. acts as an inhibitor of GABAA function d. acts as an antagonist at adenosine receptors
D
At low doses, caffeine primarily a. acts as an agonist at adenosine A1 receptors b. acts as an agonist at adenosine A2A receptors c. Both A and B d. None of the above
B
At low doses, opiates exert all of the following effects except for a. pain relief. b. pupil dilation. c. drowsiness. d. reduced sex drive.
C
At low doses, opiates produce a. significantly and dangerously depressed respiration. b. sedation. c. decreased sex drive. d. striking euphoria.
D
At low to moderate doses, opiates produce: a. loss of consciousness. b. intense euphoria. c. dilated pupils. d. relief from diarrhea.
B
Baboons a. will not self-administer caffeine. b. will self-administer caffeine, but in an erratic manner characterized by days where they take significant amounts and days where they take little to no drug. c. will self-administer caffeine at a high constant rate. d. will self-administer caffeine at a high constant rate, but only when the drug is given in the presence of a female baboon that is also taking the drug.
C
Bayer scientist Felix Hoffmann synthesized aspirin and ________ in the same month in 1897. a. amphetamine b. MDMA ("ecstasy") c. heroin d. acetaminophen
B
Because of early theories equating addiction with _______, the drug _______ was not thought to be an addictive substance. a. euphoria; cocaine b. physical dependence; cocaine c. physical dependence; morphine d. euphoria; morphine
C
In plasma, the half-life of cocaine is about ___________; the half-life of amphetamine is about ___________ . a. 20 minutes; 1.5 hours b. 1 hour; 2 hours c. 1 hour; 10 hours d. 24 hours; 30 minutes
A
Caffeine a. is rapidly and completely absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract, primarily the small intestine. b. has a half-life that averages about 8 hours. c. accumulates over the day, with significant amounts remaining the following morning in the blood stream. d. is metabolized more slowly in smokers.
D
Caffeine a. has a half-life that averages about 18 hours. b. accumulates over the day, with significant amounts remaining the following morning in the blood stream. c. is metabolized more slowly in smokers. d. has anxiogenic effects in some individuals.
D
Caffeine is a: a. weak acid, with a pKa of ~8.0 b. weak acid, with a pKa of ~0.5 c. weak base, with a pKa of ~8.0 d. weak base, with a pKa of ~0.5
D
Caffeine is found in many over-the-counter headache remedies because it a. is an effective bronchodilator. b. causes vasodilation in the periphery. c. causes vasoconstriction in the periphery. d. causes vasoconstriction in the brain.
D
Caffeine is useful for treating headaches because it: a. increases blood flow in the brain, but not in the periphery. b. dilates blood vessels by about 30%. c. increases blood pressure and therefore decreases tension in head muscles. d. constricts blood vessels in the brain.
D
Caffeine metabolism in women is a. faster during pregnancy. b. slower during pregnancy. c. altered by the menstrual cycle. d. both B and C
D
Caffeine's direct effects on cAMP levels (via inhibition of cAMP phosphodiesterase) are probably relevant for its a. stimulating effect on locomotion in mice. b. ability to act as a GABAA agonist. c. low dose effect of decreasing lever press behavior. d. high dose, toxic effects.
B
Cannabidiol: a. is a synthetic cannabinoid that is used to treat glaucoma. b. is found in the cannabis plant and blocks the metabolism of THC. c. makes no contribution to the psychoactive effects of marijuana. d. is a metabolite of THC and is found in high concentrations in smokers with low body fat.
C
Cocaine _______ and _______ in the striatum can be produced in addicts by exposure to videos of cocaine-related cues. a. "high"; release of dopamine b. tolerance; release of glutamate c. craving; release of dopamine d. relapse; D2 binding
C
Cocaine acts in the nervous system by blocking _______ and _______. a. monoamine transporters; voltage-gated potassium channels b. monoamine release; voltage-gated calcium channels c. monoamine transporters; voltage-gated sodium channels d. monoamine synthesis; voltage-gated calcium channels
C
Cocaine has its highest affinity as an antagonist (i.e., blocker) at which type of transporter? a. NET b. DAT c. SERT d. VMAT
A
Compared to amphetamine, cocaine: a. has a shorter half-life. b. has a longer half-life. c. is rapidly absorbed via the oral route. d. Both b and c.
C
Compared to nicotine delivery via cigarettes, the pharmacokinetic profile of nicotine when it is delivered by a patch or gum is characterized by a. higher absolute blood levels for a comparable dose. b. more rapid absorption. c. slower absorption. d. a lack of psychoactive effect since nicotine concentration in the blood never reaches a significant level.
