Exam 4 - - - Version 2
Marine Expeditionary Force
(1) 1 MEF- Camp Pendleton, CA (2) 11 MEF- Camp Lejeune, NC (3) 111 MEF- Camp Butler, Okinawa
Marine Logistics Group
(1) 1 st MLG - Camp Pendleton, CA (2) 2d MLG - Camp Lejeune, NC (3) 3d MLG - Camp Butler, Okinawa (4) 4th MLG - New Orleans, LA (Reserve)
Marine Division
(1) 1st MARDIV - Camp Pendleton, CA (2) 2d MARDIV - Camp Lejeune, NC (3) 3d MARDIV - Camp Butler, Okinawa (4) 4th MARDIV - New Orleans, LA (Reserve)
Marine Aircraft Wing
(1) 3d MAW - MCAS Miramar, CA (2) 2d MAW - MCAS Cherry Point, NC . (3) 1st MAW - MCAS Futenma , Okinawa (4) 4th MAW - New Orleans, LA (Reserve)
Grid square identifications
(1) Always read right on the vertical lines, then up on the horizon grid lines. (2) The coordinates of a grid square are found by combining the values of the vertical and horizontal grid lines that form the lower left-hand comer of the grid square. (3) First read right to the vertical grid line that forms the left (western) boundary of the grid square and record the principal digits. (4) Next read up on the horizontal grid line that forms the bottom (southern) boundary of the grid square and record the principal digits. (5) The combination of the principal digits that label the vertical grid line and horizontal grid line arc the identification of the grid or its coordinates. (6) A four-digit grid coordinate locates a point to within 1000 square meters, inside the grid square
Colors on a map
(1) Black. The majority of cultural or manmade features. (2) Blue. Water features such as lakes, rivers, and swamps. (3) Green. Vegetation such as woods, orchards, and vineyards. (4) Brown. All relief features such as contours. You will see more of these during your second mapping class. (5) Red. Main roads, built up areas, and special features. (6) Reddish-Brown. The colors red and brown are combined to identify cultural features, all relief features, and elevation, such as contour lines and red-light readable maps
Shooting an Azimuth
(1) Compass To Cheek Method (Sighting Method). (a) Pivot the thumb loop all the way under the compass. (b) Raise the cover 90 degrees. (c) Raise the eyepiece to a 45-degree angle. If the eyepiece is not raised enough it may affect the desired free-floating effect of the compass dial. Align the slot in the eyepiece, the sighting wire in the cover, and the target. The azimuth can be read by glancing down at the dial through the lens in the eyepiece.
Compass handling
(1) Handle the compass with care. The dial is set at a delicate balance, which could be damaged by a shock. (2) Close and return the compass to its pouch when not In use. In this way. it is not only protected from possible damage, but is also readily available for use when needed damage, but is also readily available for use when needed. (3) Attach a siring or a lanyard between the thumb loop and your equipment to prevent loss
Joint Learning resources
(1) Joint Military Professional Education (2) Joint Publications (a) DOD Instruction 1300,19. DOD Joint Officer Management Program (b) CJCS, Vision for Joint Officer Development (c) CJCS. Capstone Concept for Joint Operations (CCJO) (d) CJCS! 1330.05 Series, Joint Officer Management Procedures (e) Joint Publication I. Doctrine of the Armed Forces of the United Slates (f) Joint Publication 2-0. Joint intelligence (g) Joint Publication 3-0. Joint Operations (h) Joint Publication 4-0. Joint Logistics (i) Joint Publication 5-0. Joint Operation Planning (j) Joint Publication fi-0. Joint Communication Systems
The Department of the Navy is composed of the following
(1) The Office of the Secretary of the Navy (2) The Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) (3) Headquarters, Marine Corps (4) The entire operating forces, including naval aviation, of the Navy and of the Marine Corps, and the reserve components of those operating forces. (5) All field activities, headquarters, forces, bases, installations, activities, and functions under the control or supervision of the Secretary of the Navy. (6) The Coast Guard when it is operating as a service in the Navy
LtCol Charles G. McCawley
(2) He established the first table of organization for the Marine Corps. (3) He established a factory in Philadelphia (also his hometown) for manufacture of Marine uniforms. (4) For enlisted men, he established a retired list, promotion examinations for Sergeants and Corporals, and created a single roster for promotions throughout the corps
Compass readings should never be taken near visible masses of iron or electrical circuits
(J) Metal helmet or rifle - 0.5 meters (b) Machine gun - 2 meters (c) Telephone wires and barbed wire - 10 meters (d) Field guns ami tank - IS meters (e) Power lines - 55 meter
Current and near-future Security environment requirements
