Exam 7 Quiz - Limbic, Cognition, Attention

Which regions of the frontal-parietal attention network are believed to be responsible for endogenous attention?

A & B - believe frontal and parietal

What is endogenous attention? Directing attention to a stimulus without movement of the head or eyes An involuntary shift in attention caused by salient stimuli in the environment Focusing attention on information from multiple sensory systems at the same time A conscious and voluntary shift in attention to a particular target Aligning visual and auditory processing with an attended stimulus

A conscious and voluntary shift in attention to a particular target

What is overt attention? An involuntary shift in attention caused by salient stimuli in the environment Aligning visual and auditory processing with an attended stimulus Focusing attention on information from multiple sensory systems at the same time Directing attention to a stimulus without movement of the head or eyes A conscious and voluntary shift in attention to a particular target

Aligning visual and auditory processing with an attended stimulus

A patient is asked to watch horror movies and rate his level of perceived fear on a scale of 1 to 10 (10 being terrified). Control subjects have an average rating report of 6.5; the patient, however, has an average rating of 1 for perceived fear. If you were to read an MRI scan of the patient, where would you expect to see damage? Hippocampus Hypothalamus Basal ganglia Amygdala Thalamus

Amygdala

What is exogenous attention? A conscious and voluntary shift in attention to a particular target Directing attention to a stimulus without movement of the head or eyes Aligning visual and auditory processing with an attended stimulus Focusing attention on information from multiple sensory systems at the same time An involuntary shift in attention caused by salient stimuli in the environment

An involuntary shift in attention caused by salient stimuli in the environment

A patient experienced a severe head trauma and now is unable to point to an object in space under visual guidance and has difficulty moving his eyes toward a visual target. What would the most likely diagnosis for this patient be? Balint's syndrome Deficit in supramodal attention Hemispatial neglect syndrome Lesion in the superior colliculus Deficit in covert attention

Balint's syndrome

A patient is presented with the images in the figure one at a time and asked to report how many colors she can see. When the two colors are presented as separate objects, as in the Random or Single display, she reports that she can see only one color. When the two colors are presented as part of the same object, however, she reports seeing both colors. What would the most likely diagnosis of this patient be? Balint's syndrome Deficit in supramodal attention Deficit in covert attention Lesion in the superior colliculus Hemispatial neglect syndrome

Balint's syndrome

During behavioral testing, a monkey is unable to complete the delayed response task. Neurological damage to which area would produce this symptom? Left posterior parietal cortex Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Right fusiform gyrus Left ventromedial prefrontal cortex Lateral surface of right temporal lobe

Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

Which regions of the frontal-parietal attention network are believed to be responsible for exogenous attention?

C & D - i believe its the temporal parietal region and frontal -temporal

Which amygdaloid nucleus is correctly paired with its primary connections? Medial nucleus—orbital prefrontal cortex Basolateral nucleus—olfactory bulb Medial nucleus—brainstem Central nucleus—hypothalamus Central nucleus—thalamus

Central nucleus—hypothalamus

Subjects are asked to focus on a red dot in the center of an otherwise blank screen. They are told that an arrow will appear, pointing to either the left or the right, and then a target image will appear. The subjects' task is to report the color of the target image while maintaining their visual focus on the red dot in the center. What does this test measure? Overt attention Supramodal attention Inhibition of return Exogenous attention Covert attention

Covert attention

After trauma to the head, a patient sustains damage in the right inferior parietal lobe. What symptoms would you expect to see? Inability to attend to more than one visual object at a time Inability for unexpected salient stimuli in the environment to involuntarily shift her attention Deficit of attention paid to the left side of the body and extrapersonal space Inability to attend to more than one sensory modality at a time Deficit of attention paid to the right side of the body and extrapersonal space

Deficit of attention paid to the left side of the body and extrapersonal space

What symptom would you expect bilateral lesions to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to produce in a monkey? The perception of two sensory systems together (e.g., seeing colors when hearing music) Deficit in attention to the body Delayed or abolished success during the delayed response task Inability to recognize faces Deficit in attention paid to extrapersonal space

Delayed or abolished success during the delayed response task

A patient can smile when asked to by her doctor, but when she is told a funny joke, she is unable to smile. Where does the patient most likely have damage? Descending projections from the hypothalamus Descending projections from the motor cortex Descending pyramidal track projections Ascending projections to the motor cortex Ascending projections to the cerebellum

Descending projections from the hypothalamus

What is covert attention? Aligning visual and auditory processing with an attended stimulus Directing attention to a stimulus without movement of the head or eyes A conscious and voluntary shift in attention to a particular target An involuntary shift in attention caused by salient stimuli in the environment Focusing attention on information from multiple sensory systems at the same time