B
Compared with a pure opiate agonist, a partial opiate agonist has: a. higher efficacy. b. lower efficacy. c. effects opposite to the agonist. d. a partial effect at OP1 receptors.
A
Concerning the time course of THC levels and route of administration, a. plasma levels of THC peak more rapidly following injection or smoking than oral administration of the drug. b. people smoking marijuana typically reach their peak THC levels before they finish the cigarette or joint. c. oral administration of THC produces low plasma levels that drop off quickly. d. at maximum THC intoxication after smoking, brain and plasma THC levels are equilibrated.
A
Cotinine: a. is a high affinity agonist at nicotinic receptors. b. is a metabolite of amphetamine. c. has a half-life that is about 20 min. d. leads to decreases in mood.
B
D2 receptors are coupled to _____ and their activation results in _________ excitability of the cell. a. Gq; decreased b. Gi; decreased c. Gx; increased d. Gs; increased.
C
Disinhibition of dopamine projection neurons in the VTA: a. is caused by inhibition of GABA interneurons and results in decreased dopamine release in the NAc. b. is caused by inhibition of glutamate neurons and results in decreased dopamine release in the NAc. c. is caused by inhibition of GABA interneurons and results in increased dopamine release in the NAc. d. is caused by inhibition of glutamate neurons and results in decreased dopamine release in the NAc.
C
Dopamine transporter knockout mice a. suffer from Huntington's disease. b. refuse to self-administer cocaine. c. actively self-administer cocaine. d. are hyperactive after psychostimulant treatment.
A
During withdrawal from repeated administration of amphetamine, rats' preference for sucrose is: a. reduced. b. increased. c. unchanged. d. None of the above - this experiment cannot be performed because rats will not ingest sucrose.
C
Dynorphin has its highest affinity for which of the following receptors? a. μ (mu) b. δ (delta) c. κ (kappa) d. θ (theta)
D
Endocannabinoids are a. synthesized, stored in vesicles, and released after an action potential invades the terminal of a cannabinoid neuron. b. synthesized, stored in vesicles, and released following a rise in calcium concentration in the terminal of a cannabinoid neuron. c. degraded in the synapse by a special enzyme, anandamidase. d. synthesized and released following a rise in calcium concentration in the postsynaptic cell.
D
Endocannabinoids are broken down by a. THC hydrolase. b. aracadonic acid. c. anandamidease. d. fatty acid amide hydrolase
B
Endocannabinoids are synthesized from: a. cannabidiol. b. arachidonic acid. c. THC. d. valproate.
C
Endocannabinoids contribute to retrograde signaling in the hippocampus by a. blocking the reuptake transporters. b. blocking CB1 autoreceptors on the presynaptic terminals. c. inhibiting Ca2+-mediated GABA release. d. activating the CB1 receptors and increasing GABA release.
D
Endorphin projection neurons originate in the: a. spinal cord. b. frontal cortex (FC). c. periaqueductal gray area (PaG). d. arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (ArcN).
B
Endorphins reduce synaptic transmission by: a. closing opiate receptor channels. b. opening K+ channels. c. opening Ca2+ channels. d. closing adenylyl cyclase channels.
B
Enkephalin has its highest affinity for which of the following receptors? a. μ (mu) b. δ (delta) c. κ (kappa) d. θ (theta)
B
Exchange diffusion occurs when a. dopamine escapes the synapse and can act on nearby synapses and cells. b. methamphetamine causes the plasma membrane transporter to work in reverse. c. norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine via the enzyme PNMT d. cocaine displaces acetylcholine from its binding site on muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.
B
Following infusion of the kappa receptor agonist U50, 488H into the nucleus accumbens, rats spend a. more time in the drug-paired side of the CPP chamber. b. less time in the drug-paired side of the CPP chamber. c. less time in the vehicle-paired side of the CPP chamber. d. equal time in the drug- and vehicle-paired sides of the CPP chamber.
A
Following oral administration, how would you characterize the relative absorption of amphetamine? a. slow, because amphetamine has a pKa well above the pH of the stomach. b. slow, because the amphetamine molecules will be in a low ionization state. c. fast, because amphetamine is a weak acid. d. fast, because the amphetamine molecules will be in a high ionization state.
A
Following repeated exposure to amphetamine and a short drug-free period, rats exhibit _________ in sucrose preference that is indicative of withdrawal-induced ___________. a. a decrease; anhedonia b. an increase; reward sensitization c. no change; reward indifference d. an increase; allostasis
A
Heroin is a. converted to morphine in the brain. b. less lipid-soluble than morphine. c. a partial agonist at the opiate receptor. d. more potent than morphine if taken by mouth.
