Exam 4

Mom is BB. Dad is bb. What is the chance of Mom passing a b allele to the offspring? 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1

0

Yellow (Y) is dominant to white (y). If two white flowers are crossed, what is the probability of an offspring being heterozygous? 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1

0

The ABO blood type system is an example of codominance with A and B being equally dominant over O. If an individual heterozygous for A type blood has a child with someone who is heterozygous for B type blood , what is the probablity of the child having O type blood? 0 0.25 0.5 1 0.75

0.25

What fraction of offspring of the cross AaBb × AaBb would be homozygous for both the dominant alleles, assuming that they are on different chromosomes? 1/16 1/4 1/8 1/32 1/64

1/16

Yellow (Y) is dominant to white (y). If two yellow flowers that are heterozygous are crossed, what is the probability of an offspring being homozygous dominant? 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1

1/4

Yellow (Y) is dominant to white (y). If two yellow flowers that are heterozygous are crossed, what is the probability of an offspring being white? 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1

1/4

A cell in G2 contains 36 sister chromatids. This same cell in G1 would have 18 chromosomes. 72 sister chromatids. 36 chromosomes. 18 sister chromatids. 36 sister chromatids.

18 chromosomes.

If the allele for tall (T) plants was incompletely dominant over the allele for short (t) plants, what offspring would have resulted from crossing two heterozygous plants? 50% tall; 25% intermediate; 25% short All tall offspring. All intermediate height offspring. 25% tall; 50% intermediate; 25% short 25% tall; 25% intermediate; 50% short

25% tall; 50% intermediate; 25% short

A frame-shift mutation would result from an insertion/deletion of a multiple of ___ bases. 1 2 3 5

3

In candy apples, red is dominant to green. Sweet is dominant to tart. If two heterozygous candy apples are crossed, what fraction of the offspring are red and tart? 9/16 3/16 1/16

3/16

Mom is Dd. Dad is Dd. What is the chance of a child expressing the dominant phenotype? 0 1/4 1/2 3/4 1

3/4

In candy apples, red is dominant to green. Sweet is dominant to tart. If two heterozygous candy apples are crossed, what is the ratio of sweet to tart apples in the offspring? All are sweet. All are tart. 9:3:3:1 3:1 not enough information.

3:1

What is the correct order of the stages of mitosis?1-Metaphase 2-Telophase 3-Anaphase 4-Prophase

4,1,3,2

In both mitosis and meiosis, sister chromatids seperate during anaphase, but there are _____ haploid daughter nuclei produced by meiosis compared to ______ diploid nuclei by mitosis.

4,2

In rabbits, white coat color (CW) and black coat color (CB) are codominant, and both of these alleles are dominant over albino (c); heterozygotes (CWCB) are spotted. If a heterozygous black-coated rabbit and a homozygous white-coated rabbit are bred, what percentage of offspring will be white? 0 75% 25% 100% 50%

50%

Which of the following would be considered recombinant DNA? A DNA molecule that was synthesized in the laboratory from nucleotides A DNA molecule, constructed in the laboratory, that was derived from bacterial, cattle, and yeast DNA The DNA in a butterfly that is the hybrid of two species that mated in the wild Both a and b Both b and c

A DNA molecule, constructed in the laboratory, that was derived from bacterial, cattle, and yeast DNA

What is a mutation? A change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA A change in an organisms phenotype A change in the amino acid sequence of a protein A change in an organisms genotype

A change in the nucleotide sequence of the DNA

Which type of mutation is most common? A loss of function mutation A gain of function mutation

A loss of function mutation

What is a silent mutation? A mutation that stops other mutations A mutation that prevents a protein from being made A mutation that doesn't produce a phenotypic effect

A mutation that doesn't produce a phenotypic effect

What is a spontaneous mutation? A mutation that that happens without an outside influence A mutation that happens quickly A mutation that happens randomly A mutation that happens often

A mutation that that happens without an outside influence

What is a biological vector? The process of introducing new DNA into a cell A way to carry genetic material An enzyme that cuts DNA A quantity that has a specific magnitude and direction

A way to carry genetic material

Imagine that there is a mutation in the Cdk gene that makes the gene product nonfunctional. What effect would this mutation have on a mammalian cell? None of the listed answers are correct. The cell would not be able to replicate its DNA. All of the listed answers are correct. The cell would not be able to reproduce itself. The cell would not be able to enter mitosis.

