Exam 4

PRECIPITIN REACTION - SOLUBLE antigens w/IgM or IgG from _____ ______ complexes that form large interlocking molecules = PRECIPITATE - must have OPTIMAL Ab-ag ratio which forms a _____ ____ (cloudy line where precipitation happens @correct ratio)

"antibody-antigen complexes" form "precipitin ring" at correct ratio

Antibody structure: - FAB or antigen binding sites have Heavy (H) and Light (L) chains (4 protein chains) and VARIABLE REGIONS (V) on the ends of the arms that bind to _____. - 2 of the variable regions are identical - the FC or stem region is constant (C) and the same for a particular class of antibody (but varies between classes) - The ___ region is important for immunological reaction

- FAB variable regions bind to SPECIFIC EPITOPES (Arms of the Y) **from mastering: specificity is due to the V portions of the H&L chains - the FC region is important for imm. reactions

Chemical defense factors include: - Sebum - produced by sebaceous (oil) glands to form protective film, lowers pH of skin and some unsat fatty acids (FA) inhibit bacterial growth - Earwax - FA and sebum lower pH (3-5) - Saliva - contains lysozyme, urea, uric acid, slightly acidic (6.55)

- Gastric juices - HCl, enzymes, mucous, highly acidic (1.2-3) - Vaginal secretions - low pH (bc lactobacillus) and cervical mucous is antimicrobial - Urine - lysozyme and acidic pH

Antibodies neutralize specific antigens through 5 mechanisms: 1. ___ = clumping 2. ___ = coat antigen for easy identification/attach of phagocytes 3. ___ = coat antigen so it can't bind target 4. Activation of Complement 5. ___ (ADCC) = call T cells and NK cells to attack, similar to opsonization but target not ingested

1. Agglutination (IgM most effective) 2. Opsonization 3. Neutralization (Mostly IgG) 4. Activation of Complement (Mostly IgG + IgM) 5. Antibody-dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

4 Phases of Phagocytosis 1. ______ - signals attract phagocytes (microbe products, damaged tissues/WBCs, cytokines from WBCs, complement proteins/peptides) 2. _____ - MAMPs attach to receptors (TLRs) and cause phagocytes to release more cytokines. OSPONIZATION can occur (makes recognition & attachment easier for phagos) 3. _____ - pseudopods surround microbe, fuse and create a vesicle called a PHAGOSOME 4. _____ - phagosome fuses with a lysosome to become a PHAGOLYSOSOME and lysosomal enzymes + toxic O2 products kill microbe and break it down. undigested material is discharged.

1. Chemotaxis 2. Adherence 3. Ingestion 4. Digestion

Stages of B & T lymphocytes as they encounter antigen Match: effector, immature, naive, memory, activated 1. ____ lymphocytes: lack fully developed antigen-specific receptor 2. ____ lymphocytes: have receptors; have not encountered the "right" antigen 3. ____ lymphocytes: have bound antigen & received confirmation, able to proliferate 4. ____ lymphocytes: descendants of activated lymphocytes (ex. plasma cells of B cells) 5. ____ lymphocytes: long-lived descendants of activated lymp. responsible for secondary response if antigen is encountered again

1. Immature = no fully dev receptors 2. Naive = have receptors but no antigen 3. Activated = bound antigen, proliferate 4. Effector = descendants of activated 5. Memory = long-lived descendants, 2ry response

COMPLEMENT FIXATION TEST - can detect v. small amount of antibody in blood serum - must be VERY CAREFUL or will cause error - positive result depends on WHEN fixation occurs

2 stages: 1. COMPLEMENT FIXATION STAGE - if there are antibodies that bind to the antigen it will fix in stage 1 (fixes to C1 protein) - if NO ab, no fixation 2. INDICATOR STAGE - Add anti sheep RBC and a sheep RBC - If antibodies are already bound to complement = NO RXN, POSITIVE RESULT (no color change) - If not bound, anti- will bind the sheep RBC and cause hemolysis = NEGATIVE RESULT, COLOR CHANGE

Which tests use Monoclonal Antibodies (Mabs)? Precipitin Complement fixation Fluorescent microscopy Pregnancy antigen test

ALL of them!

Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) are produced in response to protein and sugar molecules on microbes (ex. TLRs binding to MAMPs) - short peptides of 15-20 amino acids - Broad spectrum activity including... (name 3 fxs)

AMPs inhibit cell wall synthesis, form pores in cell memb (lysis), and can destroy RNA and DNA - synergistic w/other AMPs

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs) = present potential antigenic fragments to T cells on MHC proteins - Have BOTH MHC I and II - They process the antigen and display it on their MHC, tend to migrate to lymph nodes/centers to present to T cells - includes 3 cells: _____

APCs: B cells, dendritic cells, activated macrophages

APC facts: Dendritic Cells = MAIN APC that induce the immune response by T cells, they are sentinels (engulf invaders, degrade, display) B cells

Activated Macrophages = activated once they ingest antigen, more effective phagocytes, more effective as APCs once active - important in control of cancer, viruses, intracellular pathogens

Adaptive immunity can be natural (exposure/mother) or artificial and... Active = Passive =

Active = trains the immune response, immunity produced by your body Passive = temporary antibodies transferred to you by an outside source

Inflammation can be... ____ = rapidly develops, lasts short period, mild, self-limiting, NEUTROPHILS are principal mechanism ___ = slow development, lasts longer (m-yr), severe and progressive, monocytes become MACROPHAGES.

Acute Chronic - occurs w/persistence of foreign body, =permanent tissue damage as body tries to wall off fb w/fibroconnective tissue. Tissue hardening = fibrosis

The 3 complement pathways (classical, alternative, lectin) ALL result in ACTIVATION OF ____ complement protein

All activate C3

Complement Pathway: ALTERNATIVE C3 combines directly w/complement PROTEINS factors B, D, and P at the MICROBE'S SURFACE mediated by ______ interactions

Alternative = direct contact w/microbe surface by LIPID-CARBOHYDRATE interactions PRODUCT: C3a = inflammation, C3b = cytolysis and opsonization

_____ = proteins designed to recognize & bind a specific antigen - compact and relatively soluble - host recognition of antigen

Antibodies - can be SECRETED or ATTACHED TO B CELLS

_____ = foreign substances (ex. parts of microbes) that cause the production of antibodies - typically proteins or large polysaccharides (lipids or nucleic acids need to combine w/something else to be one) - Pathogens can have multiple ___ic sites (ex. MAMPS, cell wall, egg white, pollen)

Antigens *detection of antigens = production of specific antibody

_____ = Humoral immunity (produce ANTIBODIES aka immunoglobins)

B cells - make antibodies, recognize antigens

Humans and most bacteria use Iron (Fe) so there is competition Human iron binding proteins include: transferrin, lactoferrin, ferritin, and hemoglobin (in RBCs) Bacteria use ____ to compete w/iron binding proteins (chelate - steal it and bind it tighter)

Bacteria use SIDEROPHORES *some bacterial surface receptors bind to human iron binding proteins and take them + the iron into the cell Some bacteria do HEMOLYSIS = RBC lysis to get the iron

____ and ____ Cells = release HISTAMINE - Important for inflammation and allergies - MCs can be located in connective tissues and mucosa

Basophils and Mast Cells

Innate Immunity Second Line of Defenses includes: - Defensive cells - Inflammation - fever - antimicrobial substances

Blood cell types: - RBCs (transport CO2 and O2) - Platelets (clotting) - WBCs (many defensive types)

Both B and T cell precursors are made in _____ B cells mature in ____ and are found in blood & lymphoid tissue T cells mature in ____ and are found in lymphoid tissue

Both B+T cells made in RED BONE MARROW B cells mature in RED BONE MARROW T cells mature in THYMUS

Antibodies are divided into 5 classes based on the ___ (FC) region, each one is different and performs different functions

C region When antibodies respond by MEMORY = FASTER and MORE ANTIBODIES PRODUCED

Outcome of Complement (after C3 activation in any path): 1. CYTOLYSIS C3___ causes C__ - C__ to form a Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) which makes a hole in the microbe cell causing lysis

C3b --> C5-C9 to make MAC

Outcome of Complement (after C3 activation in any path): 3. Inflammation C3b activates C____ and works with C3a on ____cells to cause increased permeability and chemotaxis (inflammation)

C3b activates C5a and works with C3a on MAST CELLS to cause inflammation

Outcome of Complement (after C3 activation in any path): 2. Opsonization C3__ coats the microbe to enhance phagocytosis (phagocytes can use for easier attachment)