(a) Counter terrorism and irregular warfare. (b) Deter and defeat aggression. (c) Project power despite anti-access/area denial (A2AD) challenges. (d) Counter weapons of mass destruction. (e) Operate effectively in Cyberspace and Space. (f) Maintain a safe, secure, and effective nuclear deterrent. (g) Defend the homeland and provide support to civil authorities. (h) Provide a stabilizing presence. (i) Conduct stability and counterinsurgency operations (COIN operations). G) Conduct humanitarian, disaster relief, and other operations
Back Azimuth
(a) If the original azimuth is greater than 180 degrees, subtract 180 degrees to obtain a back azimuth. (b) If the original azimuth is less than 180 degrees, add 180 degrees to obtain a back azimuth. (c) Remember LAMS. (Less Add More Subtract)
Values in joint warfare
(a) Integrity. (b) Competence. (c) Physical Courage. (d) Moral Courage. (e) Teamwork.
The center hold method
(a) Pivot the thumb loop all the way under the compass. b) Open the cover until i forms a straight edge with the base; pull the eyepiece to the rear most position (c) Place your thumb through the thumb loop, form a steady base with the second and third fingers and extend your Index finger along the side of the compass. (d) Place the thumb of the other hand between the eyepiece and the lens; extend the Index finger along the remaining side of the compass and the remaining fingers around the fingers of the other hand, pull your elbows firmly into your sides.
Functions of the Marine Corps
(a) Seize and defend advanced naval bases or lodgments to facilitate subsequent joint operations. (b) Provide close air support for ground forces (c) Conduct land and air operations essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign or as directed (d) Conduct complex expeditionary operations in the urban littorals and other challenging environments (e) Conduct amphibious operations, including engagement, crisis response, and power projection operations to assure access. The Marine Corps has primary responsibility for the development of amphibious doctrine, tactics, techniques, and equipment (f) Conduct security and stability operations and assist with the Initial establishment of a military government pending transfer of this responsibility to other authority
Uncontrollable conditions
(a) Slopes. Pace is lengthened on the downgrade and shortened on the upgrade. (b) Winds. Headwinds shorten the pace while tail winds Increase It. (c) Surfaces. Sand, gravel, mud etc.. tend to shorten pace, (d) Elements. Snow, rain, and ice reduce length of pace. (c) nothing. Excess weight shortens the pace. (f) Stamina. Fatigue affects the length of the pace.
National Security Act of 1947:Elements of legislation
1) Creation of the National Security Council. 2) Creation of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) and revision of the Chain ofCommand for the JCS. 3) Creation of the Joint Staff. 4) Creation of the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF). 5) Creation of the U.S. Air Force. 6) Creation of the Central intelligence Agency.
Unified Combatant Commands
1)United States Africa Command 2)United States Central Command 3)United States European Command 4)United States Indo-Pacific Command 5)United States Northern Command 6)United States Southern Command 7)United States Special Operations Command 8)United States Strategic Command 9)United States Transportation Command 10)United States Cyber Command
Foundation of Joint Warfare
A classified document called the Unified Command Plan (L'CP) establishes the combatant commands, identifies geographic areas of responsibility, assigns primary tasks, defines authority of the commanders, establishes command relationships, and gives guidance on the exercise of combatant command
Nation demands
A quick review of the demands that are placed on the American military clearly shows that no one service will ever be able to answer all of the country's needs. Economic pressure demands a standing force that is cost effective. For this reason, and because of many hard-won lessons in past conflicts, the nation demands more than the stove-piped military of the past. The nation requires a more agile and flexible joint force that is able to use the best parts of each service without sacrificing combat effectiveness
True north
Defined as a line from any point on the earth's surface to the North Pole. All lines of longitude are true north lines. True north is usually represented by a star
National Security Act of 1947
Despite great military success during WWII, the U.S. military, (in particular the Army, with the backing of President Truman) began political maneuvering to evolve in the face of the new Atomic Age. It became difficult to envision what future conflicts might look like and how the United States would unilaterally be in possession of the atomic bomb.