All of the listed answers are correct.

Which of the following statements about mitosis is FALSE? All the listed statements are true. It involves the segregation of sister chromatids. It occurs in eukaryotes. It ensures that new cells have the same amount of DNA as the parental cell. It ensures that new cells have the same type of DNA as the parental cell.

All the listed statements are true.

During which stage of mitosis do the centromeres split?

Anaphase

During which stage of meiosis do the sister chromatids begin to move toward the poles?

Anaphase II

________ are a major source of restriction enzymes. Archaea DNA technologies Bacteria Chief cells Parietal cells

Bacteria

Which of the following statements regarding cell division is FALSE? Cell division can reproduce an entire organism. Cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes. Cell division is the basis of both sexual and asexual reproduction. Cell division ensures the continuity of life from generation to generation. Cell division is necessary for development to occur.

Cell division is common in eukaryotes but rare in prokaryotes.

What is a missense mutation? Change one amino acid to a different amino acid Insert of delete a single amino acid Insert or delete a single nucleotide Change one nucleotide to a different nucleotide

Change one amino acid to a different amino acid

A biologist is producing many identical copies of the gene that encodes phosphofructokinase. What is the biologist doing? Pharming Transfecting Transforming Cloning Producing recombinant DNA

Cloning

"Sticky ends" are produced by PCR. always long sequences of a single nucleotide. produced by the action of DNA ligase. DNA fragments with single-stranded ends. used by mRNA to attach to ribosomes.

DNA fragments with single-stranded ends.

What enzyme do we use to bind sticky ends together? DNA ligase DNA polymerase RNA ligase RNA polymerase

DNA ligase

DNA fragments that have matching sticky ends are joined by covalent bonds formed by the action of DNA ligase. DNA polymerase. DNA helicase. covalentase. a restriction enzyme.

DNA ligase.

True or false? It is impossible to use restriction enzymes that produce blunt ends to make recombinant DNA. True False

False

Which of the following statements about frameshift mutations is incorrect? Frame-shift mutations rarely affect protein function. Frame-shift mutations very often produce nonfunctional proteins. Frame-shift mutations can be caused by a deleted nucleotide base. Frame-shift mutations can be caused by an inserted nucleotide base.

Frame-shift mutations rarely affect protein function.

What type of mutation can be passed from parent to offspring? Germ line mutations Duplication mutations Somatic mutations

Germ line mutations

Which of the following is an example of recombinant DNA? The DNA of livestock produced from selective breading The combination of DNA from two separate parents combined in the offspring Goats who can produce human growth hormone A cloned gene in a lab

Goats who can produce human growth hormone

__________ only occur(s) in the gonads to produce gametes.

Meoisis

During which stage of meiosis do tetrads line up at the equator?

Metaphase I

Which of the following statements regarding mitosis and meiosis is FALSE? Mitosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the starting cell. All sexual life cycles involve an alternation of diploid and haploid stages. A haploid cell has half the chromosomes of a diploid cell. Meiosis only occurs in the ovaries and testes. A normal human somatic cell has 46 chromosomes.

Mitosis produces daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the starting cell.

What is it called if a mutation makes a new STOP codon? Transversion Missense mutation Point mutation Nonsense mutation

Nonsense mutation

If I wanted to amplify a sample of DNA what technique would I use? Cloning Pharming Transformation PCR

PCR

Which of the following is a change in a single nucleotide? A transition/transversion Point mutation Silent mutaiton Substitution

Point mutation

Which of the following is mitosis not used for? Repair (of a wound) in multicellular organisms Asexual reproduction in unicellular organisms Development (e.g., baby in mother's womb) Production of gametes All of the above use mitosis

Production of gametes

Which of the following statements regarding prokaryotic cell division is TRUE? Prokaryotic cells go through mitosis to generate new cells. Prokaryotic cells go through binary fission to generate new cells. Prokaryotic cells go through mitosis for tissue regeneration. Prokaryotic cells go through meiosis to generate new cells.