C3b is an opsonin

When TLRs bind to MAMPs they induce the release of ____ from the host cell. ____ are proteins that regulate intensity/duration of immune response, chemical messengers (in resp. to stimulus)

CYTOKINES - soluble glycoproteins

Complement Pathway: CLASSICAL _____ attach to ____ (adaptive system) and the Ab-Ag complexes activate the cascade by activating ____ (protein)

Classical = ANTIBODIES attach to ANTIGENS and activate the "C1" protein PRODUCT: C3a = inflammation, C3b = cytolysis and opsonization

____ _____ = eliminating B or T cells that have antibodies who would recognize and harm "self" - occurs during maturation in the bone marrow, cells are exposed to "self" antigens and if they bind they undergo apoptosis - prevents autoimmune diseases

Clonal Deletion (aka negative selection)

Complement System proteins are inactive until they are split into fragments or activated. Cascade rxns AMPLIFY the effects **Cascade = Complement Activation

Complement Nomenclature: Uppercase "C" then #1-9 Active fragments get a lowercase "a" or "b" Ex. Inactive: C3 // Active: C3a

A ____ ____ is when production of cytokines causes more production (feedback loop) to the point of immune dysregulation - causes systemic fatigue, inflammation, fever = BAD - too many = TISSUE DAMAGE

Cytokine Storm

____ = Initiate adaptive immune response & some phagocytosis - Derived from monocytes (its a mature version) - Have long extensions - Abundant in epidermis of skin, mucus membranes, thymus, and lymph nodes

Dendritic Cells

AGGLUTINATION REACTION - PARTICULATE antigens bind antibodies, v. sensitive and easy to read ____ = antibodies w/large cellular antigens (RBC, bacteria) react ____ = antibody reacts w/antigen on a CARRIER (ex. latex bead) or antibody is on a carrier and reacts w/free antigen *Hemagglutination = agglutination w/RBCs

Direct = antibodies on normal cell Indirect = antibodies or antigen need to be on a carrier

FLUORESCENT AB TECHNIQUES - can identify microorganisms in clinical specimens - quick, sensitive, specific. Dye combines w/ab

Direct = dye attaches to antibody on microbe Indirect = uses anti-human immune serum globulin (anti-HISG) to bind any other antibodies. Antibody must be present to react

ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) - sensitive, easy to read, procedure can be mostly automated - ex. pregnancy tests use Mab and Elisa Direct = detects antiGens Indirect = detects antiBodies

ELISA direct = has antibodies on wells of plate, sample added then wells are rinsed. Enzyme added to DETECT ANTIGEN, + = COLOR CHANGE ELISA indirect = has antigen on wells of plate, sample added, rinsed, enzyme to DETECT ANTIBODY, + = COLOR CHANGE

The first "vaccines" were for small pox (taking some pustule and putting it on a person), then ___ ____ used cow pox vaccinations Today a vaccine = suspension of an organism/its parts to induce immunity

Edward Jenner Herd immunity = high % of population is immune, limits spread of outbreaks

______ = Kill PARASITES - somewhat phagocytic - can leave blood - can discharge peroxide ion (O2 2-)

Eosinophils

Innate Immunity Physical Barriers: 1. SKIN - largest organ of the body (SA and weight) ____ = outer thinner portion ____ = Inner thicker portion, made of connective tissue - Prevents entry by arrangement (closely packed cells + keratin), shedding of dead cells, and dry surface inhibiting microbial growth

Epidermis = outer Dermis = inner, thicker

Each B CELL carries Igs on its surface (mostly IgM+IgD), all Ig molecules on a single B cell recognize the SAME EPITOPE = Each B cell only responds to 1 type of epitope - The specificity is determined by its receptor: ___ ___ ___ (BCR)

Epitope specificity determined by B CELL RECEPTOR (BCR) - multiple copies on B cell surface, membrane-bound ab protein B cells can produce a quadrillion antibody types!