C
If you are asked to take a drug test before you are issued a life insurance policy, and the agent is testing for nicotine use, what are they most likely testing for in your blood? a. nicotine b. CYP2A6 c. cotinine d. tar
D
If you could measure the function of a nicotinic α4β2 receptor in a smoker after she had just finished a cigarette, what state would that receptor most likely be in? a. activated and allowing only Na+ ions through its channel b. activated and allowing only Ca2+ ions through its channel c. blocked due to nicotine's antagonist actions d. desensitized
B
In addition to coffee and tea, caffeine is found in all of the following except for a. analgesic drugs. b. cough suppressants. c. OTC stimulants. d. diet soda.
B
In animals, caffeine has a biphasic effect whereby: a. low doses stimulate sleeping behavior and high doses are without effect. b. low doses stimulate locomotion and high doses produce sedation. c. low doses produce sedation and high doses stimulate locomotion. d. low doses have a stimulant effect and high doses produce agitation.
A
In both humans and rhesus monkeys, the self-administration of opiate drugs tends to: a. increase across days. b. decrease across days. c. remain relatively unchanged across days. d. None of the above - monkeys will not self-administer opiate drugs.
A
In humans trained to discriminate THC from placebo, it was found that a. nabilone enhanced the subjective effects of THC. b. nabilone reduced the subjective effects of THC. c. nabilone was somewhat aversive because it acts as a CB1 antagonist. d. THC discrimination is not possible in humans, whereas it can be demonstrated in rodents.
C
In humans, which of the following is associated with high doses of caffeine? a. better ability to concentrate b. alertness c. anxiety d. a sense of calm
C
In laboratory animals, the effect of increasing doses of caffeine causes a. reduced activity, followed by increased activity. b. dose-dependent increases in activity. c. increased activity, followed by decreased activity. d. dose-dependent decreases in activity.
B
In rats trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from saline, what was the effect of co-administering 5 mg/kg cocaine and a high dose of the D2 antagonist haloperidol (0.16 mg/kg)? a. There was a significant increase in responding on the cocaine-appropriate lever, compared to when 5 mg/kg cocaine and saline were co-administered. b. There was a significant decrease in responding on the cocaine-appropriate lever, compared to when 5 mg/kg cocaine and saline were co-administered. c. There was no change in responding on the cocaine-appropriate lever, compared to when 5 mg/kg cocaine and saline were co-administered. d. There was a shift in responding to the haloperidol associated lever, compared to when 5 mg/kg cocaine and saline were co-administered.
A
In rats, exposure to THC for 21 days is associated with: a. decreased expression of CB1 receptors in the striatum and hippocampus. b. enhanced function (sensitization) of CB1 receptors in the hippocampus. c. increased expression and enhanced function of CB1 receptors in the cerebellum. d. None of the above
A
In the United States, the most commonly used illicit drug is a. marijuana. b. heroin. c. cocaine. d. oxycontin.
B
In the blood, the weak base caffeine: a. will be highly ionized because it has a pKa = 0.5. b. will be almost completely non-ionized because it has a pKa = 0.5. c. will be highly ionized because it has a pKa = 8.0. d. will be almost completely non-ionized because it has a pKa = 8.0.
C
In the electrophysiology study where recordings were made in dopamine cells in the substantia nigra (SN) or ventral tegmental area (VTA): a. tobacco smoke (TS) leads to a prolonged decrease in the activity of VTA cells, but not SN cells. b. TS leads to a prolonged decrease in the activity of SN cells, but not VTA cells. c. TS leads to a prolonged increase in the activity of VTA cells, but not SN cells. d. TS leads to a prolonged increase in the activity of SN cells, but not VTA cells.
D
In the experiment that investigated amphetamine sensitization in humans, evidence for sensitization was provided by demonstrating: a. the subjective effects of amphetamine decreased with repeated exposure. b. the objective effects of amphetamine, as measured by eye blink rate, decreased with repeated exposure. c. the binding potential of [11C]raclopride in the ventral striatum was increased during the last dose (i.e., dose 5) compared to the first dose (i.e., dose 1). d. the the binding potential of [11C]raclopride in the ventral striatum was decreased during the last dose (i.e., dose 5) compared to the first dose (i.e., dose 1).
B
In the nicotine self-administration study we discussed in class (that was also discussed in the book), it was demonstrated that rats gave themselves the most infusions of nicotine when the drug was a. available at extremely high doses. b. available in combination with light cues that were paired with infusions. c. given via the oral route. d. None of the above because rats will not self-administer nicotine.
