Exam 5 Psych

According to Piaget, the formal operational stage of cognitive development begins around age _____ years. 11 13 15 17

11

According to Piaget, the concrete operational stage of cognitive development begins at _____ years and ends at about age _____ years. 2; 7 4; 9 6; 11 9; 14

6; 11

According to the existential perspective, the difficulties we face in finding meaning in life and in accepting the responsibility for making free choices provoke a type of anxiety called Angst flow the self-actualizing tendency. mortality salience.

Angst

The frustration-aggression hypothesis states that: Animals aggress due to estrogen Animals aggress due to testosterone Animals aggress when their goals are frustrated None of the above

Animals aggress when their goals are frustrated

Which is NOT one of the Big Five personality traits? Conscientiousness Annoyingness Openness to experience Extraversion

Annoyingness

Mr. Jefferson uses systems of rewards to influence the behavior of his middle-school students whereas Ms. Campbell uses threats of punishment. Which statement is TRUE about their use of social influence? Mr. Jefferson appeals to the approval motive, and Ms. Campbell appeals to the hedonic motive. Mr. Jefferson appeals to the hedonic motive, and Ms. Campbell appeals to the approval motive. Both teachers are appealing to the approval motive. Both teachers are appealing to the hedonic motive.

Both teachers are appealing to the hedonic motive.

T/F A person arrested during a protest march may not feel responsible for his or her own actions, a phenomenon referred to as groupthink.

False

T/F Based on research, height does not play role in earnings.

False

T/F Bias and prejudice are inevitable consequences of stereotyping.

False

T/F Companionate love occurs first in a romantic relationship and then passionate love.

False

T/F Core values guide moral decision making in Kohlberg's conventional stage of morality.

False

T/F Kin selection is when you choose your partner using homogamy?

False

T/F Prejudice is always negative?

False

T/F Women tend to be less selective than men when selecting a mate.

False

Which of the following is an example of a dispositional attribution for getting a good grade on a project? I got a good grade because I am smart and manage my time well I got a good grade because I had lots of extra time to work on the project I got a good grade because I had a lot of support from my classmates I got a good grade because the professor doesn't grade harshly

I got a good grade because I am smart and manage my time well

Which is not one of the factors in the Big Five Factor Model? Impulsivity Openness Agreeableness Neuroticism

Impulsivity

Research studying speed dating found which of the following: In a traditional environment, more women than men wanted to exchange telephone numbers. In a non-traditional environment, more men than women wanted to exchange telephone numbers. There was no gender-based difference between traditional and non-traditional environments. In an non-traditional environment, more women than men wanted to exchange telephone numbers.

In an non-traditional environment, more women than men wanted to exchange telephone numbers.

The humanistic approach was pioneered by ___________. Skinner and Watson Maslow and Rogers Darwin and Pavlov Chomsky and Piaget

Maslow and Rogers

_____ occurs when another person's behavior provides information about what is appropriate. The norm of reciprocity Normative influence Heuristic persuasion Diffusion of responsibility

Normative influence

After performing poorly on an exam, you drop a class, saying that you and the professor are just a poor match. According to Freud, what defense mechanism are you employing? Rationalization Regression Projection reaction formation

Rationalization

Humanists see personality as directed toward the goal of existentialism Self-actualization ego control sublimation

Self-actualization

What we think about ourselves is referred to as our ________ and how we feel about ourselves is referred to as our ________ Self-narrative; self-verification Self-concept; self-esteem Self-concept; self-verification Self-esteem; self-concept

Self-concept; self-esteem

The classic study on conformity was done by: Stanley Milgram. Solomon Asch. Albert Bandura. B. F. Skinner.

Solomon Asch.