Prokaryotic cells go through binary fission to generate new cells.

During which stage of mitosis does the nuclear envelope begin to disappear?

Prophase I

Which of these is NOT an example of biotechnology? Using recombinant DNA to make human insulin in yeast cells Creating "roundup ready" plants Purifying drinking water Using yeast to create alcohol

Purifying drinking water

Which of the following is not an application of recombinant DNA technology? Generating large amounts of tissue plasmonigen factor to help dissolve blood clots Making plants more resistant to insect larva Creating vaccines for pathogens Reducing the salt in environmental soil so that plants can grow Creating bacteria that can accelerate the breakdown of wood chips and paper

Reducing the salt in environmental soil so that plants can grow

What is a mutagen? A specific type of spontaneous mutation Something that causes mutations Something that reverts spontaneous mutations A chemical that prevents mutations

Something that causes mutations

During which stage of mitosis does cytokinesis usually occur in animals?

Telophase

E. coli makes insulin because It picked up the insulin gene from another cell. It needs to regulate its cell-glucose level. The insulin gene was inserted into it. It's an ancient gene that now has no function. No reason; it doesn't make insulin.

The insulin gene was inserted into it.

If an individual with brown eyes who is heterozygous (Bb) has a child with someone who has blue eyes (bb), which of the following will be true? There is a 50:50 chance of the child having brown eyes. The child will have brown eyes. The child will have blue eyes. Not enough information to determine the answer.

There is a 50:50 chance of the child having brown eyes.

Which of these is NOT a reason plasmids make good vectors? They are cheap to produce They have known selectable markers They have known restriction sites They can replicate independently They can actively target cells to transform

They can actively target cells to transform

What do you call it when a purine is turned into a different purine? Transition Transversion

Transition

In plants known as "four o'clocks", the allele for the dominant red flower color is designated as 'F' and is incompletely dominant over the allele for white flowers 'f'. A horticulturist allows crosses a true breeding red flowered plant with a true breeding white flowered plant. If there are 1000 offspring, what number of offspring would be pink? about 750 0 about 250 all 1000 about 500

all 1000

The creation of an offspring carrying genetic information from a single parent is called spontaneous generation. a life cycle. regeneration. sexual reproduction. asexual reproduction.

asexual reproduction.

Sexual reproduction increases genetic variability through crossing over; independent assortment; and random fertilization. the exchange of genetic information between male and female gametes during meiosis I. random assortment of male and female chromosomes. the random separation of homologous chromosomes. the union of male and female gametes.

crossing over; independent assortment; and random fertilization.

When _______________ occurs between nonsister chromatids genetic exchange between chromosomes provides new combination of genes that are different from either parent.

crossing-over

Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific sites. bind RNA fragments together. stop transcription. bind together strands of DNA. edit proteins.

cut DNA at specific sites.

If a true breeding red skinned dragon is crossed to a true breeding green skinned dragon, all of the offspring have red skin. Red is dominant over green. recessive to green. codominant to green. incompletely dominant to green. not enough information

dominant over green.

Mendel's law of independent assortment states that each pair of alleles segregated independently of the other pairs of alleles during meiosis. chromosomes sort independently of each other during mitosis and meiosis. genes sort independently of each other in animals but not in plants. independent sorting of genes produces polyploid plants under some circumstances. genes are sorted concurrently during game formation.

each pair of alleles segregated independently of the other pairs of alleles during meiosis.

The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to bind to ribosomes and thereby activate translation. insert a segment of RNA into a bacterial chromosome. form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA. bind to DNA and thereby activate transcription. allow plasmids to attach to the main bacterial chromosome.

form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA.

In the process of human gene cloning using recombinant plasmids, the bacterial plasmid is used to insert the human gene into the bacterial chromosome. is cultured inside the human cell, which contains the gene to be cloned. is the source of the gene to be cloned. functions as a vector. comes from the same organism as the gene of interest.

functions as a vector.

The production of multiple identical copies of gene-sized pieces of DNA defines tissue culturing. gene cloning. clonal selection. plasmolysis. plasmid transformation.

gene cloning.

