Exam #4 - General Psychology (Learning)

Modeling

- Attention - Memory - Reproduction of action - Motivation

Social Learning

- Bandura's view - Also called observational learning or modeling

D

. ________ is known for using Little Albert in his studies on human emotion. A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward Thorndike C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

D

. __________ involves connecting certain stimuli or events that occur together in the environment (classical and operant conditioning) A. Abstraction B. Backtracking C. Reflexes D. Association learning

D

Aaron tells a lie and is grounded. He does this several times, finally learning that his behavior (lying) is associated with a consequence (being grounded). Which kind of learning is this? A. classical conditioning B. imitation C. modeling D. operant conditioning

B

According to Albert Bandura, ________. A. Fear is a conditioned response. B. Learning can occur by watching others and modeling what they do or say. C. Learning is the result of reinforcing desired behavior at fixed intervals. D. Organisms cannot learn if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

A

Jena wants to teach her son to say thank you. Every time he says thank you, Jena praises him and gives him a hug. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

B

John wants to train his daughter to excuse herself before she leaves the table. Although he does not know how often he will reward her for excusing herself, he does know that he will not reward her every time she excuses herself. Which reinforcement schedule is John planning to use? A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

BF Skinner

Operant Conditioning

D

Operant conditioning is a form of learning in which the ________ of behavior influence(s) the strength or likelihood that behavior will occur. A. frequency B. quality C. amount D. consequences

Classical Conditioning

Operates on the laws of contiguity - Two stimuli experienced simultaneously become associated

Premack Principle

People will do undesirable activities for the opportunity to do desirable ones (also called Grandma's rule) - Delayed gratification

Punishment

Placing a person in a painful environment if he/she performs undesirable behavior

C

Psychologist Albert Bandura believes that children learn aggression through A. classical conditioning. B. insight learning. C. observing and imitating models. D. latent learning.

A

Psychologists generally define learning as a relatively _______ change in behavior that results from _______. A. permanent ; experience B. temporary ; trial and error C. experiential ; permanence D. trial-and-error ; experience

Fixed Ratio

Reinforcement occurs after a specific number of responses (ex. after every 7 responses) - Better for employers

Variable Ratio

Reinforcement occurs after an unknown number of responses, although averaging some predicable number ex: after an average of every 30th response - Slot machine

Variable Interval

Reinforcement occurs after an unspecified amount of time transpires (ex. once a week)

Fixed Interval

Reinforcement occurs after some fixed amount of time ex: Receiving a reward simply because some period of time has transpired

Negative Reinforcement

Removing a person from a painful environment if he/she performs desired behavior

D

Researchers use the method of successive approximations in the process of A. insight learning. B. higher-order conditioning. C. conditioning taste aversions. D. shaping.

Fixed Interval

Rest Scallops

C

Ron is taught to use a special numbers trick to check his final answer, but he does not demonstrate this skill until his end-of-the-year math test. This is an example of ________. A. cognitive mapping. B. conditioning. C. latent learning. D. reinforcement.

UCR

Salivation

CR

Salivation at the sound of the bell

B

Slot machines reward gamblers with money according to which reinforcement schedule? A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

A

Tabetha has a mental picture of the layout of her house, also called a ________, so when she comes home late at night she can navigate through the rooms without turning on a light. A. cognitive map B. fixed interval map C. fixed ratio map D. latent map

C

The text identifies _____ as examples of primary reinforcers and ______ as an example of a secondary reinforcer. A. water & sex; clothes B. air & water; food C. food & water; money D. sex & air; transportation

D

Thorndike is to _______ as Skinner is to ________. A. classical conditioning ; operant conditioning B. operant conditioning ; classical conditioning C. Law of Effect ; classical conditioning D. Law of Effect ; operant conditioning

A

Tim receives $100 for every ten telemarketing calls he makes. This is an example of a ______ schedule of reinforcement. A. fixed ratio B. variable ratio C. fixed interval D. variable interval

C

Tomica watches her older sister do headstands. Tomica falls over when she attempts to do a headstand herself. She watches her older sister more carefully, and she notices that her sister leans backward slightly to complete her headstand. Tomica is then able to do headstands herself. This best exemplifies which type of learning? A. classical B. conditioning C. observational D. operant

B

What are innate behaviors that are triggered by a broader range of events, such as aging and the change of seasons? A. conditions B. instincts C. operants D. reflexes

C

What did John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner demonstrate with their studies of Little Albert? A. boys display fear differently from girls B. boys display more fear than girls C. emotion can be a conditioned response D. fear cannot be a conditioned response

C

What do psychologists call a relatively permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from experience? A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

A

What is the main idea of operant conditioning? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior (e.g., reinforcements and punishments). B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

D

What is the main idea of social learning theory? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

C

All of the following are explicitly identified concerns about the use of punishment in the text except A. it may teach fear in some cases. B. it may model aggressive behavior. C. it is difficult to administer. D. it sometimes can be effective.