A
In the study by Acquas et al. (1991), the researchers measured dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens of rats given saline or morphine 2x/day for 14 days. Compared to saline-treated rats, what happened to the basal level of dopamine in morphine-treated rats? a. It was significantly decreased. b. It was significantly increased. c. It was unchanged at first, but rose significantly as the rats fell asleep in the test chamber. d. Nothing, it was similar in the two groups.
C
In the study by Costello et al. (2014) where rats were trained to lever press for an intravenous infusion of nicotine, the authors found different results when the nicotine dose was delivered alone compared to when the nicotine was a component of cigarette smoke extract (CSE). What did they find in rats lever pressing for CSE compared to those responding for nicotine alone? a. An increased incidence of cancers. b. A decrease in dopamine concentration due to inhibition of L-DOPA by CSE. c. An increase in responding across FR schedules. d. A decrease in depression-like behavior due to the antidepressant effects of CSE.
C
In the study by Tanada et al. (1997), which of the following drugs had an inhibitory effect on THC-induced increases in nucleus accumbens dopamine? a. Naloxone. b. Rimonabant c. Both A and B d. Neither A nor B
C
In the study by Vezina and Leyton (2009), rats were given repeated injections of amphetamine in their home cage (Unpaired group), amphetamine in an open-field arena (Paired group), or saline in both the home cage and the open-field arena (Control group). When the rats were later challenged with an injection of amphetamine in the open-field arena, the authors found that: a. control rats exhibited sensitization and so did the rats in the paired group. b. rats in the unpaired group exhibited stereotypy. c. rats in the paired group exhibited sensitization, whereas those in the unpaired group did not. d. rats in the unpaired group exhibited sensitization to the stereotypy-inducing effects of amphetamine, but tolerance to its locomotor-stimulant effects
D
Inhibition of _______ is not a possible effect of cannabinoids on the CB1 receptor. a. cAMP formation b. voltage sensitive Ca2+ channels c. adenylyl cyclase d. K+ channels
C
Mice with cocaine insensitive dopamine transporters a. self-administer cocaine to a greater extent than heterozygous controls b. exhibit self-administration behavior that is indistinguishable from that observed in DAT knock-out mice. c. have no significant change in nucleus accumbens dopamine following cocaine injections. d. have no significant change in dorsal raphe dopamine following amphetamine injections.
C
Microdialysis experiments have demonstrated that administration of ____________ results in greater increases in dopamine levels in the nucleus accumbens compared to administration of ____________ . a. COMT; MAO b. cocaine; methamphetamine c. amphetamine; cocaine d. MAO; cannabinoids
A
Morphine has its highest affinity for which of the following receptors? a. μ (mu) b. δ (delta) c. κ (kappa) d. θ (theta)
B
Morphine is metabolized to normorphine via: a. glucoronidation. b. type 1 biotransformation. c. synthetic modification. d. None of the above.
B
Most illicit drug users are in the _______ year-old age range. a. 16- to 17- b. 18- to 20- c. 21- to 25- d. 26- to 29-
B
Nicotine a. makes up about 10% of the dry tobacco leaf. b. enters a smoker's lungs on particles of tar. c. reaches the bloodstream from a typical cigarette in the amount of 6 to 11 mg. d. is the only biologically active substance in the tobacco leaf
D
Nicotine __________ the firing rate of DA cells in the ____________. a. decreases; VTA b. decreases; substantia nigra c. both a. and b. d. none of the above.
B
Nicotine is a a. weak acid with pKa = 8.0, suggesting it will be highly ionized in acidic environments (e.g., stomach). b. weak base with pKa = 8.0, suggesting it will be highly ionized in acidic environments (e.g., stomach). c. weak acid with pKa = 3.0, suggesting it will be highly ionized in basic environments (e.g., blood). d. weak base with pKa = 3.0, suggesting it will be highly ionized in basic environments (e.g., blood).
B
Nicotine is primarily metabolized by: a. MAO b. CYP2A6 c. CYP3A9 d. mecamylamine
D
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain: a. are typically permeable to Cl-. b. contain four subunits and form a hexamer. c. are typically permeable to Na+, but never to Ca2+. d. can be homopentamers or heteropentamers.
D
Nicotinic receptors a. are metabotropic receptors that bind acetylcholine. b. consist of three subunits: alpha, beta, and gamma. c. are constructed of subunits that form a potassium channel in the cell membrane. d. can become silenced by depolarization block with repeated stimulation.
B
Nociceptin is an endogenous opioid formed from the cleavage of what propeptide? a. Proenkephalin b. Pronociceptin/orphanin FQ c. Prodynorphin d. Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)
D
Novocaine and tetrodotoxin (TTX) are both: a. inhibitors of acetylcholine esterase (AChE). b. blockers of the VMAT-2. c. blockers of tyrosine hydroxylase. d. inhibitors of sodium channels.
