Exam 4

EXCEPT for traditional _____, most therapies may also occur in small groups.

psychoanalysis

Except for traditional _____, most therapies may also occur in small groups.

psychoanalysis

During her weekly psychoanalytic therapy sessions, Sabrina will often abruptly change the subject. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:

resistance

Adults who had a(n) _____ attachment to their parents when they were young are more likely to experience normal grief.

secure

The brains of people who suffer from depression tend to have low levels of:

serotonin.

One of the lingering misconceptions about ECT is that, when first introduced, it was used universally for people with mental illness. Research over time has shown that this treatment is very effective, but only for people with:

severe depression

Dr. Cobbs believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Cobbs believes in:

the biopsychosocial approach

Which of the following is an example of the application of operant conditioning principles in behavior therapy?

token economy

Reflecting on how the definition of psychological disorders has changed in history, one can see that societal views greatly impact the definition of a psychological disorder by:

framing what is perceived as the source of the disorder

The social-cognitive perspective has linked the experience of depression with

learned helplessness.

Bipolar disorder is much _____ common than major depressive disorder, but it is often _____ dysfunctional.

less; more

For the past four weeks, Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is MOST likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder.

Gena believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Gena believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

Although Frankie realizes his behavior is unreasonable, he is so distraught by high bridges that he avoids them; as a result, he must take an unnecessarily lengthy route to and from work each day. Frankie appears to suffer from a(n) _____.

phobia

What information would help a researcher determine if a psychological disorder were genetic in origin?

It is observed in all cultures

Which of the following provides evidence that there is a genetic component to schizophrenia?

It is observed in all cultures

Boris is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of mania. It is MOST likely that Boris is suffering from _____ disorder.

bipolar

Karl is a prolific painter. However, he is also prone to periods of hopelessness and depression, which are followed by periods of hyperactivity. It is very likely that Karl is suffering from:

bipolar disorder

Glenn suffers from depression. He frequently thinks of situations as overwhelmingly bad, with no hope of future improvement. Glenn would benefit MOST from _____ therapy.

cognitive

Several years after his wife's death, Mr. Sanchez remains incapacitated by feelings of guilt and sadness. To reduce Mr. Sanchez's depression, a therapist is actively encouraging him to stop blaming himself for his inability to prevent his wife's death. The therapist's approach is MOST representative of:

cognitive thinking

After the loss of his wife, Andy finds himself unable to move on with his life. He is experiencing _____ grief.

complicated

Blake's doctor told her that she should not drink alcohol while taking Xanax. This is because antianxiety agents such as Xanax:

depress central nervous system activity

After the death of a loved one, MOST people:

feel sadness at first but return to their normal level of functioning within a few months.

If Ardith, who is recovering from alcohol use disorder, wishes to remain in recovery, she is better served by _____ than by _____.

frequent attendance at Alcoholics Anonymous meetings; a general support group

Tomas is continually tense and plagued by muscle tension, sleeplessness, and an inability to concentrate. He most likely suffers from _____ disorder.

generalized anxiety

If you want to improve communication in your own relationships, these three Rogers-inspired hints may help.

paraphrase, invite clarification, and reflect feelings

Eight-year-old Jack has severe temper tantrums at times and experiences irritability. He has been diagnosed with disruptive mood dysregulation disorder. One of the significant negative outcomes of labeling Jack is that:

people may view Jack differently because of the label

Antidepressant drugs have a different effect on mild versus severe depression because:

people with mild depression are likely to spontaneously improve

Phil is extremely fearful of germs. He sleeps in a special chamber at night, wears gloves, and will only eat food that he can unwrap. His symptoms are most characteristic of a(n) _____ .

phobia

Years after he barely survived an attack that killed his wife and two children, Mr. Puskari suffers recurring flashbacks and frequent nightmares of the event. They render him incapable of holding a steady job. Mr. Puskari is MOST clearly showing signs of:

posttraumatic stress disorder

During his weekly therapy sessions, Colin finds it very difficult to talk about childhood memories. He often pauses before mentioning embarrassing moments, or simply forgets important details. Colin's behavior illustrates:

resistance

When a patient in psychoanalysis blocks anxiety-laden material from their consciousness, they are experiencing:

resistance.