A

Although B. F. Skinner and John B. Watson refused to believe that thoughts and expectations play a role in learning, ________ suggested a cognitive aspect to learning. A. Edward C. Tolman B. Ivan Pavlov C. Little Albert D. Rosalie Rayner

Over Riding Principle of Operant Conditioning

Behavior is followed by reinforcement, which increases the chances of behavior

CS

Bell

B

Birds migrating, cats chasing prey, sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, and joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are all examples of _____. A. conditioning B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

Ivan Pavlov

Classical Conditioning

A

Classical and operant conditioning are forms of ________ learning. A. associational B. instinctive C. processual D. reflexive

Levels off

Classical conditioning eventually ________

B

Dave's boss told him that he doesn't have to attend the company picnic (which everybody dislikes), if Dave meets his sales quota this month. Dave's boss is using ________. A. negative punishment. B. negative reinforcement. C. positive punishment. D. positive reinforcement.

A

Dimitri and Rita eat some donuts for breakfast and then spend the morning at an amusement park. After a few hours of riding the Super Looper Double Twist Dimitri feels nauseous and regurgitates the donuts. Rita is fine, but Dimitri has developed a ________, and the next time they stop for donuts, Dimitri immediately feels ill. A. taste aversion B. taste response C. unconditioned aversion D. unconditioned response

B

Extinction occurs when ________. A. the conditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. B. the unconditioned stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus. C. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. the neutral stimulus is presented repeatedly without being paired with a conditioned stimulus.

D

For both ___ and ___ type of learning, a person must be physically present. A. observational ; social B. social ; modeling C. latent ; classical D. classical ; operant

B

Frances receives one dollar for every pound of worms she gives her grandfather. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

B

Gabrielle watches her father put batteries into her toy phone, and she is then able to put the batteries into the toy phone herself without further instruction from her father. In this example, Gabrielle's father is a ________. A. cognition. B. model. C. response. D. stimulus.

A

Grace whistles while tickling Carolyn with a feather. Eventually, Carolyn starts to squirm and giggle every time Grace whistles, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, squirming and giggling is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

A

Gus receives a paycheck every Friday. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

C

Harold catches fish throughout the day at unpredictable points in time. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

A

Identify the major flaw with John B. Watson's Little Albert experiment. A. It is unethical for a researcher to induce fear in a child, since it is harmful to induce fear. B. John B. Watson did not have the consent of Little Albert's mother. C. John B. Watson falsified most of his data. D. Little Albert was much older than John B. Watson reported him to be, which invalidated the study.

B

If a slamming door is a conditioned stimulus, then being able to distinguish between the sound of a slamming door and the sound of a heavy item being dropped would represent _____. A. conditioned response B. stimulus discrimination C. stimulus generalization D. unconditioned response

C

If a stimulus plus a response results in a satisfying outcome, the probability of that response occurring again ________. A. decreases. B. depends on the CS-UCS relationship. C. increases. D. is not affected.

D

If the principles of social learning theory are true, then children may model aggressive behavior ________. A. after dreaming about having a fight with their parents B. after dreaming they were on television C. after seeing a television character being punished for taking violent action against another character D. after seeing a television character receive a reward for taking violent action against another character

B

In Watson and Rayner's study of "Little Albert," the child became frightened of a white rat and similar stimuli because A. children are naturally afraid of white rats. B. a loud noise occurred whenever the rat was in Albert's presence. C. the rat repeatedly was paired with a neutral stimulus. D. Albert had a traumatic experience with a rat.

