EXAM 4

(True or False) Per "The Benefits of a Bilingual Brain" video, compound bilinguals develop two linguistic codes from two different languages simultaneously with a single set of concepts.

True

Ch. 15 (True or False) Gesture is used with speaking, but sign is used instead of speaking and is an independent language system with its own vocabulary, grammar, and syntax.

True

Ch. 18 (True or False) Standard language is the variety of a language treated as the official language and used in public broadcasting, publishing, and education, as compared to the dialectal variations.

True

Ch. 19 (True OR False) Every speaker of a language has a distinct accent and idiolect.

True

True OR False) A social dialect has features that can be used to distinguish different social status/class.

True

True OR False) In Labov's department store study, the postvocalic /r/ is a social marker.

True

True OR False) Socially, both jargon and slang can connect the "insiders" and exclude the "outsiders"

True

True OR False) Speech accommodation is also called "audience design".

True

True or False) American Sign Language is also called "Ameslan" or "ASL".

True

True or False) Decreolization refers to the process that a creole is used with fewer distinct creole features and it becomes more like a standard language.

True

Please describe the difference between alternate sign language, primary sign language (e.g., American Sign Language), and signed English.

(1) Alternate sign language is used by people who can speak in a specific context where speech cannot be used. (2) Primary sign language, such as American Sign Language (ASL), is used by people who cannot speak (such as deaf people) to communicate with others. It is an independent language system with its own vocabulary, grammar, and syntax. (3) Signed English (also called Manually Coded English, MCE) is the visual representation of English. It is NOT an independent language, and has the same vocabulary, grammar, and syntax as English. This signed English is easier to learn than ASL, so it can facilitate interaction between the hearing and deaf communities.

Please list 2 different types of motivation for learning L2, and briefly describe them.

(1) Integrative motivation: learner wants to learn L2 for social purposes, such as to become accepted and integrated in a society. (2) Instrumental motivation: learner wants to learn L2 to achieve certain goals, such as to get a job or to read scientific journals.

Please list five key aspects of visual information (articulatory parameters) of American Sign Language (ASL) and briefly describe them.

(1) Shape: the configuration of the hands. For example, flat hand, fist hand and bent fingers(2) Orientation: the way the hand is positioned. For example, palm up or palm down (3) Location: the place where hands are positioned in relation to the head and upper body of the signer. For example, when expressing "summer", the hand is above the eyes; while when expressing "ugly", the hand is below the eyes.(4) Movement: the type of motion used in forming signs. For example, quick movement or slow movement express different meanings.(5) Facial expression: different facial expressions have different meanings.

Please list three different approaches aimed at fostering L2 learning, and briefly describe them.

(1). Grammar-Translation method: the traditional form of language teaching with vocabulary lists and sets of grammar rules are taught. Memorization is encouraged and written language is emphasized more than spoken language.(2). Audiolingual method: emphasize on spoken language, and learners are required to repeat the oral drills.(3). Communicative approaches: learning through using language rather than learning about language itself. Communicative approaches emphasize speaking and listening and encourage students to learn L2 in different social contexts.

Please describe three different types of gesture and briefly describe them.

(1). Iconics: a reflection of the meaning of what is said.(2). Deictics: means 'pointing'. It connects the speech to another idea or object of location.(3). Beats: short quick movement of the hand and fingers. Beats are often used to emphasize parts of what is being said, but do not carry meaning of speech content. (Please refer to the slides for more examples.)

According to the "The Benefits of a Bilingual Brain" video, what is Compound bilingual, Coordinate bilingual and Subordinate bilingual?

1) Compound bilinguals develop two languages simultaneously in early childhood. Compound bilinguals acquire a new language at the same time as learning the native language. (2) Coordinate bilinguals learn a new language after being fluent in the mother language. In this case, the brain works with two very separate sets of concepts. (3) Subordinate bilinguals learn a new language as an adult. Subordinate bilinguals learn the second language by filtering it through the native language and is basically acquired by translating it.

What is "isogloss"?

A boundary between the areas concerning a particular linguistic item. For example, we can draw a isogloss line between the region using "paper bag" and the region using "paper sack". We can draw another isogloss line between the region using "you guys" and the region using "y'all".

What is "diglossia"?

A situation where there is a "high" or special variety of a language used in formal situation (e.g., political events, formal broadcasting and lectures), and a "low" variety used locally and informally (e.g., everyday affairs).

(Multiple Choices) Which of the following are features of AAE? A) Omission of past tense "-ed" marker, B) Reduction of the final vowels and consonants, C) Possessives " -'s", Third person singular "-s" and plural "-s" are typically not used, D) Using of article "a" instead of "an"

A) Omission of past tense "-ed" marker, C) Possessives " -'s", Third person singular "-s" and plural "-s" are typically not used, D) Using of article "a" instead of "an"

The word "bucks" (for "dollar") is an example of_______. A) Slang, B) Jargon

A) Slang

In Labov's department store study, ________ group produced the most instances of postvocalic /r/. In Trudgill's study in Reading, _______ group produced the fewest instances of postvocalic /r/? A) Upper middle class B) Lower middle class C) Upper working class B) Lower working class

A) Upper middle class

Ch 14. (Multiple choices) The characteristics of classroom environment for second language (L2) learning include_________. A) learners are corrected, B) Language is presented step by step, C) Exposed to the target language for a few hours in a week, D) Exposed to language for hours per day

A) learners are corrected, B) Language is presented step by step, C) Exposed to the target language for a few hours in a week

What is accent? What is dialect? What are the differences between them?