At her weekly therapy session, Nia became agitated at her therapist, saying that he was controlling and domineering, just like her father. Nia's behavior illustrates _____.

transference

At his weekly therapy session, Henry became agitated at his therapist, saying that she was controlling, domineering, and trying to ruin his life with all of her mothering. A psychoanalyst would suggest that this illustrates:

transference

After three sessions of ECT each week for _____, 80 percent or more people suffering from severe depression improve markedly.

two to four weeks

Clients may overestimate the value of therapy because they:

put a lot of effort into therapy

More than 100 million Americans belong to small _____ groups that meet regularly.

religious, interest, and self-help

Today, Ellen is going to the mental health clinic for a relatively new treatment. During the procedure, repeated pulses of magnetic energy will be applied to her brain through a magnetic coil. This type of treatment is known as:

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

Today, Vanessa is going to the mental health clinic for a relatively new treatment. During the procedure, repeated pulses of magnetic energy will be applied to her brain through a magnetic coil. This type of treatment is known as _____.

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

The medical model, one of the two models currently in use for understanding and treating psychological disorders, uses medical terms. Which of the following is NOT a term from the medical model?

social stressors

Bob yells at this therapist, "You are an impatient know-it-all, and you only care about yourself!" Bob is MOST likely experiencing:

transference

Neal has been diagnosed with major depressive disorder. Neal interprets negative stressful events using a pessimistic explanatory style. His explanatory style creates a hopeless depressed state, which then hampers the way Neal thinks and acts, causing more negative stressful events. Neal's depression is MOST likely due to a:

vicious cycle.

Depression is a serious, common psychological problem that affects many people. Although questions remain concerning the cause or causes of depression, it is known that:

women are nearly twice as likely to suffer from major depressive disorder as are men

Like alcohol, antianxiety drugs work by:

depressing central nervous system activity

Eeyore, a character in the Winnie the Pooh series by E. E. Milne, speaks slowly, has a pessimistic view, and often doesn't wish to participate in social activities. These behaviors suggest that the character suffers from:

depression

A version of cognitive behavioral therapy called _____ therapy helps change harmful, even suicidal behavior patterns.

dialectical behavior

During a psychoanalytic therapy session, Max focuses on several intrusive thoughts that have been bothering him. The therapist tells Max to report any ideas or memories stimulated by these thoughts. Max's therapist is using a technique known as _____.

free association

After a traumatic event, some people will develop PTSD; others will not. Those who experienced PTSD may have done so because they have a more sensitive ____.

limbic system

If you were to comfort someone who is grieving, you should:

listen and sympathize with the grieving person.

For the past four weeks, 20-year-old Odessa has been feeling lethargic and worthless. Her friends are worried because she no longer shows interest in her normal social activities. It is very likely that Odessa is suffering from:

major depressive disorder

A large pharmaceutical company is conducting a clinical trial to test the efficacy and safety of an antidepressant to treat major depressive disorder. Its work is MOST aligned with the _____ model.

medical

Kara believes that people with psychological disorders are suffering from diseases that have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and sometimes even cured. Kara believes in the _____ model of psychological disorders.

medical

Bipolar disorder is characterized by moods that alternate between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the euphoric, _____ state of mania.

overexcited

Gregory is an impoverished African-American teen who finds school stressful but performs at a moderate level academically. He has no relationship with his father but has a close relationship with his mother and grandmother. Which of these factors MOST increases his vulnerability to developing a mental disorder:

poverty

_____ disorder consists of a prolonged state of hopeless sadness.

Major depressive

In considering the factors that may contribute to the process of healing, a _____ approach to therapy may be most useful.

biopsychosocial

The widely practiced integrative therapy that aims not only to alter the way people think but also to alter the way they act is called:

cognitive-behavioral therapy

Bipolar disorder strikes more often among those who rely on _____ and vivid imagery.

emotional expression

Research shows that grieving people:

express their emotions in many different ways.

The three main qualities that therapists advocating the _____ perspective hope to exhibit are genuineness, acceptance, and empathy.

humanistic

Hugh is an openly gay teacher. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), Hugh's homosexuality is NOT a(n) _____.

illness

Damien's wife, who was serving in the military in Afghanistan, was found dead. There is an ongoing investigation into the mysterious circumstances of her death. Damien is likely to suffer _____ grief.

incomplete

The loved ones of a murder or suicide victim are at risk for experiencing _____ grief.

incomplete

Adults who had a(n) _____ attachment to their parents when they were young are likely to experience absent grief.

insecure-avoidant

Brooke is focused on cleaning her home, which she does for four hours every day. In particular, the fringe on her living room rug must be straight on both sides. This takes considerable time, and she often repeats this task 10 to 12 times per day. Her experience is most symptomatic of _____ disorder.

obsessive-compulsive

This disorder is characterized by repetitive thoughts that may lead to repetitive actions.