A

In ________ conditioning, an established conditioned stimulus is paired with a new neutral stimulus. A. higher order B. initial C. primary D. secondary

A

In ________ conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus unconditionally elicits a reaction. For example, a bit of black pepper blown into the eye produces a blinking response. A. classical B. operant C. response D. stimulus

B

In ________ reinforcement, the person is not reinforced every time a desired behavior is performed. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

C

In classical conditioning, the ________ is an unlearned reaction to a given stimulus. For example, if you have an allergy to pollen and sneeze, sneezing is an unlearned reaction to the pollen (i.e., the stimulus). A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

D

In classical conditioning, the association that is learned is between a ________. A. conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned response. B. neutral response and a conditioned response. C. neutral stimulus and a neutral response. D. neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

A

In operant conditioning, ________ is when something is removed to increase the likelihood of a behavior. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. punishment reinforcement

C

In operant conditioning, what describes adding something to decrease the likelihood of behavior? A. acquisition B. extinction C. punishment D. recovery

A

In order to maximize learning, a ________ should be presented on a(n) ________ schedule. A. CS + UCS ; continuous B. CS + UCS ; intermittent C. UCS alone ; continuous D. UCS alone ; intermittent

A

In the initial period of learning, ________ describes when a person learns to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. neutral stimulate

B

In this type of schedule of reinforcement, a person receives reinforcement for different time periods, and the time periods are not always the same. A. fixed-interval B. variable-interval C. variable-ratio D. fixed-ratio

Positive Reinforcement

Incentive to promote desired behavior

Primary reinforcers

Incentives necessary for survival

Secondary Reinforcers

Incentives unnecessary for survival (used by teachers) - Grades

B

Julian watches his grandfather repair watches. As Julian matures he imitates what his grandfather does, and then his grandfather shows him more complicated techniques. Eventually, Julian is as proficient at repairing watches as his grandfather. This best exemplifies ________. A. instinct B. learning C. reflex D. stimulus

A

Karl is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room with a treat for the parrot. Karl can say that ________ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry. A. acquisition B. extinction C. secondary conditioning D. stimulation

D

Kerry is conditioned to fear strawberries. Raspberries are similar to strawberries, and even though no attempt was made to make Kerry fear raspberries, she reacts with fear when she sees them. This is an example of ________. A. imitation B. modeling C. stimulus discrimination D. stimulus generalization

D

Kicking your leg when your knee is tapped and quickly pulling your hand back when you accidently touch a hot stove are both examples of ________. A. associations B. instincts C. learning D. reflexes

B

Latent learning is most associated with the name _____. A. Skinner B. Tolman C. Pavlov D. Thorndike

D

Learning differently to various stimuli that are similar is called __ and ___ occurs when we learn not to respond to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly without change. A. stimulus discrimination ; stimulus generalization B. stimulus generalization ; stimulus discrimination C. Habituation ; stimulus discrimination D. Stimulus discrimination ; habituation

B

Learning that occurs but is not observable in behavior until there is a reason to demonstrate it is called ________ learning. A. conditioned B. latent C. partial D. primary

Variable Ratio

Longest time

B

Mabel clicks her tongue while tickling Francis. Eventually, Francis starts to squirm and giggle every time Mabel clicks her tongue, even when he is not being tickled. In this example, tongue clicking is a(n) ________. A. conditioned response B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned response D. unconditioned stimulus

UCS

Meat

D

Mia is taught to go to sleep when the light is turned off. However, for many months Mia no longer falls asleep when the light is turned off. Later, Mia begins to fall asleep when the light is turned off again. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. higher order conditioning C. neutral stimulus D. spontaneous recovery

C

Molly attempts to condition her puppy to greet her when she enters the house. She repeatedly pairs her entry to the house with a treat for the puppy. The puppy eventually acquires this ability, and Molly realizes how irritating it is for the puppy to run up to her every time she enters the house. She attempts to make the puppy stop, and eventually the puppy no longer feels motivated to greet her when she enters the house. The puppy no longer greeting her when she enters the house is an example of ________. A. acquisition B. conditioning C. extinction D. learning

B

Observational (also called social learning) learning A. is also known as latent learning. B. involves imitating the behaviors of others. C. may lead to the acquisition of useful new skills but not to fear responses. D. is based on the principles of operant conditioning.

Albert Bandura

Observational Learning

B

What is the primary conclusion John B. Watson's made after working with Little Albert? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Emotions can be a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In Social Learning Theory, B. F. Skinner identified three types of models: live, verbal, and symbolic. A. The name "B. F. Skinner" should be changed to "Albert Bandura." B. The word "models" should be changed to the word "reinforcers." C. The words "live, verbal, and symbolic" should be changed to the words "primary, secondary, and tertiary." D. The words "social learning theory" should be changed to the words "classical conditioning."

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In classical conditioning, the initial period of learning is known as latent. A. The word "classical" should be changed to the word "operant." B. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "behaviorism." C. The word "initial" should be changed to the word "interval." D. The word "latent" should be changed to the word "acquisition."