Directing attention to a stimulus without movement of the head or eyes

Which neurotransmitter has been identified as seminally involved in an organism's reward system and is often altered by drugs of abuse? Dopamine GABA Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamate

Dopamine

Balint's syndrome arises from damage in which locations? Ventral frontal and lateral occipital cortex Dorsal posterior parietal and lateral occipital cortex Ventral frontal and superior temporal cortex Dorsolateral frontal and lateral occipital cortex Dorsal posterior parietal and superior temporal cortex

Dorsal posterior parietal and lateral occipital cortex

Subjects are asked to focus on the center of a screen until a shape appears, and then name the shape (e.g., square or circle). Before the shape appears, an arrow appears that either points in the direction the shape will appear (valid), points in both directions (neutral), or points in the opposite direction the shape will appear (invalid). What does this test measure? Endogenous attention Exogenous attention Biasing signals Inhibition of return Supramodal attention

Endogenous attention

What role does the autonomic nervous system play in emotions?

Essay question

What is supramodal attention? Focusing attention on information from multiple sensory systems at the same time Directing attention to a stimulus without movement of the head or eyes An involuntary shift in attention caused by salient stimuli in the environment Aligning visual and auditory processing with an attended stimulus A conscious and voluntary shift in attention to a particular target

Focusing attention on information from multiple sensory systems at the same time

Damage to which cortical region in the frontal-parietal attention network would likely affect endogenous attention? Temporal-parietal junction Inferior parietal lobule Inferior frontal gyrus Ventral frontal cortex Frontal eye fields

Frontal Eye Fields

An experiment is run to examine cortical regions in the attention network. During the test, a recording electrode measures neuronal activity in the V4 region of the visual cortex. When microstimulation of a second region occurs, a V4 neuron shows enhanced response to a bar in the cell's receptive field. Which region was stimulated? Frontal eye field Reticular formation Pulvinar Superior colliculus Right inferior parietal lobe

Frontal eye field

A patient presents with upper motor syndrome, following a car accident, due to damage of the descending pathways from the motor cortex. Which limitation would you expect to see in the patient? He can smile when asked, but cannot smile when told a funny joke. His Duchenne smile does not activate the orbicularis oculi muscles of his eyes. He cannot furrow his eyebrows in anger. He cannot move any facial muscle in any situation. He is unable to smile when asked, but can smile when told a funny joke.

He is unable to smile when asked, but can smile when told a funny joke.

A subject is instructed to draw a clock from memory. Her version is shown in the figure. What would the patient's diagnosis most likely be? Deficit in covert attention Lesion in the superior colliculus Deficit in supramodal attention Hemispatial neglect syndrome Balint's syndrome

Hemispatial neglect syndrome

In response to electrical stimulation of a particular brain region, a rat shows increased blood pressure and heart rate, dilation of the pupils, erection of the hair on the back, arching of the back, and biting at the air. Which region could the electrode be stimulating? Fornix Thalamus Hypothalamus Cerebral cortex Hippocampus

Hypothalamus

After a stroke, a patient sustains bilateral damage to the dorsal posterior parietal and lateral occipital cortex. Which symptoms would you expect this patient to exhibit? Inability to attend to more than one visual object at a time Inability for unexpected salient stimuli in the environment to involuntarily shift attention Deficit of attention paid to the right side of the body and extrapersonal space Inability to attend to more than one sensory modality at a time Deficit of attention paid to the left side of the body and extrapersonal space

Inability to attend to more than one visual object at a time

What molecular change in the limbic loop is associated with addiction? Decreased CREB expression in the ventral tegmental area Decreased expression of AMPA receptor subunits in the ventral tegmental area Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the ventral tegmental area Increased expression of ΔFosB in the ventral tegmental area Decreased CREB expression in the nucleus accumbens

Increased tyrosine hydroxylase activity in the ventral tegmental area

While subjects are focusing on a blank screen, a flash of light unexpectedly appears in one of two locations. Following the flash, a target image appears on the screen. Half the time the target image is in the same location as the flash, and half the time it is presented on the other side of the screen. The data collected are presented in the graph. What phenomenon occurs when the target is presented more than 300 ms after the cue? Inhibition of return Biasing signal Supramodal attention Endogenous attention Exogenous attention

Inhibition of return

Damage in which cortical regions would result in dysfunction of endogenous attention?

Interparietal sulcus, superior parietal lobule, and frontal eye fields

Damage to which region would lead to language-related agnosia? Right fusiform gyrus Left posterior parietal cortex Right posterior parietal cortex Left fusiform gyrus Lateral surface of left temporal lobe

Lateral surface of left temporal lobe

If thalamic output to the cortex was disrupted, which layer of the neocortex would be affected? Layer 5 Layer 1 Layer 4 Layer 2 Layer 6

Layer 4

A lesion in which region of the brain would increase one's likelihood of developing depression? Left anterior hemisphere Right anterior hemisphere Left posterior hemisphere Right posterior hemisphere Lesions do not increase the likelihood of depression.