D
Percocet is a short-acting formulation of _____________ that also contains _____________. a. methadone; cetozine b. codeine; aspirin c. hydrocodone; morphine d. oxycodone; acetaminophen
D
Percodan contains: a. methadone only. b. methadone and acetaminophen. c. oxycodone only. d. oxycodone and aspirin.
C
Plasma levels of THC a. peak more rapidly following oral administration compared to smoking. b. are at their lowest 15 min after smoking. c. peak before the drug "high" peaks. d. are at their highest 90-120 min after smoking.
B
Postsynaptic inhibition by endorphins is caused by _______ of _______ channels a. opening; chloride b. opening; potassium c. closing; calcium d. closing; potassium
D
Propeptides are cleaved into peptides by: a. enzymes found in synaptic vesicles. b. proteins found in dendritic spines. c. co-factors found in the cytoplasm. d. proteases found in the Golgi apparatus.
D
Punding is the human equivalent of a. depressive behavior in nonhumans. b. excessive eating in nonhumans. c. brain damage in nonhumans. d. stereotyped behavior in nonhumans.
C
Rats who have dopamine transporters that are genetically engineered to be completely insensitive to cocaine (i.e., mice homozygous for the mutation): a. will self-administer cocaine when given the chance. b. find methamphetamine aversive. c. exhibit increases in nucleus accumbens dopamine levels following amphetamine, but not cocaine. d. All of the above.
A
Which of the following is a sympathomimetic effect of cocaine? a. Vasoconstriction b. Decreased heart rate c. Hypothermia d. Hypotension
C
Repeated administration of psychostimulants: a. leads to sensitization of all behaviors in laboratory animals, but not in humans. b. leads to sensitization of all behaviors, regardless of the pattern of drug administration. c. leads to sensitization of some, but not all, behaviors when drug exposure is intermittent. d. leads to tolerance of all behaviors in humans, but not in laboratory animals.
B
Rimonobant is a CB1 _____________ that reverses the ability of THC to _____________ heart rate. a. agonist; increase b. antagonist; increase c. agonist; decrease d. antagonist; decrease
C
SR 141716 (rimonabant) has been shown to: a. block the subjective effects of alcohol. b. increase the constipation-inducing effects of morphine. c. block the discriminative stimulus effects of THC. d. increase the anxiolytic effect of β-carbolines.
B
Smokers titrate their dose of nicotine: a. by changing to menthol cigarettes. b. by changing the frequency of breaths. c. by changing the liver enzyme used to metabolize nicotine. d. both b. and c.
B
THC is a. highly soluble in water because it is a weak base. b. not very soluble in water because it is highly lippophillic. c. not very soluble in water that is in the brain, but highly soluble in water that is in the perhiphery. d. is highly lipophobic so it is highly soluble in water found in the periphery and the brain.
C
Tea leaves contain: a. caffeine. b. theophylline. c. A and B d. neither A nor B
C
Technically, the term "narcotic" defines a class of drugs that a. reduces pain. b. is illegal to possess. c. causes sleep. d. binds to opioid receptors.
C
The "entourage effect" of THC is a reference to its: a. ability to encourage social interaction in males. b. tendency to act on multiple subtypes of cannabinoid receptors. c. enhanced subjective effect when administered along with other cannabis constituents. d. increased potency for inducing a "high" when taken with alcohol.
D
The "incubation" effect for stimulant sensitization refers to: a. the ability of sensitization to occur after a single dose. b. the fact that sensitization is not associated with changes in brain anatomy. c. the fact that sensitization occurs independent of context. d. the ability of sensitization to grow over time.
D
The CNS cannabinoid receptor a. can be divided into five subtypes, labeled CB1-CB5 b. is an ionotropic receptor and is currently designated CB2. c. is localized primarily on postsynaptic terminals. d. is coupled to Gi/o.
B
The CNS cannabinoid receptor subtype found predominantly in the peripheral nervous system is: a. CB1. b. CB2. c. CB4. d. anandamide-2.
A
The D5 receptor is a member of the: a. D1 family of dopamine receptors. b. D2 family of dopamine receptors. c. ionotropic family of receptors. d. Gi coupled family of receptors.
B
The ____ receptor was the first opiate receptor to be cloned. a. μ (mu) b. δ (delta) c. κ (kappa) d. θ (theta)
A
The absorption of THC via the _________ route is relatively low because the drug is _________. a. oral; susceptible to first-pass metabolism b. i.v.; highly lipophilic c. inhaled; highly lipophobic d. s.c.; in a low ionization state
A
The antiemetic effects of THC refer to its ability to a. reduce nausea and vomiting. b. decrease sleep. c. reduce pressure in the eye. d. decrease hyperphagia.