Antibodies interact with _____ (specific regions on the antigen, aka antigen determinants)

Epitopes *more specifc term than antigen

____ is a SYSTEMIC response of abnormally high body temperature Pros: slow bacterial growth, speed up body rxns (tissue repair), speed up antiviral interferons, decrease iron available to microbes, helps Tcell production Cons: Too high temp can cause brain damage (above 106F)

FEVER

During infection, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes (dev into macro) migrate to the area. EARLY on NEUTROPHILS are dominant, as infection progresses LATER then MACROPHAGES dominate

Fixed Macrophages = reside in particular tissues Wandering/Free Macrophages = roam and gather at infection sites

____ = a small/low molecular mass antigen that NEEDS A CARRIER MOLECULE initially. Once an antibody against the ___ is formed a carrier is no longer needed

HAPTEN

____ = the formation of new blood cells, occurs in red bone marrow ___ = capable of giving rise to several different cell types

Hematopoiesis Pluripotent

Which fights which? Cellular v Humoral ___ = extracellular bacteria and toxins before entering host cells ___ = antigens that entered cells, viruses and intracellular bacteria

Humoral (B cells) = Extracellular Cellular (Tcells) = Intracellular

Adaptive immunity includes: ____ Immunity = B cells, antibodies (aka immunoglobin/Ig), recognizes and combats antigens, Ig coat B cells ___ Immunity = T cells, cell mediated, Tcell Receptors recognize specific antigens and destroy them

Humoral Immunity = fight EXTRACELLULAR invaders (toxins/bacteria) Cellular Immunity = fight INTRACELLULAR invaders (virus/bacteria) Adaptive differentiates self v non-self

____ (resistance) = ability to ward of disease caused by microbes and their products and to protect against environmental agents

IMMUNITY A lack of immunity = SUSCEPTIBILITY

_____ = cytokines produced by cells against INTRAcellular pathogens Class 1 (IFN-a, IFN-b, IFN-w): produced by cells in response to VIRAL infections and cause neighboring cells to produce ANTIVIRAL PROTEINS (AVPs) to inhibit viral replication Class 2 (IFN-y): immune modulating, ACTIVATE macrophages/NK/T cells

INTERFERONS Class 1 = IFN alpha, beta, and omega, antiviral proteins Class 2 = IFN gamma, immune modulating

Antibody Class: Ig___ - Found in mucous membranes and BODY SECRETIONS (tears, milk, saliva, mucous, blood, lymph) to prevent attachment/entrance of microbes - Helps w/resistance to respiratory and intestinal pathogens - short lived

IgA Serum IgA = monomer (valency = 2) Secretory IgA = dimer (valency = 4) **More effective

Antibody Class: Ig___ - no defined fx in serum (blood/lymph) - LOCATED ON B CELL SURFACE = helps w/immune response - short lived

IgD Monomer, valency = 2

Antibody Class: Ig___ - BOUND to MAST CELLS + BASOPHILS & in blood - Important and increases w/ALLERGIC RXNS and PARASITIC WORM INF - short lived

IgE Monomer, valency = 2 *longer than other monomers

Antibody Class: Ig___ - ~80% of ab in serum (blood/lymph), PREDOMINANT AB in secondary response - Can cross the PLACENTA and is inside INTESTINES - triggers complement, enhances phagocytosis, protects against bacteria and viruses - Neutralizes bacterial toxins

IgG - Monomer, valency = 2

Antibody Class: Ig___ - FIRST and predominant ab in INFECTIONS/primary humoral response - short lived, found in serum and ON B CELL SURFACES (as monomer) - Activates complement - AGGULTINATION (clumping)

IgM - Pentamer joined by a peptide joining chain (J), valency = 10

Damage caused by microbes/physical/chemical agents triggers _____ ____ = a local defense mechanism to DESTROY the agent or at least LIMIT SPREAD Signs/Symp: pain, redness, swelling, heat, immobility

Inflammation Causes VASODILATION (dilation of blood vessels = redness and heat), Increased permeability (so defenses can enter area), and EDEMA (accumulation of fluid)

____ Immunity = defenses from prior to birth, immediate response, non-specific, NO memory. FIRST and SECOND LINES OF DEFENSE ____ Immunity = acquired, slower response, SPECIFIC responses and memory for future infections. THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE. Differentiates between Self and Non-self

Innate Immunity = non-specific Adaptive Immunity = specific, acquired, occurs after innate

Innate Immunity Physical Barriers: 2. MUCOUS MEMBRANES - epithelial layers and connective tissue that line GI tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary tract - secrete mucous, viscous glycoprotein to catch microbes then get them out (sneezing/coughing)