National Security Organization
During World War II (WWII), each of the services generally fought as homogeneous entities with minimal cooperation. The exception was some of the island battles in the Pacific (Okinawa is a prime example) where Marine Corps and Army troops fought in the same campaign. Personal animosities from that unhappy alliance dogged the Marine Corps into the 1950's and Korea
Headquarters Marine Corps
Furnishes professional assistance to the Secretary of Navy and staff. Prepares for such employment of the Marine Corps, and for such recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping (including research and development), training servicing, mobilizing, demobilizing, administering, and maintaining of the Marine Corps, as will assist in the execution of any power, duty, or function of Secretary or the Commandant.
Operations in during the 1980's
Highlighted the fact that the U S military was unprepared to fight effectively as a joint force. Operation Eagle Claw (Iran hostage rescue attempt). Marine Peacekeeping Operations in Beirut. and Operation Urgent Fury (U.S. invasion of Grenada) all highlighted the inability of the services to cooperate effectively on the battlefield
Grid squares
Intersect at right angles at horizontal and vertical grid lines. (1) On most military maps, a grid square is 1000 meters by 1000 meters. (2) Any point located within the grid square is considered to be part of the grid square.
7th Commandant of the Marine Corps
Jacob Zeilin
8th Commandant
LtCol Charles G. McCawley
Lens
Magnifies the unit measure for a more accurate reading
Large-scale map
Maps at scales of 1:75,000 and larger are large-scale maps. (a) They arc used to meet the tactical, technical, and administrative needs of the field units. (b) The standard large-scale map is 1:50,000
Small-scale map
Maps that have a scale of 1:1,000,000 and smaller (the number after the colon will be larger) are small-scale maps. (a) Small scale maps are used for general planning and for strategic studies at higher echelons. (b) The standard small-scale map is 1:1,000,000
MAGTAF
Marine Air-Ground Task Force
Jacob Zeilin
Marine officer for 33 years, after an unsuccessful attempt at West Point (like many Marine officers of that time). He had accompanied Commodore Matthew Perry on his historic voyage to Japan in 1853. and commanded a Marine company at the Battle of Bull Run where he was wounded. His career had been solid but overall unremarkable. One deciding factor (possibly) was that he possessed the correct political connections. In 1864. that was the right mix to be made CMC.
Marine Corps Band
McCawley fired the current bandleader, and hired a former band member named John Philip Sousa. The energetic and gifted Sousa re-invigorated the band by changing the instrumentation, recruiting new musicians, and writing stirring marches, including Semper Fidelis, the only march officially assigned to a service by Congress.
1883
McCawley officially adopted the new Motto Semper Fidelis, and solidified it by updating the Marine Corps emblem so that Semper Fidelis was written on a streamer clutched in the beak of the eagle
Marine Corps Special Activity Forces
Provide security and services or perform other special duties for agencies other than the Department of the Navy. An example would be the Marine Corps Embassy Security Group, which provides security detachments to the Department of State's consulates and embassies throughout the world.
Short luminous line
Rotates with the Bezel ring and helps assist with night land navigation.
Graphic bar scale
Rulers used to convert horizontal map distance to ground distance (a) Maps usually have three or more bar scales, each in a different unit of measure, such as meters, nautical miles, statute miles or yards. (b) To the right of the zero (0). the scale is marked in full units of measure and is called the primary scale. (c) To the left of zero (0), the scale is marked and divided into tenths of a unit and is called the extension scale
Special Purpose Marine Air-Ground Task Force
SPMAGTF is organized, trained, and equipped to conduct a wide variety of missions that include crisis response, regionally-focused training exercises, and peacetime missions. A SPMAGTF may be any size, but is normally smaller than a MEU with tailored capabilities chosen to accomplish a particular mission
Marine Corps
Shall be organized, trained, and equipped to provide fleet marine forces of combined arms, together with supporting air components, for service with the fleet in the seizure or defense of advanced naval bases and for the conduct of such land operations as may be essential to the prosecution of a naval campaign.