Which was not one of the systems of the mind proposed by Freud? Superhero Id Ego Superego

Superhero

Based on our discussion in lecture, which of the following is Phillip Zimbardo's most well-known experiment? The Stanford Prison Exeriment the test of conformity using a series of lines of different lengths The test of obedience using electric shocks None of the above

The Stanford Prison Exeriment

How are the brains of older adults and younger adults different as it relates to older adults maintaining their cognitive functioning? The brains of older adults become de-differentiated. The brains of older adults are almost double the size of younger adults. The brains of older adults become more specialized in processing cognitive tasks. The brains of older adults exhibit a greater hippocampal volume.

The brains of older adults become de-differentiated.

Which of the following is Solomon Asch's most well-known experiment? The Stanford Prison Exeriment The test of conformity using a series of lines of different lengths The test of obedience using electric shocks None of the above

The test of conformity using a series of lines of different lengths

Which of the following characterizes Stanley Milgram's most well-known experiment? The Stanford Prison Exeriment The test of conformity using a series of lines The test of obedience using electric shocks None of the above

The test of obedience using electric shocks

A married couple report a high degree of passionate love. Which statement is most likely to be TRUE? They reside in a Western culture. They are recently married. They have a below-average chance of getting a divorce. They have an above-average chance of having more than two children.

They are recently married.

T/F As evidenced by the data above, heuristic persuasion loses some of its power as we become more motivated to make a good decision.

True

T/F Gender is the single best predictor of aggression?

True

T/F Identical twins reared apart have similar personalities to those reared together.

True

T/F People are more likely to be attracted to people who are similar to themselves.

True

T/F Relatively meaningless distinctions between groups, such as groups based on which side of the room someone is sitting on, can still lean to favoring in-group vs. out-group members.

True

T/F Sensation and perception are related but separate events.

True

T/F The finding that people named Charlotte are more likely to live in Charlotte, NC is an example of implicit egotism.

True

T/F research subjects who were given small doses of testosterone took longer to recognize hostile facial expressions compared to controls given a placebo

True

Black and White participants were shown pictures for less than 1 second of White and Black men carrying either guns or cameras. Participants were instructed to "shoot" the men carrying guns by pressing a button. What were the results of the study? White, but not Black, participants usually correctly identified a gun held by a White man. White, but not Black, participants were more likely to mistake a camera for a gun if it was held by a Black man. White and Black participants were more likely to mistake a camera for a gun if it was held by a Black man. White and Black participants usually correctly identified a gun when held by a White man.

White and Black participants were more likely to mistake a camera for a gun if it was held by a Black man.

Which statement about aggression by women is TRUE? Women are more likely than are men to aggress by causing social harm. Aggression by women tends to occur without provocation. Aggression by women is more likely to focus on protecting their status than on protecting a resource. Women are more likely than are men to aggress by causing psychological injury.

Women are more likely than are men to aggress by causing psychological injury.

According to the frustration-aggression hypothesis, frustration induces _____, which then causes _____. aggression; a negative affect a negative affect; aggression aggression; competition competition; aggression

a negative affect; aggression

The _____ motive states that people are motivated to believe what is right and to avoid believing what is wrong. persuasive accuracy validity hedonic

accuracy

On what do the key theories on the benefits of self-esteem focus? status belonging security all of the above

all of the above

According to the existential approach, the "anxiety of fully being" is known as: actualization. anguish. angst. existential crisis.

angst

Inferences about the causes of people's behavior are termed: attributions. stereotypes. deductions. inductions.

attributions

The idea that self-esteem reflects an inner gauge of how much a person feels included by others illustrates a theory of self-esteem based on: status. belonging. narcissism. neediness.

belonging

The single BEST predictor of aggression is: biological sex. age. culture. social class.

biological sex.

In choosing a long-term mate for a monogamous relationship: women are more selective than are men. men are more selective than are women. both sexes are equally selective. culture largely determines which sex is more selective.

both sexes are equally selective.

Ten-year-old Tisha, a fifth grader, cheated on a test. According to the social-cognitive approach, she is more likely than are others to: tell lies. engage in shoplifting when she enters adolescence. steal money from her mother's pocketbook. cheat on a subsequent test.

cheat on a subsequent test.