Innate Immunity Physical Barriers: 3. CILIARY ESCALATOR - respiratory tract cilia move microbes up and out (usually with mucous)

Cytokine Categories: interferons, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor alpha, chemokines, hematopoietic cytokines ___ = cytokines that communicate between leukocytes ___ = induce migration of leukocytes to infection or tissue damage ___ = interfere w/viral infections in host cells by alerting healthy cells ___ = involved in inflammation (innate response) ___ = controls stem cells that develop into red and white blood cells

Interleukins (ILs) = comm. between leukocytes Chemokines = migration to infection/tissue damage Interferons (IFNs) = alert abt viral infections Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a) = inflammation Hematopoietic cytokines = control stem cells to RBC/WBC

Antibody titer = tests the relative amount of antibody in serum - 1° Response = IgM first, followed by IgG (IgM useful for diagnosis) - 2° Response = IgG increases, IgM declines. Faster + more production of antibodies total

Know the graph 1° resp antibody production starts 4-7d after, in the 2° it starts 2-3d

Other first line physical barriers: ____ ___ = drains tears, washes eye ____ = dilutes/washes microbes away from teeth ____ = prevents microbes from entering ear _____ = flushes urethra out and cleans it ___ _____ = move microbes out of vaginal tract ___ = prevents microbes from entering resp tract while eating/swallowing ____ = wave like motion of intestines clears things through defecation, v+, d+

Lacrimal apparatus Saliva Earwax Urine Vaginal Secretions Epiglottis Peristalsis

Complement Pathway: LECTIN Cytokines stimulate the liver to produce Lectins, PROTEINS that bind to CARBOHYDRATES - Mannose binding Lectin (MBL) acts as an opsonin to enhance phagocytosis and create the cascade

Lectin = lectin from liver (Protein/carb) activates PRODUCT: C3a = inflammation, C3b = cytolysis and opsonization

Chemical Signals of Inflammation: Histamines = vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels Kinins = Chemotaxis of NEUTROPHILS, vasodilation and increased permeability Prostaglandins = AMPLIFIER - intensifies histamine and kinin response; helps phagocytes move through walls; associated w/PAIN

Leukotrienes = INC permeability; help phagocytes ATTACH to pathogen Cytokines = produced by fixed macrophages; vasodilation and increased permeability of BV, chemotaxis of phago and adaptive immune cells

___ ____ vaccines = weakened living pathogens w/reduced virulence Pros: mimics actual infection, lifelong immunity, 95% effective Cons: possibility for pathogen to MUTATE and become virulent, compromised immune system ppl get sick (should NOT get) ____ ____ vaccines = whole microbes that have been killed - can't replicate, but immune sys still recognizes it Pros: safer than live Cons: less effective, often requires BOOSTERS

Live attenuated Inactive killed

The LYMPHATIC SYSTEM: - is (one way/bidirectional) - Lymph (fluid) collected in lymphatic vessels - Structures and organs contain lymph tissue (tonsils, lymph nodes) - Contains cells involved in IMMUNE SYSTEM, fibers trap microbes - macrophages, dendritic cells, and large # of B+T cells

Lymphatic system = ONE WAY ONLY Stem cells develop into blood cells in the RED BONE MARROW

First line of defense: chemical factors - Most common factors in them are _____ (destroys cell bacterial walls) and ____ pH (inhibits microbial growth)

Lysozyme (destroys cell walls) ; Acidic pH (inhibits growth)

Peyer's Patches are part of the lymphatic system, they're immune areas in the gut that PRESENT MICROBIOME to APCs (like a mail man w/packages) - They contain ___ Cells!

M Cells (Microfold Cells)

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) = collection of glycoproteins in a cell's plasma membrane MHC I = found on _____ cells, binds to CD__ MHC II = found on _____ cells, binds to CD__

MHC I = all nucleated cells, binds CD8 MHC II = antigen presenting cells, binds to CD4

____ = Phagocytosis & can be Activated by Adaptive immune sys to do high levels of phago - Derived from monocytes (its a mature version)

Macrophages

Innate immunity is activated by PROTEIN RECEPTORS in the plasma membrane of defensive cells. PATTERN RECOGNITION RECEPTORS (PRRs) - recognize common microbe elements that are different from the host ex. Toll Like Receptors (TLR) - TLRs attach to components commonly found on microbes called ______ (MAMPS or PAMPS)