Command Element
The CE is the MAGTF headquarters. It is task organized to provide command and control capabilities (including intelligence and communication) necessary for effective planning, direction, and execution of all operations.
Chief of Naval Operations
The CNO is the highest ranking officer in the U.S. Navy and is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the command, utilization of resources, and operating efficiency of the Navy. The CNO has administrative, rather than operational command authority of the U.S. Naval Forces. The CNO is a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, whose main function is to advise the President.
Commandant of the Marine Corps
The Commandant of the Marine Corps is the highest ranking officer in the U.S. Marine Corps and in accordance with Title 10, USC is responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for presiding over Headquarters, Marine Corps; transmitting plans and recommendations from Headquarters to the Secretary of the Navy; acting as the agent in carrying those plans into effect, and exercising supervision over specified combatant commands. The Commandant sits as a member of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, whose main function is to advise the President.
Individual Ready Reserve
The IRR generally consists of Marines who have recently served in the active forces or SMCR and have a period of obligated service remaining on their contract. The majority of IRR members do not participate in reserve training and are not members of the SMCR. Members of the Delayed Entry Program also belong to the IRR.
Logistics Combat Element
The LCE is task-organized to provide all functions of tactical logistics necessary to support the continued readiness and sustainability of the MAGTF. The LCE performs all or some of the six functions of tactical logistics (Supply, maintenance, transportation, health services, general engineering, and other services).
Marine Expeditionary Force
The MEF's are the principal warfighting organizations of the Marine Corps, capable of conducting and sustaining expeditionary operations in any geographic environment and across a wide range of military operations. A MEP is capable of deploying with 60 days of sustainment
Marine Expeditionary Unit
The MEU's mission is to act as a forward-deployed, seabased. rapid crisis response capability to execute a full range of military operations. It is organized, trained, and equipped as a self-sustaining. general-purpose expeditionary MAGTP that possesses the capability to conduct a range of military operations in support of various contingency requirements, including such selected maritime special operations as reconnaissance and surveillance; tactical recovery of aircraft and personnel, seizure/recovery of selected personnel or materiel; and visit, board, search, and seizure of vessels. A MEU is capable of deploying with 15 days of sustainment.
Joint force outcome
The Marin Corps consistently works with all components of the DoD and other agencies in order to successfully execute the desires of our government. It is imperative to understand the role of the Marine Corps and hour our actions support the diverse and fluid battlefield. The Marine Corps consistently be working with the other services in order to bring the best game to the fight to accomplish the mission successfully
Marines Corps Security Forces
The Marine Corps Security Force Regiment provides armed antiterrorism and physical security trained forces to designated naval installations, vessels, or units. Fleet antiterrorism security team companies provide fleet commanders with forward-deployed fleet antiterrorism security team platoons for responsive, short term security augmentation of installations, ships, or vital naval and national assets when force protection conditions exceed the capabilities of the permanent security force
Marine Corps Operation Forces
The Marine Corps operating forces consist of Marine Corps forces assigned to combatant commanders or retained under the control of the Commandant, the Marine Corps reserve under the control of the Commandant, security forces under the control designated fleet commanders, and special activity forces under the control of the Secretary of State
Ready Reserve
The Ready Reserve consists of those units and members of a reserve component who are liable for active duty in time of war or national emergency as proclaimed by the President or declared by Congress or when otherwise authorized by law. Included in the Ready Reserve are the Selected Marine Corps Reserve (SMCR) and the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR).
Ready reserve
The Ready Reserve consists of those units and members of a reserve component who are liable for active duty in time of war or national emergency as proclaimed by the President or declared by Congress or when otherwise authorized by law. Included in the Ready Reserve are the Selected Marine Corps Reserve (SMCR) and the Individual Ready Reserve (IRR).
Retired Reserve
The Retired Reserve includes reservists who are retired under various laws and regulations. Retired Reserves may be mobilized under conditions similar to those for Standby Reserve mobilization
Selected Marien Corps Reserve
The SMCR includes units and individual members who participate in scheduled drills and 2 week annual active duty period for training purposes (annual training duty).
Secretary of the Navy
The Secretary of the Navy is the head of the Department of the Navy. He is appointed by the President, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate. He is responsible for all affairs of the Department of the Navy including recruiting, organizing, supplying, equipping, training, servicing, mobilizing, demobilizing, administering, and maintaining personnel as well as the construction, maintenance and repair of military equipment and buildings.