D
The discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine are mediated by: a. D1 receptors b. 5-HT3 receptors c. GABAA receptors d. D2 receptors
D
The drug discrimination study in human participants trained with 10 mg/kg methamphetamine revealed that: a. amphetamine substituted for methamphetamine. b. triazolam did not substitute for methamphetamine. c. the stimulus effects of methamphetamine generalized to the highest tested dose of methamphetamine, but not the lowest tested dose. d. All of the above
D
The elimination of THC from the body is prolonged in: a. very thin smokers because THC is highly lipophobic. b. obese smokers because THC is highly lipophobic. c. very thin smokers because THC is highly lipophilic. d. obese smokers because THC is highly lipophilic.
A
The elimination of carboxy-THC a. occurs more slowly than the elimination of THC. b. occurs more rapidly than the elimination of THC. c. occurs at the same rate as THC. d. is enhanced by cannabidiol.
D
The endorphins are a. the naturally occurring opioids found in opium. b. the synthetic opioids used as analgesics. c. the class of drugs that are used in maintenance therapies for addicts. d. substances found in the body that act at opioid receptor sites.
A
The enzyme responsible for the metabolism of caffeine is ___________ and this enzyme is ___________ in smokers. a. CYP1A2; upregulated b. CYP6B3; downregulated c. CYP3A9; inhibited d. CYP2D3; functioning normally
B
The experiments by Soria et al. (2005) showed that CB1 knockout mice a. self-administer cocaine and will reach higher progressive ratio breakpoints compared to wild-type controls. b. self-administer cocaine, but will reach lower progressive ratio breakpoints compared to wild-type controls. c. respond to rimonabant treatment by increasing their intake of cocaine. d. will not self-administer cocaine.
C
The first endogenous opiate to be identified was: a. anandamide. b. morphine. c. enkephalin. d. dynorphin A.
B
The half-life of THC is: a. approximately 30 minutes. b. approximately 30 hours. c. approximately 3 weeks. d. approximately 30 days
C
The half-life of caffeine ranges from a. 30 minutes to 1 hour. b. 1 to 2 hours. c. 2.5 to 4.5 hours. d. 4.5 to 6.5 hours.
B
The half-life of cocaine in plasma is significantly ____________ than that of amphetamine, which is why cocaine abusers tend to self-administer the drug __________________ than those who abuse amphetamine. a. longer; more frequently b. shorter; more frequently c. longer; less frequently d. shorter; less frequently
D
The half-life of cocaine is: a. 48 hours. b. 9-12 hours. c. 4 hours. d. 0.5-1.5 hours.
A
The hyperphagia-inducing effect of THC is likely due to: a. the drug's ability to stimulate CB1 receptors in the hypothalamus. b. an antagonistic effect of the drug at CB2 receptors in the hippocampus. c. the drug's ability to inhibit memory such that users forget that they have recently eaten. d. a partial agonist effect of the drug at CB3 receptors in the nucleus accumbens.
A
The methylxanthines are bases and in the acidic environment of the digestive system they a. ionize and become poorly lipid soluble. b. are quickly metabolized into inactive metabolites. c. are not easily digested. d. are negligibly ionized because they have an extremely low pKa.
A
The mu receptor a. plays a role in analgesia and the rewarding effects of morphine. b. overlaps with the kappa receptor in its distribution in the nervous system. c. has been linked to hallucinations and dysphoria. d. is found in the hypothalamus and pituitary.
D
The natural form of amphetamine is found in: a. leaves of the shrub Erythroxylon coca b. ma huang c. cold medicines like Sudafed. d. Egyptian jasmine
C
The opioid propeptides a. are made in the terminal button and cleaved by enzymes into the opiate peptides. b. are referred to as the "enkephalins." c. are processed by proteases into both opiate and non-opioid peptides. d. include the endorphins and the endomorphins.
B
The processing of nicotine in chewing tobacco and oral snuff a. results in increased absorption via the stomach because of inhibition of metabolic enzymes. b. results in increased absorption at oral mucosa because of increases in mouth pH. c. results in a nicotine molecule that is highly ionized in the mouth. d. results in a product with low abuse and addiction properties because it is rapidly absorbed into the blood.