obsessive-compulsive disorder

Psychodynamic therapy is based on the premise that:

people unconsciously avoid issues that are painful

Gregory is an impoverished African-American teen who finds school stressful but performs at a moderate level academically. He has no relationship with his father but has a close relationship with his mother and grandmother. Which of these factors MOST increases his vulnerability to developing a mental disorder?

poverty

These therapists attend a two-year graduate program, in addition to postgraduate supervision, to offer psychotherapy.

psychiatric social workers

Research on emotion has shown that emotion has a guiding influence on people's lives. According to your textbook, the purpose of sadness is to:

slow down and examine one's situation

NIMH reported in 2008 that approximately 6.8 percent of people were diagnosed with ______ in the past year.

social anxiety disorder

To help Tom reduce his fear of flying, a therapist first encourages him to physically relax and then simply imagine that he is taking off in an airplane. The therapist's technique BEST illustrates:

systematic desensitization

Aidan, a man in his fifties, was diagnosed with schizophrenia and prescribed antipsychotic medication starting in his twenties. He has used this medication continuously since then. He is most at risk for _____.

tardive dyskinesia

Research on the effectiveness of psychotherapy indicates that:

treatment is generally beneficial

Classification is used to:

- suggest appropriate treatment. - predict a disorder's future outcome. - predict a disorder's future outcome. - prompt research into a disorder's causes. - prompt research into a disorder's causes.

Women have a greater risk of depression than men for several reasons, including:

-receiving less pay for equal work. -juggling multiple roles. -caring for children and elderly family members.

A study of widows and widowers found that _____ percent were _____ depressed than before their spouse's death.

10; less

At some point during their lifetime, depression has plagued about _____ percent of Canadian adolescents and young adults aged 15 to 24.

11

Chase is experiencing depression. He feels terrible and wants immediate relief. His doctor prescribes an antidepressant. How soon will Chase get relief?

4 weeks

A study of widows and widowers found that about _____ percent were resilient.

65

Once seen as barbaric, this treatment is performed under controlled conditions using a general anesthetic and muscle relaxant prior to treatment.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

_____ insisted that madness was not demon possession but a sickness of the mind caused by severe stresses and inhumane conditions.

Philippe Pinel

Lynette is released after a four-week stay in a psychiatric hospital. She needs to find an apartment near her job because she cannot afford a car. When she talks to potential landlords, how should she describe herself?

She should not volunteer that she was in a psychiatric hospital. Many people react negatively to those labeled "mentally ill."

During an interview by a mental health professional, Blanca provided a great deal of information about herself. Of the information she provided, which is NOT considered a protective factor for Blanca?

chronic pain

Which of the following is NOT a predictor of violence?

a history of psychological disorder

Research shows that optimal quantity and quality of sleep affects mood:

a lot

After the death of her husband, Beth never seemed to mourn. Now, several months later, she is experiencing trouble breathing, panic attacks, and depression. Beth may be experiencing _____ grief.

absent

This form of listening is empathic listening.

active

After the death of a good friend, Marco decided to make some positive changes to enrich his life and make the most of every day. This is an example of:

affirmation of life.

If a person avoids situations in which help may not be available when panic strikes, that person may be suffering from _____.

agoraphobia

Nanci's therapist is an active listener, who often paraphrases what she says. He does not judge her and is quite open to her exploration of her weaknesses. He gives her appropriate validation and encourages her to reflect on her feelings. He wants to deepen her self-understanding. Her therapy is MOST likely:

client-centered

In the DSM-5, a person must exhibit five of nine possible symptoms to receive a diagnosis of major depressive disorder. One of the criticisms of this variability in symptoms within this diagnostic category is that:

clinicians often don't agree on a diagnosis

Susan has been diagnosed with panic disorder and refuses to leave her home. She fears any situation in which she cannot escape or find help when a panic attack would strike. Susan suffers from panic disorder, as well as _____.

agoraphobia

Shantay is a 37-year-old African-American female previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder. She currently appears to be experiencing an episode of mania. Her psychiatrist orders blood work and a PET scan. The imaging is likely to show:

an abnormally high level of activity across the brain.

Stefanie meets with her therapist once a week to talk about her marriage and her relationship with her parents. In addition to helping Stefanie gain insight into these relationships, Stefanie's therapist prescribes medication. This is an example of:

an eclectic approach

Brian often interrupts his teacher while she is speaking and frequently forgets to complete his homework assignments. He also has difficulty taking turns in playground games with classmates. Brian MOST clearly exhibits symptoms of:

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

_____ is a type of treatment with the primary goal of physically changing the brain's functioning.

Biomedical therapy

_____ is to anxiety as a(n) _____ is to a windy day.

Panic disorder; hurricane

_____ is a mental disorder that is most likely to lead to poverty.

Schizophrenia

In a study using _____, half the patients receive a drug and the other half receive a similar-appearing placebo. Neither the patients nor the staff administering the treatment know who gets which treatment.

a double-blind procedure

While _____ focused on revealing the absurdity of people's self-defeating ideas through a more confrontational approach, _____ sought to reverse people's catastrophizing beliefs about themselves through the use of gentle questioning.