What type of mutation could be passed on to offspring? family mutation germ line mutation somatic mutation there are no mutations that can be passed to offspring

germ line mutation

In candy apples, red is dominant to green. Sweet is dominant to tart. If an apple is recessive for both traits, it will be red and sweet red and tart green and sweet green and tart not enough information.

green and tart

At the start of anaphase I of meiosis, sister chromatids separate. daughter chromosomes begin to move toward the center of the cell. equivalent and complete collections of chromosomes have reached the two poles. the chromatid DNA replicates. homologous chromosomes separate.

homologous chromosomes separate.

Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA that are caused by UV radiation would be considered temporary mutations. spontaneous mutations. induced mutations. replication events.

induced mutations.

Chromatin is most like loose beads on a string during ----. At this stage, it is the ---- densely packaged. mitosis; most interphase; most mitosis; least interphase; least cytokinesis; most

interphase; least

Selective breeding is generally more specific than recombinant DNA technology in the generation of new phenotypes. usually alters fewer genes than recombinant DNA technology. is a form of biotechnology. Both a and b Both b and c

is a form of biotechnology.

A nonsense mutation must result from a shorter mRNA transcript of the gene. would not affect the primary structure of a protein. results in a protein that is truncated from the N-terminal end. is a result of a change in a codon for an amino acid in a protein to a stop codon. would likely not affect the activity of a protein.

is a result of a change in a codon for an amino acid in a protein to a stop codon.

A plasmid is the bacterial genome. is a small circular piece of non-chromosomal DNA. is only recombinant. does not code for proteins. is double-stranded RNA.

is a small circular piece of non-chromosomal DNA.

In eukaryotes, one of the natural functions of DNA ligase is to join DNA segments that had been cut by restriction enzymes. join Okazaki fragments. produce many identical copies of a DNA segment. produce sticky ends. produce blunt ends.

join Okazaki fragments.

The restriction enzymes that are most useful in generating recombinant DNA are those that make random cuts. make staggered cuts. cut in the middle of the palindrome. cut at nonpalindrome sites. do not cut.

make staggered cuts.

An animal has a diploid chromosome number of 12. An egg cell of that animal has 5 chromosomes. The most probable explanation is normal mitosis. nondisjunction in mitosis. normal meiosis. asexual reproduction. nondisjunction in meiosis I or II.

nondisjunction in meiosis I or II.

The genetic disease blue sclera is determined by an autosomal dominant allele. The white of the eyes of individuals with this allele appear bluish. These same individuals may also suffer from fragile bones and deafness. This is an example of pleiotropy. incomplete dominance. codominance. epistasis. linkage.

pleiotropy.

When DNA from two sources is combined into one single piece of DNA, it is know as recombinant DNA. cloned DNA. a vector. a plasmid. a DNA library.

recombinant DNA.

Red eyes are dominant to orange eyes. In a testcross, what is the eye color of the parent of unknown genotype? red orange not enough information

red

Which of the following is LEAST likely to show phenotypic effects? silent mutation frameshift mutation missense mutation nonsense mutation

silent mutation

In meiosis II, five genetically identical cells are generated. sister chromatids are separated. crossing over occurs. DNA replication occurs. All of the listed answers are correct.

sister chromatids are separated.

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules on the basis of their size. solubility in the gel. ability to bind to mRNA. solubility in water. nucleotide sequence.

size

When plasmids are used to produce a desired protein, the bacterial genome and plasmid are inserted into the genome of the cell containing the desired gene (perhaps the cell of a plant or animal). the plasmids are inserted into the bacterial chromosome. the plasmids multiply and produce the protein outside of the bacterium. the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation. the bacterial chromosome is genetically engineered and the plasmid is used to help the bacterium replicate.

the desired gene is inserted into the plasmid and the plasmid is returned to the bacterium by transformation.

The alleles of a gene are found at __ chromosomes. the same locus on homologous the same locus on homologous mitochondrial the same locus on heterologous different loci on homologous different loci on heterologous

the same locus on homologous

Varieties of plants in which self-fertilization produces offspring that are identical to the parent are referred to as true-breeding. hybrids. the F2 generation. monohybrid crosses. independent crosses.

true-breeding.