B

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In operant conditioning, organisms learn to associate events that repeatedly happen together. A. The word "conditioning" should be changed to the word "reinforcement." B. The word "operant" should be changed to the word "classical." C. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "never." D. The word "repeatedly" should be changed to the word "rarely."

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Spontaneous acquisition is the return of a previously extinguished conditioned response. A. The word "acquisition" should be changed to the word "recovery." B. The word "extinguished" should be changed to the word "acquired." C. The word "response" should be changed to the word "stimulus." D. The word "spontaneous" should be changed to the word "planned."

C

What was the main point of Ivan Pavlov's experiment with dogs? A. Behavior is motivated by the consequences we receive for the behavior: reinforcements and punishments. B. Fear is a conditioned response. C. Learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. D. One can learn new behaviors by observing others.

D

When Salina was a young girl, a dog viciously attacked her as she was walking along a white picket fence. Since then, she displays intense fear of white picket fences. Salina is demonstrating A. a discriminative stimulus. B. superstitious behavior. C. stimulus discrimination. D. a phobia.

A

When a person receives a reinforcer each time he/she displays a behavior, it is called________ reinforcement. A. continuous B. partial C. primary D. secondary

C

Which experiment involves the use of classical conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long he takes to find a button hidden in a room B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if he is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. knowing that a student fears exams, the instructor wears a bright red shirt only on exam day, every exam day, to see how long it is before the red shirt becomes an object of fear to the student D. rewarding a boy for finishing his vegetables with ice cream and counting how many nights of reinforcement are required before he voluntarily eats his vegetables

D

Which of the following experiments involves the use of operant conditioning? A. blindfolding someone and timing him to see how long it takes him to estimate the size of a room B. determining how long it takes someone to learn how to fish if he is only allowed to watch other people fishing C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with seeing the color red in order to find out how many repetitions it will take for someone to blink when he sees the color red D. rewarding a child for finishing his oatmeal mush and counting how many times the child needs to be rewarded before he finishes his oatmeal voluntarily

B

Which of the following experiments involves the use of social learning theory? A. blindfolding someone and timing her to see how long it takes her to determine what she is eating B. determining how long it takes a person to learn how to knit if she is only allowed to watch YouTube videos of people knitting C. pairing a puff of air to the eye with a handshake to see how long it will take someone to blink before offering her hand D. rewarding a girl for finishing her homework with ice cream and counting how much homework she will complete before becoming sick of ice cream

A

Which of the following is a process by which we learn to associate stimuli and, consequently, to anticipate events? A. classical conditioning B. controlled conditioning C. physiological conditioning D. psychic conditioning

A

Which of the following is most true about John B. Watson? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex.

D

Which of the following is the best example of a fixed interval reinforcement schedule? A. checking your Facebook account at random times throughout the day B. playing basketball with your friends after completing your chores C. playing poker D. taking your dog to the park every afternoon at 4:00 p.m

D

Which of the following is the best example of a reflex (i.e., an unlearned, automatic response by an organism to a stimulus in the environment)? A. becoming angry at your friend for raising his voice B. becoming bored at a wedding C. sitting very still in the classroom D. the pupil of your eye contracting in the presence of bright light

D

Which of the following is the best example of a variable interval reinforcement schedule? A. Julie knows she will get a trampoline if she accumulates enough allowance money B. Nikita takes her dog for a walk every day at 8 a.m. C. Viviane plays scratch-off lottery tickets D. Winona checks her cellphone at random times throughout the day instead of every time she hears the voicemail notification

C

Which of the following is the best example of a variable ratio reinforcement schedule? A. Bill traveling to Myrtle Beach for vacation every June B. Jeremy checking YouTube every morning before work C. Joyce playing scratch-off lottery tickets D. Nikita taking her dog to the vet once a year

C

Which of the following is the best example of fixed ratio reinforcement schedule? A. checking your e-mail at random times throughout the day instead of every time you hear the new e-mail notification B. feeding your fish every day at 8 a.m. C. knowing you will get to play miniature golf as soon as you collect 10 gold stars for your reward chart D. playing the slot machine

A

Which of the following is the best example of instinct (i.e., unlearned knowledge that involves complex patterns of behavior)? A. baby seeking food by rooting and suckling B. believing that nudity is wrong C. teacher demonstrating algebra to students D. toddler who is toilet training

D

Which of the following is the best example of latent learning? A. a rabbit knowing to run away from an unleashed dog B. earning tokens for good behavior and spending the tokens on good behavior prizes C. learning karate from your best friend who takes karate lessons D. remembering where the nearest gas station is when you unexpectedly run out of gas during your morning commute