Microbe-associated molecular patterns or Pathogen (Pamps) Ex of MAMPs: flagella, LPS (g-), peptidoglycan, some DNA/RNA or other components

_____ _____ = Antibodies produced from a single hybridoma clone Hybridoma clone = a cancerous cell fused w/a normal antibody producing B cell. B cells don't make enough antibodies in culture, so this allows us to produce a lot of antibody - Mabs are good for diagnostics, experimental treatments - different kinds (come from mouse, human, hybrid)

Monoclonal Antibodies (Mabs)

___ = Agranulocytes that are not actively phagocytic till they leave the blood and mature into a macrophage or a dendritic cell

Monocytes

Agranular Leukocytes (Agranulocytes) include 4:

NK cells, B cells, T cells, Monocytes (which become macrophages or dendritic cells)

_____ = Destroy infected cells by apoptosis and cytolysis, non-specific - recognize & attack cells w/ REDUCED or NO MHC 1 (cancer, viral infected, etc) - Blood, spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow - releases toxic substances from lytic granules - uses granzymes and perforin

Natural Killer Cells - Granzymes cause apoptosis (enzyme that digests protein) - Perforin causes cytolysis (creates channels in cells)

Neutrophils are FIRST RESPONDERS that kill/clean up EXTRACELLULAR things through phagocytosis. - They can also form ___ ___ ___ (NETs) where they dump out their DNA & antimicrobial substances to trap and kill microbes. This can be suicidal or vital (leak slowly over time). It can have + and - effects on human health

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

_____ (PMN) = Highly PHAGOCYTIC - aka Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNS) - Active in INITIAL STAGES of infection - Can leave blood/enter tissue through EXTRAVASATION - destroy EXTRACELLULAR microbes/foreign particles

Neutrophils

Process of Inflammation: Blood clot forms (prevent spread) > blood flow dec. & Neutrophils and Monocytes migrate to area and line blood vessels (sticking = MARGINATION) > phagocytes squeeze through BV by DIAPEDESIS (motion) or EXTRAVASATION > Phagocytes destroy (first Neut then monos later) > tissue repair

OK!

Activated B cells undergo CLONAL EXPANSION (or proliferation) and can become MEMORY B CELLS or ______ CELLS (effector cells, produce antibodies)

PLASMA

Fever is facilitated by CYTOKINES (ex. interleukins, interferon, TNF) which cause the HYPOTHALMUS in the brain to release ______ to increase body temperature

PROSTAGLANDINS *Interleukin 1 (IL1) is the main cytokine we will focus on that causes fever

CTLs and NK cells can both release ____ = forms pores in cell to cause lysis ____ = proteases, enter cell and induce apoptosis

Perforin Granzymes

____ = ingestion of a microorganism or other substance by a cell. Aka cell eating

Phagocytosis Phagocytes = cells that perform it

_____ vaccines = made from capsule molecules that provide virulence to pathogens - Activate response through T-independent pathway (shorter memory, children <2y won't recognize this path so can't use) - sometimes grouped w/SUBUNIT VAX _____ vaccines = polysaccharides bound w/a CARRIER PROTEIN - Produces stronger immune response and can be recognized by children as early as 2mo

Polysaccharide vaccines Conjugated vaccines

Adaptive immunity has a ____ response (first time immune system combats a foreign substance) and a ____ response (later interactions w/same foreign substance; faster and more effective due to "memory")

Primary ; secondary Secondary is aka memory/anamnestic response

____ vaccines = select antigenic fragments of a microbe that stimulate imm response - can be used w/a live non-pathogenic cell, ex. putting proteins on a yeast cell = RECOMBINANT VACCINES - no replication in host ____ vaccines = inactivated toxins (aka TOXOIDS) stimulate imm response - Boosters often needed

Subunit vaccines Toxin vaccines

____ = Cell-mediated immunity

T cells

Cellular Immunity works against intracellular things so it is believed T cells evolved to work against them bc... - Tcells can recognize abnormal cells (ex. cancer) AND infected celled

T cells are specific to a single antigen and only recognize ANTIGEN FRAGMENTS BOUND TO MHC

B cell activation can be: T-_____ antigen = antigen requires a Thelper cell to activate B cell T-_____ antigen = B cell can be activated directly by the antigen