A
The rank order of potency for amphetamine and methamphetamine at monoamine transporters is: a. DAT ≈ NET >>> SERT b. NET > GAT > DAT c. SERT ≈ NET >>> DAT d. VMAT > SERT >>> DAT
A
The rank order of potency for cocaine at monoamine transporters is: a. SERT > DAT >>> NET b. DAT > NET > SERT c. SERT ≈ DAT ≈ NET (i.e., approximately equal potency) d. NET >>> DAT > SERT ≈ VMAT
B
The reason why many pipe and cigar smokers don't inhale is because: a. it has an acid pH and the nicotine is already highly ionized. b. it has a basic pH which is irritating to the lungs c. pipe and cigar does not have nicotine. d. they might one day run for political office.
C
The reinforcing effects of THC are dependent on _______, and involve _______. a. CB2 receptors; decreased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens b. μ opioid receptors; decreased endocannabinoid release in the nucleus accumbens c. CB1 receptors; increased dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens d. κ opioid receptors; increased glutamate release in the prefrontal cortex
C
The withdrawal effects observed after chronic nicotine exposure a. include an enhanced ability to concentrate. b. lead to significant weight loss. c. probably contribute to short-term relapse. d. None of the above because there are no withdrawal effects associated with chronic nicotine exposure.
D
The δ receptor is: a. coupled to a Cl- channel. b. coupled to a Ca2+ channel. c. coupled to Gs. d. coupled to Gi.
C
Theophylline is found in: a. coffee beans b. cannabis c. tea leaves d. ampakines
C
There is a ________ frequency of smoking in depressed individuals and this is likely due to the ________ effect of nicotine. a. lower; mood decreasing b. lower; anxiogenic c. higher; mood elevating d. higher; hyperalgesic
B
Tolerance to THC a. is only apparent for its euphoric effects. b. is evident for multiple effects of THC c. occurs only when THC is administered along with other cannabinoids. d. does not occur, but sensitization does.
D
Tolerance to opiate effects a. is primarily due to increased rate of metabolism. b. develops quite gradually over time. c. is not specific to a given receptor type. d. occurs rapidly for analgesic effects, and slowly for constipating effects.
A
Traditionally, Indians of the Andes would consume coca leaves mixed with lime. This was because a. cocaine is a base and has a pKa of 8.7. b. cocaine is an acid and has a pKa of 8.7. c. it was necessary to mask the bitter taste. d. the lime destroyed the bacteria that caused the leaf of the coca bush to deteriorate.
C
Two primary features of the contemporary idea of addiction are _______ and _______. a. craving; substance abuse b. physical dependence; relapse c. craving; relapse d. withdrawal; relapse
D
Unlike other psychostimulant drugs, cocaine: a. blocks D2 receptors. b. blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. c. blocks Cl- channels. d. blocks Na+ channels.
B
When given the choice between heroin and food, lab animals will: a. choose heroin almost exclusively, but only at the lowest doses tested. b. choose heroin almost exclusively, except at low heroin doses or when they are also given high doses of naloxone. c. choose food almost exclusively, except when they are also given high doses of naltrexone. d. choose food almost exclusively because they do not find heroin reinforcing.
A
When monkeys are given the choice between heroin and food, heroin choice will be reduced by a. opiate receptor antagonists. b. dopamine receptor antagonists. c. serotonin inverse agonists. d. All of the above.
D
When smokers are given cigarettes lower in nicotine and tar: a. they reduce their intake slightly. b. there is no change in smoking behavior. c. there is a marked decrease in their smoking behavior. d. they smoke more.
C
When someone is drinking alcohol and snorting cocaine, what metabolite can be measured in the blood? a. alcococaine b. ethanococaine c. cocaethylene d. cocacetylaldehyde
A
When tobacco is burned: a. nicotine is only one of thousands of compounds. b. nicotine is vaporized and serves as an inactive ingredient. c. nicotine is rapidly degraded. d. nicotine is rapidly converted to methoxsalen.
A
Which of the following about cocaine administration and absorption is false? a. The cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine can be detected for only a few hours after the last dose of drug. b. Rapid absorption occurs with intravenous and smoked forms of cocaine. c. Cocaethylene is a metabolite of cocaine and alcohol that exerts an effect similar to cocaine, but that lasts for a longer time. d. One key reason why smoking crack cocaine promotes addiction is because the brain receives a large surge of drug, even though the duration of its effects is relatively short.
C
Which of the following about drug self-administration procedures is false? a. They rely on positive reinforcement produced by the substance being investigated. b. The typical dose-response function is an inverted U-shaped curve. c. Antidepressants and antipsychotics are readily self-administered by animals. d. In general, the reinforcing properties of an addictive drug increase as the dose is increased, within a certain range.
C
Which of the following about the effects of opiates on synaptic transmission is false? a. They act on receptors that are coupled to inhibitory G proteins. b. They affect endorphin autoreceptors and reduce the amount of transmitter released. c. They cause postsynaptic depolarization by opening potassium channels. d. They cause less transmitter to be released via axoaxonic inhibition.