The unpleasant state that arises when people recognize the inconsistency of their actions, attitudes, or beliefs is called: cognitive dissonance. the actor-observer effect. the self-fulfilling prophecy. deindividuation.

cognitive dissonance.

Which type of love is characterized by affection, trust, and concern for a partner's well-being? companionate love passionate love compassionate love impassionate love

companionate love

In the prisoner's dilemma, what strategy will produce the GREATEST individual benefit? confessing when the other player also confesses confessing when the other player does not confess not confessing when the other player confesses not confessing when the other player also does not confess

confessing when the other player does not confess

Solomon Asch is MOST known for his classic study on: conformity. cognitive dissonance. obedience. the bystander effect.

conformity

Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit is called: reciprocity. altruism. social exchange. cooperation.

cooperation

The tendency to make a dispositional attribution even when a person's behavior was caused by the situation is referred to as: comparison leveling stereotyping covariation correspondence bias

correspondence bias

According to terror management theory, we manage our existential terror by creating: artificial approach-avoidance conflicts. extrinsic sources of motivation. cultural worldviews. prenuptial agreements

cultural worldviews.

According to the existential approach, what forms the basis of personality? anxiety, boredom, and flow the self-actualization tendency the answer to the "What is the meaning of my life?" question defenses constructed to deal with angst

defenses constructed to deal with angst

A person is more likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when she is the only one there to provide help, relative to a situation where others also could potentially render aid. This bystander intervention effect is due to a more general phenomenon termed: altruism. diffusion of responsibility. cooperation. groupthink.

diffusion of responsibility.

Which action BEST illustrates reciprocal altruism? donating a kidney to save a life making a large donation to a charity in a deceased family member's name paying back the person who loaned you money last week to avoid conflict donating large sums of money to a political candidate in order to garner influence

donating large sums of money to a political candidate in order to garner influence

According to the facial feedback hypothesis: emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences. emotional experiences produce emotional expressions. facial expressions are poor indicators of emotional experience. facial expressions are symbols that provide others with information about an individual's emotional state.

emotional expressions can cause emotional experiences.

Charles Darwin developed the universality hypothesis, which suggests that: all individuals process emotions in the same way. appraisal of stimuli causes a universal reaction. all animals exhibit emotions. emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

emotional expressions have the same meaning for everyone.

Aaron trusts what he himself observes, not claims by others. Aaron takes a(n) _____ approach to knowledge acquisition. correlational dogmatic empirical parsimonious

empirical

An alum first learned the words to her alma matter long ago at a football game and now tends to only remember the words when attending games. Her ability to recall the words only in the presence of this external context demonstrates the power of: encoding specificity. suggestibility. state-dependent storage. transfer-appropriate processing.

encoding specificity.

Eric has several exams, but he does not study. He ends up getting an A on each of them. He feels that he did well because he thought the exams were easy and that he has good luck. Eric's explanation shows his _____ locus of control. internal external positive negative

external

People who feel that they are being pulled around like a puppet on a string by all of life's responsibilities probably have a(n) _____ locus of control. internal external positive negative

external

Tyler has been getting poor evaluations at work. He attributes this to having a mean boss who always, assigns him the hardest tasks. This suggests that Tyler has external locus of control internal locus of control high performance anxiety. poorly developed personal constructs

external locus of control

According to Jeffrey Gray, people with a highly reactive behavioral activation system (BAS) are more likely to be: introverted. extraverted. neurotic. conscientious.

extraverted

According to Piaget, egocentrism in a child means that the child: is selfish. is in the sensorimotor stage. fails to understand that the world appears differently to different observers. realizes that others may not share the child's point of view.

fails to understand that the world appears differently to different observers.