Standby Reserve
The Standby Reserve consists of personnel who maintain their affiliation without being in the Ready Reserve, who have been designated key civilian employees, or who have a temporary hardship or disability. They are not required to perform training and are not part of units but create a pool of trained individuals who could be mobilized if necessary to fill manpower needs in specific skills.
Primary Mission of the U.S. Armed Forces
The U. S. military has finite resources to ensure the continued / existence of the American way of life. To use those resources wisely, to protect U.S. national interests, and to achieve the objectives of the National Security Strategy
Bezel ring
The bezel ring holds the upper glass crystal and helps preset a direction for night compass work. It has 3-degree serrations on the outer edge and a clicking device for night compass usage
Magnetic north
The direction to the north magnetic pole, as indicated by the north-seeking needle of a magnetic instrument. The magnetic north is usually symbolized by a line ending with half of an arrowhead. Magnetic readings are obtained with magnetic instruments such as lensatic and M2 compasses
Eyepiece
The eyepiece is the black, hinged part containing the sighting slot and the lens. It is used as an aid in sighting an azimuth and to lock the compass dial when the compass is closed. This protects the delicate balance of the compass dial.
Grid north
The north that is established by using grid lines on the map. Grid north may be symbolized by the letters GN or the letter "y"
Representative Fraction (RF)
The representative fraction is the numerical scale of the map that expresses the ratio of horizontal distance on the map to the corresponding horizontal distance on the ground. (1) It is usually written as a fraction and is always called the representative fraction. (2) The representative fraction is always written with the map distance as one (1).
Map scales
The scale of a map, "small, medium, or large", is determined by the value of the denominator. The smaller the scale of the map, the larger the number after the one (1) has to be.
Sighting slot
The sighting slot can be used similarly to the rear sight of a rifle
Sighting wire
The sighting wire and its use are similar to the front sight of a weapon.
Marine Expeditionary Brigade
TheMEB is capable of rapid deployment and employment via amphibious shipping, strategic airlift, marrying with Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPP) assets, or any combination thereof. MEBs provide the building blocks for forcible entry and other power projection operations. A MEB is capable of deploying with 30 days of sustainment
Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986
This important legislation established the framework for the way the Department of Defense operates today
Principles digits
Two digits are printed in large type at each end of the grid line, these same two digits appear at intervals along the grid lines on the face of the map. They are called Principal Digits. They arc of major importance to the map-reader because they are the numbers he will use most often for referencing points.
Graduated straight edge
Used to measure distance with a 1:50,000 map
Cover
When closed, this protects the face of the glass crystal. It can be used to sight on objects when folded at a 90-degree angle to the other half of the compass. Swiveled completely forward, the compass will lay flat.
Distance
a pace is equal to two steps, or approximately 60 inches. Every person has a different length of natural pace. To utilize pacing in navigation, first determine the required number of paces taken in a certain distance.
Grid lines
a series of straight lines intersecting at right angles and forming a scries of squares. It furnishes the map-reader with a system of squares similar to the block system of most city streets.
Compass Accuracy
compass in good working condition is very accurate. However, a compass has to be checked periodically on a known line of direction, such as a surveyed azimuth using a declination station. Compasses with more than 3 degrees or - variation should not be used
Compass Inspections
compasses are delicate instruments and should be cared for accordingly. A detailed inspection is required when first obtaining and using a compass. One of the most important parts to check is the floating dial, which contains the magnetic needle. The user must also make sure the sighting wire is straight, the glass and crystal pans arc not broken, the numbers on the dial arc readable, and most important, that the compass dial docs not stick!
Marine Corps Forces Reserves
composed of the Reserve Component of the Marine Corps total force, has a mission to augment and reinforce the Active Component with trained units and qualified individuals in a time of war, national emergency, or contingency operations. Additionally it provides personnel and operational tempo relief for the active forces in peacetime; and provide services to the community.
Marine Corps Forces
consist of combat, combat support, and combat service support units that are normally task-organized as Marine Air-Ground Task Forces (MAGTF).
National Defense Strategy
document approved by the Secretary of Defense for applying the Armed Forces of the United States in coordination with Department of Defense (DoD) agencies and other instruments of national power to achieve national security strategy objectives.
