Exam 4

Contributions of Psychoanalysis

-large impact on American academic psychology -new way of experimental methods

Criticisms of Psychoanalysis

-methods of data collection were unsystematic and uncontrolled. people argued that freud may have reinterpreted patient's words to support his views. people say he may have made false inferences. may have used coercive procedures. based on a small and unrepresentative sample. discrepancies between his notes and published things. -his views on women were incorrect

Describe what evolutionary psychology is

1. All psychological mechanisms at some basic level originate from, and owe their existence 2. Darwin's theories of natural and sexual selection are the most important evolutionary to, evolutionary processes. 3. Evolved psychological mechanisms can be described as information-processing devices. 4. Evolved psychological mechanisms are functional; they function to solve recurrent processes responsible for creating evolved psychological mechanisms. adaptive problems that confronted our ancestors"

Describe the antecedent influences on the development of psychoanalysis

1. philosophical speculations about unconscious psychological phenomena 2. early ideas about treating mental disorders 3. evolutionary theory

Arguments between psychology and psychoanalysis; arguments against Freud's methods

Academic psychologists did not want to be associated with psychoanalysis. Psychologists hated the thought that sex, dreams, and neuroses were all that psychology was about. Psychoanalysis had caught public attention. Psychologists decided that psychoanalysis was inferior based on experimentation.

Carl Jung

Analytic Psychology: Jung's theory of personality; a branch of psychology that views the person as a constellation of compensatory internal forces in a dynamic balance Personal Unconscious: Personal unconscious includes various memories and thoughts that have been forgotten or suppressed. The events in this section of out unconscious can be recalled relatively easily. Collective Unconscious: The collective unconscious contains memories and experiences that we inherit. These come from ancestors, including animal ancestors. We are not able to recall anything in the collective unconscious. Introversion/Extraversion: libido of an introvert is directed inwards and libido of an extrovert is directed outwards

Discuss the case of Anna O. in the development of psychoanalysis

Anna O. was an attractive woman who experienced paralysis, memory loss, mental deterioration, nausea, and disturbances of vision and speech. The symptoms began when Anna nursed her dying father. Breuer found that reliving the disturbing experiences under hypnosis reduced or eliminated the symptoms. Supported psychoanalysis because it connected unconscious and conscious factors.

Karen Horney

Basic Anxiety: Basic anxiety surfaces from parental actions that produce a feeling of loneliness or helplessness in a child. Basic anxiety can turn into neurotic needs. Neurotic Needs: Neurotic needs are behaviors developed to stop this anxiety, which also become a part of their fixed personality. Horney recognized three trends among neurotic needs, 1) someone who needs approval and affection from others, 2) someone who needs independence and withdrawal, and 3) someone who needs power, admiration, and often exploits people to reach these.

Cognitive psych vs behaviorism

Cognitive psychology different from behaviorism in several ways. First, it focuses on the process of knowing, rather than stimulus responses. They do not focus on behavior, only the mind. Additionally, cognitive psychologists share interest in how the mind organizes experience, while those who favor behaviorism believe that the mind does not have inherent organizational abilities. Lastly, cognitive psychologists believe that we are active in our environment, while behaviorists believe that we respond passively to external forces.

Alan Turing

English mathematician who conceived of the Turing machine and broke German codes during World War II (1912-1954)

Martin Seligman

Flourishing: flourishing is the result of paying careful attention to building and maintaining the five aspects of the PERMA model. The PERMA model is a model Seligman developed to explain what contributes to a sense of flourishing. The five factors in this model are: Positive emotions Engagement Relationships Meaning Accomplishments (Seligman, 2011)

Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

Flow: being completely absorbed in an activity

Free Association

Free association is a technique used by Freud where patients are encouraged to share anything and everything that comes to their mind. Freud believed that what came to the patient's mind were only things that mattered and that should be expressed. As a result of his work using free association, Freud believed that the cause of psychological disorders were problems relating to sexual life. He found that these sexual issues often came up in free association sessions with patients.

Childhood Sexual Seduction Trauma

Freud believed that neurotic conditions could not arise in a person who led a normal sex life. He stated that when talking about negative sexual experiences, it almost sounded as if patients could not fully remember what had happened. This theory was pushed against mostly because people could not believe that childhood sexual abuse happened so frequently.

Dream Analysis

Freud developed dream analysis after realizing that he could not really use the free association technique on himself. Dream analysis involved interpreting one's dreams to find unconscious dilemmas. Through dream analysis on his own dreams, he realized that he had hostility towards his father. He found that he had sexual desires for both his mother and eldest daughter.

Discuss the life of Freud

Heavily used cocaine; he was confident, ambitious, and had big dreams; was married, but worked long hours and did not see her and their six kids a lot; may have had an affair with sister-in-law

Evolved Psychological Mechanisms

In evolutionary psychology, psychological mechanisms that are the result of evolution by selection; that is, they exist and have endured because they have been adaptive to survival and reproductive success.

Anxiety

In personality, anxiety works as a warning that the ego is being threatened. Anxiety causes tension which in turn causes one to attempt to reduce that tension.

Alfred Adler

Individual Psychology: Adler's theory of personality; incorporates both social and biological factors Inferiority: Adler believed that feelings of inferiority motivated people toward greater accomplishments and lead to individual improvement. An inferiority complex develops when a person's feelings of inferiority are not compensated. This can make dealing with problems in life even more difficult.

Evolutionary theory

Influenced Freud's ideas of child development; attitude toward sex

Life and Death Instincts

Life instincts are our dries for survival. They include attaining food, water, air, and sex. Death instincts are our unconscious, destructive forces that lead us toward death. They include aggression, hatred, masochism, and destruction.