B

Which of the following is the best example of observational learning? A. learning to speak Spanish by participating in a Spanish class B. teaching yourself yoga by watching a yoga group in the park C. your brother refusing to play with you D. your father teaching you how to write by holding your hand as you form the letters

C

Which of the following is the best example of operant conditioning? A. when a cat and a dog share the same water bowl B. when a cat learns to drool at the sound of a can opener C. when a dog plays dead she gets a treat in order to encourage her to repeat the behavior D. when a dog refuses to play dead

C

Which of the following is the best example of stimulus discrimination? A. conditioned to associate a bell ringing with food, drooling when the bell rings B. conditioned to drool only when food is paired with a bell C. conditioned to drool when a bell rings and being able to tell the difference between the sound of a ringing bell and the sound of a whistle D. conditioned to tell the difference between the sound of the bell and the taste of the food

D

Which of the following is the best example of stimulus generalization? A. being conditioned not to laugh at hats B. being conditioned to laugh at all kinds of hats C. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat and cry when you see other kinds of hats D. being conditioned to laugh when you see a top hat, then also laughing when you see other kinds of hats

B

Which of the following is the best example of vicarious punishment? A. Belinda saw Mark receive a hug for cleaning his room. She is careful to clean her room because she saw Mark get a reward for doing it. B. Jeong observes Briana getting spanked for spitting out her carrots. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his carrots. C. Brian wants to avoid being fired, so he follows the shop rules and does not smoke in the bathroom. D. Laurie wants to receive a smiley sticker and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she behaves herself.

A

Which of the following is the best example of vicarious reinforcement? A. Babs saw Martin receive a candy bar for completing his reading list. She is careful to complete her reading list because she saw Martin get a reward for doing it. B. Lana wants to receive a candy bar and she knows from reading the rulebook that she will receive one if she earns enough good behavior tokens. C. James wants to avoid detention, so he follows the school rules and does not smoke on the playground. D. Ryan observes Cameron getting a time out for spitting out her toast. Because he saw his friend punished, he does not spit out his toast.

B

Which of the following is the decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus? A. acquisition B. extinction C. recovery D. reflex

D

Which of the following least describes an element necessary for social learning to occur? A. Attention B. Reproduction C. Motivation D. Emotion

C

Which of the following statements about Ivan Pavlov is most true? A. He is considered the founder of behaviorism. B. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. C. He is known for establishing the principles of classical conditioning. D. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze.

C

Which of the following statements is least true? A. The words higher-order and second-order conditioning are synonymous. B. Higher-order conditioning works at only one level beyond the original stimulus pairing. C. Higher-order conditioning works up to three levels beyond the original stimulus paring. D. Research has shown higher-order conditioning not to work.

D

Which of the following words does not belong in the group? A. observation B. modeling C. vicarious learning D. conditioned stimulus

C

Which process involves observing a model being punished and then becoming less likely to imitate the model's behavior? A. latent acquisition B. latent punishment C. vicarious punishment D. vicarious reinforcement

A

Which statement about B. F. Skinner is correct? A. He is famous for demonstrating the principles of operant conditioning: The motivation for a behavior happens after the behavior is demonstrated. B. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. C. He worked with Edward C. Tolman to prove that fear is both an instinct and a reflex. D. His experiments demonstrated that organisms can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B

Which statement about Edward C. Tolman is least correct? A. He disagreed with John B. Watson and B. F. Skinner. B. He found that emotions can be a conditioned response. C. He placed hungry rats in a maze with no reward for finding their way through it, and he studied a comparison group that was rewarded with food at the end of the maze. D. His experiments demonstrated that people can learn even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement.

B

Who is most closely associated with classical conditioning? A. E.L. Thorndike B. Ivan Pavlov C. John Garcia D. B.F. Skinner

B

Whose experiments demonstrate that people can learn, even if they do not receive immediate reinforcement? A. B. F. Skinner B. Edward C. Tolman C. Ivan Pavlov D. John B. Watson

C

You call a friend on the phone and repeatedly get sent to voicemail, so you continue to call her every 5-20 minutes, hoping to speak to her personally. Which reinforcement schedule is this? A. fixed interval B. fixed ratio C. variable interval D. variable ratio

D

________ reinforcement strengthens behavior when an unpleasant or painful stimulus is removed after the response occurs. A. Aversive B. Dependent C. Partial D. Negative

C

________ reinforcers have innate reinforcing qualities. A. Classical B. Operant C. Primary D. Secondary