A toddler has learned that the jack-in-the-box won't operate unless she turns the hand crank around exactly 10 times. The toddler's behavior is being reinforced under which type of reinforcement schedule? variable-interval fixed-interval fixed-ratio variable-ratio

fixed-ratio

In demonstrating the ability of joint attention, older infants tend to follow the _____ of adults. verbal instructions physical prompts head movements gaze

gaze

Jumping onto subway tracks to save a stranger's life is an example of: genuine altruism. reciprocal altruism. deindividuation. normative influence.

genuine altruism.

A _____ is a collection of people who have something in common that distinguishes them from others. society group family category

group

A government that institutes tax breaks for individuals who drive fuel-efficient cars is appealing to the _____ motive. hedonic normative social exchange approval

hedonic

A _____ is a simple shortcut or "rule of thumb." schematic heuristic stereotype norm

heuristic

People with _____ tend to live happier and healthier lives than do people with _____. explicit egotism; implicit egotism a high self-concept; a low self-concept high self-esteem; low self-esteem an external locus of control; an internal locus of control

high self-esteem; low self-esteem

Which of the following is NOT an emphasis of the social-cognitive approach? how personality and situation interact to cause behavior how personality contributes to the way people construct situations in their own minds how people's goals and expectancies influence their responses to situations how people confront realities, rather than embrace comforting illusions

how people confront realities, rather than embrace comforting illusions

According to Freud, the _____ is present at birth and is the source of bodily needs, wants, and desires. ego id superego collective unconsciousness

id

Compelling evidence for the importance of biological factors in personality is best seen in studies of parenting styles. identical twins reared apart. brain damage. Cross-cultural trends.

identical twins reared apart.

Upon his retirement, Charles is slightly more likely to move to Charleston, South Carolina, than to Savannah, Georgia, illustrating the phenomenon of: narcissism. implicit egotism. self-verification. the self-serving bias.

implicit egotism.

Negative reinforcers _____ and positive punishers _____ the future probability of the behavior that led to these respective consequences. increase; increase increase; decrease decrease; decrease decrease; increase

increase; decrease

Although she has never heard of it, Mia and her friends decide to go to a new nightclub because they see a line outside of it. Their decision is the result of: the norm of reciprocity. informational influence. the foot-in-the-door technique. systematic persuasion.

informational influence.

According to Freud, personality is largely determined by: the id. the ego. the superego attempting to satisfy the demands of the id. interactions between the id, ego, and superego.

interactions between the id, ego, and superego.

According to Jeffrey Gray, people with a highly reactive behavioral inhibition system (BIS) are more likely to be: introverted. extraverted. neurotic. conscientious.

introverted.

Existentialists would say that, as humans, we: have no choice but to become self-actualized. make choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death. need not think about death if we believe in life. sometimes must embrace comforting illusions.

make choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death.

Professor Rose, who believes that women are innately unsuited for science, is much more likely to notice the mistakes of his female lab assistants than the mistakes of his male lab assistants. His behavior is an example of: informational influence. the self-fulfilling prophecy. perceptual confirmation. the actor-observer effect.

perceptual confirmation.

The tendency for people to see what they expect to see is termed: the self-fulfilling prophecy. perceptual confirmation. change blindness. correspondence bias.

perceptual confirmation.

Social-cognitive psychologists disagree on the question of whether our behavior is caused more by our personalities or by situations we encounter, a quandary known as the: social-cognitive quagmire. person-situation controversy. nature-nurture controversy. personal construct dilemma.

person-situation controversy.

According to social-cognitive theorists, ________ are the dimensions people use in making sense of their experiences. personal constructs loci of control outcome expectancies personal goals

personal constructs

The social-cognitive approach examines how _____ interact to cause behavior. anxiety and boredom personality and situation thoughts and feelings personality and intelligence

personality and situation

The Rorschach Test is an example of a _______________. piece of fine art useless measure self-report survey projective test

projective test

Ms. Campbell is a fifth-grade teacher who wishes to reduce the undesirable effects of negative stereotypes against African Americans. Which strategy would be MOST effective? providing examples of Blacks who defy stereotypes to her students teaching about racial injustice leading a discussion about people's common humanity with her students providing empathy training to her students

providing examples of Blacks who defy stereotypes to her students

Behavior that benefits another with the expectation that those benefits will be returned in the future is called: normative influence. reciprocal altruism. social exchange. reverse altruism.

reciprocal altruism.