Ulric Neisser

Neisser published a book called Cognitive Psychology, which was the first to define this new approach to psychology. This was not his intention, rather, Neisser was just trying to write about the type of psychologists he aimed to be. He was not excited to be labeled the 'father of cognitive psychology' and only nine years later published the book Cognition and Reality, which actually talked about how he did not like where the field of cognitive psychology was going. He did not like how they pretty much only used laboratory settings and felt it did not have ecological validity. Additionally, he felt that cognitive psychologists should be able to help people in their daily life with their findings.

Determine whether psychoanalysis is valid

No- the methods were too inaccurate and uncontrolled

Differences between Freud's and Jung's theories

One difference between Freud's and Jung's theories is that Freud focused more on interpersonal relationships, while Jung focused more on one's relationship with themselves. Another difference is that Freud viewed libido as largely sexual, while Jung viewed it in terms of growth and reproduction. Additionally, Freud believed that people were victims of childhood events, while Jung focused on how these past events shape us and our future. Jung also studied the unconscious mind even deeper than Freud.

Differences between Freud's and Adler's theories

One major difference between Adler's and Freud's ideas is that Adler did not focus on the influence of sex nearly as much. Additionally, Adler focused more on the conscious than the unconscious influences on behavior. Freud focused on how past experiences influence present behavior, while Adler focused more on how our future goals influence present behavior. Adler's theory also looked at personality as one whole, rather than separating it like Freud did with the id, ego, and superego. Lastly, Alder disagreed with Freud's views of women.

Philosophical speculations about unconscious psychological phenomena

One psychologist who Freud seemed to take ideas from was Fechner. Fechner believed that a lot of our mind is influenced by unobservable forces. Freud also quoted Fechner numerous times in his books. Freud recognized that he was not the first to study the unconscious mind, but rather he believed that he had found a scientific way to study it.

Psychosexual Stages of Development

Personality develops through various psychosexual stages throughout one's life. It begins in the oral stage, where traits such as optimism, sarcasm, and cynicism are developed. In the next stage, the anal stage, defiance for parents develops. In the phallic stage, sexual desires and expressions develop. In the latency and genital stages, one experiences heterosexual norms and prepares for marriage and becoming a parents.

Anna Freud

Play Therapy: therapeutic approach that uses play to help a child cope with emotional distress Child Analysis: Anna Freud's major accomplishment in growing psychoanalytic theory was the use of child analysis. Sigmund Freud had not done work with children in private practice, so Anna Freud was able to apply the ideas of psychoanalysis to a new population. Anna Freud used psychoanalytic therapy with children by altering it to match their verbal skill levels and maturity levels.

How did humanistic psychology develop from psychoanalysis?

Psychoanalysis influenced humanistic psychology by providing the argument of the influence of unconscious forces. Humanistic psychology attempted to change this viewpoint to focus more on conscious forces. Additionally, humanistic psychologists wanted to look at all people, not just those with mental disorders. Gestalt psychologists and behaviorists also influenced the development of humanistic psychology.

Resistance and Repression

Resistance occurs when one refuses to share painful or shameful memories during a free-association session. Repression occurs when one pushes unacceptable memories or desires into the unconscious. Freud helped patients overcome these two issues with transference. He believed that forming intimate relationships help patients to share their repressed thoughts. He also used dream analysis to analyze repressed memories.

Abraham Maslow

Self-Actualization: the full development of one's abilities and the realization of one's potential Hierarchy of Needs: physiological needs, safety needs, belonging and love needs, esteem needs, need for self-actualization

Edward Wilson

Sociobiology: This theory essentially advocated for the idea that genetic influences outweigh cultural influences, so there is no way to alter behavior through various programs for children because behavior is entirely determined by genetics.

George Miller

The Magic Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Miller developed the concept that our short-term memory has the capacity for approximately seven chunks of information. The Center for Cognitive Studies: Miller and a colleague established a research center at Harvard that focused on the human mind. Some of the research at the center looked at language, memory, perception, and other cognitive aspects. This was an important accomplishment because it showed others that their view varied from behaviorists, who were mostly in control at the time.

3-Part Personality

The id is the aspect of personality that feeds off of instincts. It is primitive and includes sex and aggressive drives. The id is all about seeking pleasure. The ego is the rational part of our personality and balances out the id and superego. The ego is aware of reality and regulates the id. The superego is based off of values, norms, and standards that a child is taught.

Early ideas about treating mental disorders

Treatment for mental illnesses date back to 2000 BC, so it was not a new concept. The Emmanuel Movement was especially influential to Freud's work. The Emmanuel Movement was started by a church who pushed for the use of psychotherapy. Talk therapy then became increasingly popular and supported. The spread of the ideas of talk therapy helped Americans to more quickly support Freud's use of psychoanalysis.

Describe the antecedent influences on cognitive psychology

Work in physics began to reject the idea of a mechanistic model of the universe to accepting a view that is not completely objective and allowed for connection between the external world and the observer. They began to focus on more individual observations of the universe. This change in perspective emphasized the importance of consciousness in psychology. The field of scientific psychology did not accept this change at first, but eventually modified itself to accept cognitive processes again.

Neo-Freudian

a psychologist who accepts the broad features of Freud's theory but has revised the theory to fit his or her own concepts

Ego Psychology

a school of psychodynamic thought that emphasizes the skills and adaptive capacities of the ego

Humanistic Psychology

an approach to understanding human nature that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings

Freudian Slip

an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings; an act of forgetting or a lapse in speech that reflects unconscious motives or anxieties

David Buss

found evidence that women place a higher value on potential partners' status, ambition and financial prospects; men placed a higher value on potential mates' physical attractiveness

Describe the status of evolutionary psychology

still referred to, but a lot of critics

Positive Psychology

the scientific study of optimal human functioning; aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

Describe the growth of cognitive psychology

well supported to this day