T-dependent antigen - Antigen often on virus/bact/RBC and epitope needs to be recognized by both B cell and T cells to confirm specificity. **Helps prevent autoimmune response T-independent antigen - Antigen tends to have repeating subunits (polysach., LPS, Capsules), provokes a WEAKER response, mainly IGM, NO MEMORY CELLS GENERATED

Mature T-Cells all express T-CELL RECEPTOR PROTEIN (TCR) on the surface, recognize a specific epitope (multiple copies of TCR on surface) - TCR is a protein but NOT an antibody protein

TCR alone is not enough for recognition, T-cells also need a processed epitope and CD co-receptor (CD8 or CD4)

T-cells are classified by their surface glycoproteins called Clusters of Differentiation (CD), important for adhesion to receptors, 2 main types: Helper T Cells (CD__) = bind to MHC___ w/antigen located on B cells and other APCs. Work with B cells by cytokine signaling Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes [aka CTL] (CD__) = bind to MHC__ w/antigen to kill sick cells

Th cells = CD4, bind MHC 2 and work w/B cells Tc cells = CD8, bind MHC 1, aka "CD8 annihilate"

Thelper cells can become different types: Th___ = cytokines that activate macrophages, B cell antibodies, & Cytotoxic T cells Th___ = cytokines that activate B cell antibodies (w/IgE), EOSINOPHILS, and are important in ALLERGIC response Th___ = recruit neutrophils to act on EXTRACELLULAR BACTERIA/PARASITE Infections Th___ = kill any autoimmune Tcells that escape thymic deletion, protect resident microbiota, and may protect fetus from rejection as non-self

Th1 = activate macs/Bcell/CTL Th2 = Eosinophils/allergies Th17 = extracellular bact/parasites Treg = defends against autoimmune

The _____ system - enhances cells of the immune system in destroying microbes - 30+ proteins made by liver, circulate in blood serum and within tissues - Does NOT adapt, it IS INNATE. But can be activated by adaptive immsys - Helps prevent excessive damage to host

The COMPLEMENT SYSTEM - 3 mechanisms of microbe destruction: Cytolysis, opsonization, inflammation

ELISA assays use 96 well plates A pregnancy test is a DIRECT ELISA antibody test

This ELISA test is trying to detect an ANTIGEN, if it has it, it forms this sandwich The little ball shape on the end of the antibody (closing the sandwhich) is an ENZYME

____ ____ = similar to clonal deletion but specific to T cells

Thymic Selection

Antibodies have at least 2 identical antigen binding sites (bind to specific epitopes). ____ = the # of antigen binding sites on an antibody

VALENCE **antibody monomer = bivalent antibody, simplest unit, PIC

____ ____ ____ vaccines = virus proteins w/NO GENETIC MATERIAL - often assembled into virus w/o RNA/DNA ____ ____ ____ vaccines = DNA or RNA injected into the muscle - ENCODES ANTIGEN and host muscle will make it, then immune sys responds to it bc treated like "non-self"

Virus Like Particle (VLP) vaccine DNA and RNA vaccines

Differential WBC count = % of each type of WBC in a sample of 100 WBCs From most to least: Neutrophils 60-70% Lymphocytes 20-25% Monocytes 3-8% Eosinophils 2-4% Basophils 0.5-1%

What changes would cause each to increase? Neutrophils = Extracellular Infection Lymphocytes = Intracellular Infection Monocytes Eosinophils = Parasites Basophils = Allergies

First line of defense: normal microbiota 1. Competitive exclusion 2. Produce antagonistic substances that inhibit/kill other bacteria 3. Building immune system

hygiene hypothesis - overclean conditions limit immune system training in early life Prebiotics - chemicals that feed/promote growth of beneficial bacteria probiotics - LIVE microbes administered to exert a beneficial effect

Granular Leukocytes (Granulocytes) include 4:

mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, and Neutrophils (PMN) *all are PMNs but usually when Dr. W says it she means neutrophils

The Innate Immunity FIRST LINE OF DEFENSES includes: - Physical barriers that block entry (skin, mucous membranes) - Chemical factors (associated w/skin and mucous memb - tears/saliva) - Normal Microbiota that do COMPETITIVE Exclusion

ok!

Class switching

the ability of a B cell to produce a different class of antibody against one antigen. - SAME epitopes (Fab), DIFFERENT constant region (FC)