Although otherwise reluctant to do so, homeowners were more likely to install a "Drive carefully" sign in their front yards after signing a petition about safe driving because installing the sign: produced social approval. reduced their cognitive dissonance. functioned as a heuristic device. satisfied the hedonic motive.

reduced their cognitive dissonance.

Stereotypes CANNOT be accurately described by the adjective: inaccurate. overused. automatic. rehearsed.

rehearsed

In Pavlov's research, dogs' salivation is an example of a: stimulus. response. construal of a stimulus. reinforcer.

response

One of the dangers of groupthink is the group's tendency to: overthink all their possible options and delay the decision-making process. come up with too many solutions to a problem in an effort to reflect the unique knowledge of each of its members. be unable to come up with a solution due to the bystander effect. sacrifice the soundness of a decision in order to achieve interpersonal harmony.

sacrifice the soundness of a decision in order to achieve interpersonal harmony.

The self-concept can be organized into: self-esteem and personal constructs. self-verification and self-esteem. self-narratives and personality traits. self-esteem and self-knowledge.

self-narratives and personality traits.

The tendency to seek evidence to confirm the self-concept is called: self-analysis. the self-fulfilling prophecy. self-verification. self-relevance.

self-verification.

Coach Perez believes that Ashley's record for strikeouts in one game was due more to the other team's lack of talent than it was to Ashley's ability. This type of attribution is called: distinctive. situational. inferential. dispositional.

situational

The process by which prople come to understand others is called: heuristic processing reciprocal altruism social cognition cognitive dissonance

social cognition

Lindsey has high self-esteem and carries herself more confidently than does Barb, who has lower self-esteem. Their employees tend to work harder in an effort to impress Lindsey, illustrating a benefit of self-esteem related to: social status. belonging. extraversion. security.

social status.

Another term for the cell body of a neuron is the: dendrite. soma. axon. vesicle.

soma.

Which division of the mind, according to the psychodynamic approach, most closely resembles the conscience? superid ego id superego

superego

Faces of both sexes are judged to be more attractive when they have features that are: immature. slightly asymmetrical. symmetrical. considered somewhat unique.

symmetrical

A reliable measure is one that: is necessarily an accurate measure of an underlying property. compensates for a weak operational definition of a property under study. tends to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing. tends to differentiate between accurate and inaccurate data.

tends to produce the same result whenever it is used to measure the same thing.

Jason yells at a bank teller because of a mistake on his account. Observers are likely to think that Jason is a rude, quarrelsome person. Jason, however, would probably attribute his angry outburst to the frustrating situation of waiting in line and dealing with a surly teller. This apparent contradiction illustrates: normative influence. perceptual confirmation. the actor-observer effect. the covariation model of attribution.

the actor-observer effect.

The tendency to make situational attributions for one's own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others is called: perceptual confirmation. correspondence bias. the actor-observer effect. cognitive dissonance.

the actor-observer effect.

The tendency to make situational attributions for one's own behaviors while making dispositional attributions for the identical behavior of others is called: the actor-observer effect. cognitive dissonance. correspondence bias. perceptual confirmation.

the actor-observer effect.

According to Freud, a person who is preoccupied with possessions, money, issues of submission and rebellion, and concerns about cleanliness versus messiness is fixated at which psychosexual stage? the oral stage the anal stage the latency stage the genital stage

the anal stage

A person is more likely to help a stranger in an emergency situation when she is the only one there to provide help, relative to a situation where others also could potentially render aid. This phenomenon is termed: deindividuation. the bystander intervention effect. altruism. the common knowledge effect.

the bystander intervention effect.