Accent refers to the aspects of speech pronunciation that identify where a speaker is from, both regionally and socially. Dialect describes features of grammar, vocabulary, and also pronunciation. Dialect is often associated with regional varieties of speech. Difference:(1) Accent is only about pronunciation, but dialect is about grammar, vocabulary, and also pronunciation.(2) Accent describes speech differences caused by both social and regional factors, while dialects is only influenced by regional factors.

(Multiple choices) The acquisition barriers to learning an L2 include______________. a. Time of exposureb. Beyond the critical periodc. Insufficient time d. Affective barriers (e.g., unwillingness, embarrassment)

All of the above: a. Time of exposureb. Beyond the critical periodc. Insufficient time d. Affective barriers (e.g., unwillingness, embarrassment)

Multiple choices) The characteristics of a pidgin language include__________. A) 6-12 million users, B) words in pidgin come from a source language, but the meanings of words may not be the same as those in the source language, C) developed for practical purpose, D) does not have a large number of native speakers, E) characterized by absence of complex grammatical morphology

All the above: A) 6-12 million users, B) words in pidgin come from a source language, but the meanings of words may not be the same as those in the source language, C) developed for practical purpose, D) does not have a large number of native speakers, E) characterized by absence of complex grammatical morphology

Which is not an example of regional dialect? A) American English, B)African American English, C) British English, D) Southern American English

B) African American English African American English is an independent language with its unique grammatical structure, vocabulary and pronunciations. American English, British English and Southern American English are varieties of standard English and share the almost the same grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciations.

(Multiple Choices) When someone uses phrases like "y'all" and "fixin' to" while visiting a rural county in his state, this is an example of: A) divergence, B)convergence, C) overt prestige, D) covert prestige

B) Convergence, D) covert Prestige

What is bilingual? What is bidialectal? What is the difference between them?

Bilingual: a native speaker of two quite distinct languages or a country with two official languages Bidialectal: speakers who live in dialect boundary areas, using two different dialects simultaneously. The difference between bilingual and bidialectal: bilingual are speakers of two distinct languages (such as English and French), while bidialectal are speakers of two dialects that belong to the same language (such as southern and northern dialects of English in the U.S).

(True or False) Even after years of study, our ability to use a second language rarely matches our ability in our first language.

True

What is communicative competence? Please list 3 different types of communicative competence and briefly describe them.

Communicative competence refers to the general ability to use language accurately, appropriately, and flexibly. (1) Grammatical competence: involves the accurate use of words and grammatical structures. (2) Socio-linguistic competence: the ability to understand the social norms for language. For example, the ability to know the difference between "Can I have some water?" and "Give some water!". (3) Strategic competence: the ability to organize a message effectively and to compensate for difficulties via strategies. For example, when do not know how to say the word "kettle", the speaker could describe it as "the device we use to boil the water" to compensate for the difficulties.

What is "emblems"? Please refer to the slides for the definition and the differences between emblems and gestures.

Emblem: signals function like fixed phrase, such as "thumbs up" - does not depend on speech - conventional - depends on social knowledge, meanings vary according to culture

(True OR False) Convergence is a type of speech accommodation to emphasize social distance, and divergence is a type of speech accommodation to reduce social distance.

False

(True or False) A dialect boundary helps us to identify social dialects.

False

(True or False) Per "The Benefits of a Bilingual Brain" video, a bilingual brain has a lower grey matter density than a monolingual brain.

False

What is "interlanguage"? What is "fossilization"?

Interlanguage is an interim system that exists between the proficiency of L2 and an already developed repertoire of L1. This interim system has some features of the L1 and L2 and some features that are independent of the L1 and the L2. L1--> Interlanguage Grammar <--L2 Fossilization: The interlanguage is considered to be the basis of L2 production. But in some cases, this interlanguage contains many non-L2 features and stops developing toward more accurate forms of the L2. This process is called fossilization.

What is transfer? What is transfer also called? Please list 2 different types of transfer and briefly describe them.

Transfer: Using sounds, expressions and structures from the L1 while performing in an L2. Transfer is also called "crosslinguistic influence". (1) Positive transfer: Use of a feature from the learner's L1 that is similar to the L2. (Please refer to slides for examples) (2) Negative transfer: Use of a feature from the learner's L1 that is substantially different from the L2. (Please refer to slides for examples)

(True OR False) Neurolinguistics is about the relation between brain and language, and sociolinguistics is about the relation between social status/class and language.

True

(True or False) ASL is developed from French Sign Language (FSL), and ASL has more in common with French Sign Language than British Sign Language (BSL).

True