Direction
for military use, direction is expressed as units of angular measure from a base line. There are two systems of measurement used by the military: (1) Degrees. The most common unit of measure is degrees, with its subdivisions of minutes and seconds. There are 360 degrees on a compass. (2) Mils. Another system is mils. This system is commonly utilized in artillery and gunnery. In this system, a circle is divided into 6400 mils
BGen Zeilin helped:
foster professionalism and esprit by sending officers to Europe to observe and adopt good practices from the Royal Marines in England, and the (German and French equivalents to marines. (1) He adopted the Royal Marines' motto Per mare. Per Terrum. or By See, By Land (2) As a means to support esprit de corps, in 1875. Zeilin accommodated the desire of junior officers by forwarding their request to the Secretary of the Navy to re-adopt the Mameluke Sword over the Model 1859 cavalry sword adopted during the Civil War. Marine NCO's carry the Model 1859 sword to this day for ceremonies, the only official NCO weapon in the U.S. military.
Aviation Combat Element
he ACE is task organized to conduct air operations, project combat power, and contribute to battle space dominance in support of the MAGTF's mission by performing some or all of the functions of Marine aviation (Anti-air warfare, assault support, electronic warfare, offensive air support, air reconnaissance, and control of aircraft and missiles)
Compass Protection
if traveling with the compass unfolded, make sure the rear sight (eyepiece) is fully folded down onto the bezel ring. This will lock the floating dial and prevent vibration, as well as protect the crystal and rear sight from damage.
Marginal information
information that helps to read and interpret a map. Marginal information consists of a graphic bar scale, declination diagram, representative fraction, contour lines.
Declination Diagram
it indicates the angular relationship of the three north(s): true north, grid north, and magnetic north
Vertical grid lines
lines drawn on the map that run from the bottom of the map sheet to the top. (grid south-grid north). They function as the left and right (eastern and western) boundaries of a grid square and are labeled in the margin.
Horizontal grid lines
lines drawn on the map that run from the left side of the map sheet to the right side, (grid west-grid east). They function as the bottom and top boundary (southern and northern) boundaries of a grid square and are labeled in the margin.
Medium-scale map
maps of scales larger than 1:1,000,000 but smaller than 1:75,000 are medium-scale maps. (a) These maps are used for planning of operations, including movement and concentration of troops and supplies (b) The standard medium-scale map is 1:250.000
Measuring an Azimuth
measure an azimuth, turn your entire body toward the object and point the compass cover directly at the object. Look down and read the azimuth from beneath the fixed black index line.
Luminous magnetic arrow
points to magnetic north and is used in conjunction with the short luminous line for night land navigation.
Service Chiefs
retained responsibility to "train, organize, and equip" but not to employ forces
Ground Combat Element
the GCE is task organized to conduct ground operations in support of the MAGTF mission. It usually forms around an infantry organization reinforced with artillery, reconnaissance, light armored reconnaissance, assault amphibian, tank, and engineer forces.
Black index line
the black index line is a stationary line used as a reference line for determining direction. It is placed over the compass dial and is aligned with the sighting slot and the sighting wire
Floating dial
the compass dial is delicately balanced and free floating when in use. It can be locked in place by closing the eyepiece. It contains two complete circular scales; one in degrees (360), and one in mils (6400).
Azimuth
the most common military method of expressing a direction is by using azimuths. An azimuth is defined as a horizontal angle, measured in a clockwise manner from a north base line.
Chairman, Joint Chief of Staff(CJCS)
the principal military advisor to the President of the United States, the SECDEF. and the National Security Council
Thumb loop
this serves as a retaining device to secure the compass in the closed position. It is also used as a wire loop for the thumb when holding the compass in posit
National Security Strategy
updated periodically by the Executive Branch of the Federal Government. This provides the basis for the National Defense Strategy. The National Military Strategy is a report generated by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs and submitted to the Senate Armed Services Committee that outlines the military's response to these key strategy documents. The functions of the Marine Corps are established by Department of Defense Directive 5100.01,(2! Dec 2010). and arc DoD's response to changes in the National Security Strategy
Luminous siding dots
used during night navigation and directs you in the position you need to go.