The tendency for group discussions to focus on information that all members share is known as: the diffusion of responsibility. the common knowledge effect. groupthink. deindividuation.

the common knowledge effect.

Alfred and his family went to a restaurant for lunch. He was so hungry that on the way to be seated, he almost grabbed a sandwich off another customer's plate. Which part of his mind regulated this impulse? the id the defense mechanisms the ego the preconscious

the ego

Alfred and his family went to a restaurant for lunch. He was so hungry that on the way to be seated, he almost grabbed a sandwich off another customer's plate. Which part of his mind intiated this impulse? the id the defense mechanisms the ego the preconscious

the id

Which of Freud's systems of the mind would lead you to, if hungry, start grabbing food off people's plates upon entering a restaurant? the id the reality principle the ego the pleasure principle

the id

What did Abraham Maslow describe as the need to be good, fully alive, and to find meaning in life? the need for self-actualization physiological needs the need for acceptance the need for acheivement

the need for self-actualization

A phenomenon whereby people behave as they are expected to behave is called: the self-fulfilling prophecy. perceptual confirmation. the actor-observer effect. correspondence bias.

the self-fulfilling prophecy.

When people take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures, they are exhibiting narcissism implicit egotism the self-serving bias the name-letter effect

the self-serving bias

People's tendency to take credit for their successes but downplay responsibility for their failures is termed: self-verification. the self-serving bias. self-rationalization. narcissism.

the self-serving bias.

When she makes a high grade on a test, Cynthia says, "I studied hard and did really well on that test!" When she scores low, she says, "That test was unreasonable and the professor just can't teach!" Her reactions are an example of: an internal locus of control. a reaction formation. implicit egotism. the self-serving bias.

the self-serving bias.

A drawback to self-report questionnaires is that: they typically take a long time to administer. scoring requires the use of a computer. they rely on the accuracy and truthfulness of the test taker. special training is needed to score the questionnaire.

they rely on the accuracy and truthfulness of the test taker.

A speck of dirt that gets into your eye will naturally cause a blinking reflex. The speck of dirt is a(n) _____ stimulus. neutral conditioned second-order unconditioned

unconditioned

An error associated with stereotyping is that people tend to _____ the variability within a category and _____ the variability between categories. overestimate; judge accurately overestimate; underestimate judge accurately; underestimate underestimate; overestimate

underestimate; overestimate

A researcher using naturalistic observation will gather scientific information by: measuring participants on at least two variables. unobtrusively watching people in their normal environments. manipulating a variable and then measuring any effect on behavior. administering surveys to participants which ask questions about their daily lives.

unobtrusively watching people in their normal environments.

In Milgram's classic study on obedience, the learners: were actually the true participants. were trained actors. received painful shocks. obeyed the teachers.

were trained actors.

Reed believes that he is much smarter and way more attractive than his peers. Reed's grandiose belief in himself is a good example of: narcissism. extraversion. projection. implicit egotism.

narcissism.

The Big Five Factor Model includes _____ as one the five dimensions of personality. neuroticism creativity narcissism ambition

neuroticism

In the prisoner's dilemma, what strategy results in the LARGEST penalty? confessing when the other player also confesses confessing when the other player does not confess not confessing when the other player confesses not confessing when the other player also does not confess

not confessing when the other player confesses

A description of a property in concrete measurable terms is a(n): theory. naturalistic observation. operational definition. hypothesis.

operational definition.

Which of the following is NOT one of the Big Five personality factors? orderliness agreeableness neuroticism Conscientiousness

orderliness

At the supermarket, Charlotte finds it much easier to remember the food items she needs when she puts them into the categories of fruits, vegetables, and meat. What encoding process is Charlotte using to create and recall memories? organizational transformative semantic visual imagery

organizational