Albert Ellis; Aaron Beck

Homosexuality was classified as a mental illness by the _____ until 1973.

American Psychiatric Association

Who is MOST likely to experience normal grief?

Angelina, who had a secure attachment to her parents when she was young

An experiment in which Asian-American clients were matched with counselors who shared their cultural values found that the:

Asian-American clients perceived more counselor empathy and felt a stronger alliance with the counselor

_____ conditioning associates an unpleasant state, such as nausea, with an unwanted behavior, such as drinking alcohol.

Aversive

Constance suffers from obsessive-compulsive disorder and Steven suffers from depression. What class of drugs are they likely to be prescribed?

Both will receive antidepressants

_____ favored the use of client or person instead of the term patient. Apparently, he did NOT subscribe to the _____ model of psychological disorders.

Carl Rogers; medical

Who is MOST likely to experience absent grief?

Courtney, who had an insecure-avoidant attachment to her parents when she was young

Marius is interested in studying psychological disorders. If he wants to study the classification system most often used in the United States, he should read the _____.

DSM-5

Tonya is interested in studying psychological disorders. If she wants to study the classification system most often used in the United States, she should read the:

DSM-5

_____ is like living in slow motion, whereas _____ is like living in fast-forward.

Depression; mania

_____ therapies aim to boost people's self-fulfillment by helping them grow in self-awareness and self-acceptance.

Humanistic

_____ therapies use a variety of techniques that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

Insight

Doug, who suffers from depression, recently saw an ad for free medication in return for participation in a new drug trial. Doug was told that he would be participating in a double-blind study. What does that imply?

Neither Doug nor the researcher will know if Doug is receiving a placebo or the medication

The police brought Erika to the emergency room after she was seen running down the street in her underwear yelling that she "has the power!" Erika was also spending large amounts of money across town and was rude and reckless over the last five days. In the emergency room, Erika would not be quiet long enough for the nurse to ask her questions. Erika may be suffering from _____ disorder.

Research on emotion has shown that emotion has a guiding influence on people's lives. What is the purpose of sadness?

Who is MOST likely to become stuck in response to death, unable to find meaning in the living and dying of someone they love and thus perhaps unable to reaffirm their own lives?

Stan, who had an insecure-resistant attachment to his parents when he was young

Who is MOST likely to be distraught by death?

Stephen, whose parents died when he was young

After study participants were told that a videotaped interviewee was a psychiatric patient, they characterized the person with phrases such as "passive, dependent type" or "frightened of his own aggressive impulses." This study BEST illustrates the:

biasing power of diagnostic labels

Dr. Moghaddam believes that psychological disorders are influenced by genetic predispositions and physiological states. He is also aware that inner psychological dynamics, social dynamics, and culture influence psychological disorders. Dr. Moghaddam believes in the _____.

biopsychosocial approach

An effective way to break the cycle of depression is to explain _____ events in terms that are specific and temporary.

demanding

Even without professional intervention, _____ episodes of depression often resolve on their own.

most

In Rogers' client-centered therapy, the therapist listens, without judging or interpreting. This type of therapy is referred to as _____.

nondirective

The symptoms of antisocial personality disorder begin to appear at a median age of:

8

Changes in the rate, production, and content of speech is a significant marker of the shift between depression and mania. How does speech change when someone is suffering from a manic episode?

The person talks nonstop

In psychoanalysis, _____ is the technique in which the analyst offers explanations for resistances, for example, in order to help the patients gain insight into repressed impulses and conflicts.

interpretation

Josephine experiences extreme anxiety when she approaches any lake. Her therapist suggests that her fear is the result of a traumatic childhood boating accident. The therapist's suggestion reflects a(n) _____ perspective.

learning

Bipolar disorder is much _____ common than major depressive disorder, but it is often more dysfunctional.

less

Eighteen-year-old Bianca is an unmarried, white American high school senior. Bianca is experiencing a major depressive episode, and her depression is at its lowest point. However, Bianca does NOT drink or use drugs. In terms of risk factors for suicide, Bianca is:

less likely to attempt suicide than her friends who drink alcohol