A
Which of the following about the endocannabinoids is false? a. They are synthesized by FAAH. b. They include arachidonic derivatives such as 2-AG and anandamide. c. They are not stored in vesicles. d. They are synthesized and released when needed, probably in response to Ca2+.
C
Which of the following about the metabolism of nicotine is false? a. It yields the principal metabolite cotinine. b. The liver enzyme CYP2A6 is involved. c. Its half-life is about 18 hours. d. Inefficient metabolizers may be less likely to become cigarette smokers.
B
Which of the following best describes the effect of caffeine on sleep? a. it causes insomnia and increases total sleep time. b. it causes insomnia and reduces total sleep time. c. it induces sleep and has no effect on total sleep time. d. it induces sleep and raises the acoustic arousal threshold.
C
Which of the following differentiates the pharmacological effects of cocaine from those of amphetamine? a. cocaine upregulates tyrosine hydroxylase b. cocaine blocks the VMAT c. cocaine blocks Na+ channels d. All of the above
C
Which of the following effects is associated with activation of D1 receptors? a. decreased phosphorylation of other proteins b. protein kinase A is inhibited c. increased expression of transcription factors such as CREB d. None of the above
D
Which of the following is NOT a subtype of adenosine receptors: a. A1 b. A2B c. A3 d. A4
D
Which of the following is NOT an example of a phenylethylamine psychostimulant drug? a. methamphetamine b. MDMA ("ecstasy") c. amphetamine d. cocaine
C
Which of the following is NOT one of the effects of psychostimulants such as amphetamine? a. increase in heart rate b. hyperthermia c. analgesia d. bronchodilation
B
Which of the following is NOT one of the major metabolites of caffeine? a. paraxanthine b. cotinine c. theophylline d. theobromine
A
Which of the following is a classic symptom of opiate overdose? a. pinpoint pupils b. increased respiration c. diarrhea d. None of the above.
D
Which of the following is a metabolite of morphine that is significantly more potent as an analgesic than morphine is? a. oxycontin b. heroin c. morphine hydroxylase d. morphine-6-glucoronide
D
Which of the following is a peptide derived from POMC? a. morphine b. leu-enkephalin c. dynorphin A d. beta-endorphin
B
Which of the following is a semi-synthetic opiate drug? a. morphine b. heroin c. thebaine d. methadone
A
Which of the following would be consistent with the hypothesized role of endocannabinoids in retrograde signaling in the hippocampus? a. Pyramidal cells can temporarily have sustained increases in firing rate because they release endocannabinoids that inhibit pre-synaptic GABA interneurons. b. Pyramidal cells can temporarily have sustained decreases in firing rate because they release endocannabinoids that excite pre-synaptic GABA interneurons. c. Pyramidal cells can temporarily have sustained increases in firing rate because they release endocannabinoids that excite pre-synaptic glutamate interneurons. d. Pyramidal cells can temporarily have sustained decreases in firing rate because they release endocannabinoids that inhibit pre-synaptic glutamate interneurons.
D
Why did the early studies with nicotine have difficulty demonstrating that laboratory animals would reliably self-administer the drug? a. Nicotine has a very wide dose range within which it serves as a reinforcer. b. A second-order schedule of reinforcement is required for reliable self-administration. c. It was too difficult to teach a rat to hold, light and smoke a cigarette. d. Nicotine is not reinforcing to laboratory animals.
A
Wiley et al. (2011) showed that in mice trained to discriminate THC from saline, rimonabant: a. blocked the discriminative stimulus effects of THC at the 10 and 30 mg/kg dose. b. blocked the discriminative stimulus effects of THC in males, but not females. c. enhanced the discriminative stimulus effects of THC at the 10 and 30 mg/kg dose. d. blocked the discriminative stimulus effects of THC at the 3 mg/kg dose only.
D
Withdrawal from amphetamine is characterized by all of these symptoms EXCEPT: a. depression. b. insomnia. c. decreased appetite. d. stomach cramps.
B
You have just discovered a new drug and you hypothesize that its primary pharmacological effect is to act as an agonist at D3 receptors. Which of the following would be consistent with that hypothesis? a. phospholipase C (PLC) activity is increased following administration of your drug. b. adenylyl cyclase activity is decreased following administration of your drug. c. PKC activity is decreased following administration of your drug. d. cAMP activity is increased following administration of your drug.
A
________________ is the enzyme that breaks down endocannabinoids and it is predominantly localized in ________________. a. fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH); post-synaptic cells b. THC hydrolase; post-synaptic cells c. FAAH; pre-synaptic cells d. THC hydrolase; pre-synaptic cells