Left anterior hemisphere

A monkey shows symptoms of left hemispatial neglect syndrome. Which procedure could alleviate the symptoms? Stimulating the left primary visual cortex Stimulating the right primary visual cortex Lesion the left superior colliculus Lesion the left superior parietal lobule Lesion the right superior colliculus

Lesion the left superior colliculus

Damage to which structure would prevent communication from the cingulate cortex to the anterior nucleus of the thalamus? Fornix Corpus callosum Mammillary body Basal ganglia Anterior commissure

Mammillary body

A monkey is trained to respond to a visual target; it receives a reward when it completes the task correctly. If the monkey's parietal lobe neurons were recorded during the task, what data would you expect to collect? Neuronal activity would be positively correlated with the size of the expected reward. Neuronal activity would be negatively correlated with the size of the visual object. Neuronal activity would be negatively correlated with the number of visual objects presented. Neuronal activity would be positively correlated with the number of visual objects presented. Neuronal activity would be positively correlated with the size of the visual object.

Neuronal activity would be positively correlated with the size of the expected reward.

Damage to which region of the basal ganglia would alter processing through the limbic loop? Anterior caudate Nucleus accumbens Putamen Globus pallidus Subthalamic nucleus

Nucleus accumbens

When subjects are presented with a picture of a person, they tend to focus their attention on the face and eyes of the individual. However, when they are asked to draw conclusions about the individual in the image, like wealth, they shift their gaze to look at the clothes or surrounding environment. What does this test measure? Supramodal attention Inhibition of return Overt attention Covert attention Exogenous attention

Overt attention

In a conditioned fear paradigm, how do PTSD patients differ from trauma-exposed controls? PTSD patients have difficulty pairing a neutral stimulus with a fear-inducing stimulus. PTSD patients have difficulty extinguishing learned fear. PTSD patients show fear responses to stimuli that have not been paired with a fear-inducing stimulus. Their baseline SCR magnitude is significantly lower than controls. There is no difference in conditioned fear learning between PTSD patients and controls.

PTSD patients have difficulty extinguishing learned fear

Which regions is most likely to cause hemispatial neglect syndrome when damaged?

Parietal

Damage in which location would prevent communication between the superior colliculus and the parietal cortex? Pulvinar Inferior colliculus Fornix Mammillary body Anterior commissure

Pulvinar

The superior colliculus is connected to the parietal cortex via which structure? Pulvinar Paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus Reticular formation Corpus callosum Hypothalamus

Pulvinar

Damage to which two thalamic nuclei would affect output to the association cortices but not to primary sensory or motor cortices? Pulvinar and medial geniculate Lateral geniculate and medial dorsal Pulvinar and medial dorsal Lateral geniculate and medial geniculate Ventral posterior lateral and ventral posterior medial

Pulvinar and medial dorsal

A lesion in the left hemisphere would be more likely than a right hemisphere lesion to affect which aspect of emotional processing? Regulation of negative emotions Regulation of positive emotions Regulation of all emotions Expression of emotion in speech Comprehension of emotion in speech

Regulation of positive emotions

For emotional processing, which structure is the main target of the hypothalamus? Amygdala Thalamus Reticular formation Pituitary Hippocampus

Reticular formation

During an MRI, a subject is shown an image of a face. In which region would you expect to see an increase in neural activity? Striatum Right posterior parietal Cerebellum Right fusiform gyrus Prefrontal cortex

Right fusiform gyrus

Prosopagnosia arises from damage in which location? Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex Left lateral surface of the temporal lobe Right posterior parietal cortex Right fusiform gyrus

Right fusiform gyrus

A patient is asked to imagine himself walking down the middle of the Main Street in his childhood town and name the stores he passes. As he does this, he lists only the stores on the right side of the street. When asked about a store that used to be on the left side of the street, he replies that it must have closed. The patient is then instructed to imagine turning around and walking back the way he came. This time, he again lists only the stores that are on his right (which were on his left before). Based on these symptoms, where would you expect to find damage in the patient's nervous system? Right inferior parietal lobe Right primary visual cortex Left superior parietal lobule Left frontal eye field Left superior colliculus

Right inferior parietal lobe

Hemispatial neglect arises from damage in which location? Left superior parietal lobule Left frontal eye field Left superior colliculus Right primary visual cortex Right inferior parietal lobe

Right inferior parietal lobe

A husband reports that his wife has begun acting strangely. For example, she refuses to eat the food on the left side of her plate at meals, claiming she has finished all her food. She also has neglected to put her left arm in her shirt the last few days and has begun putting her makeup on only the right side of her face. Hearing these symptoms, where would you expect to find damage in the woman's nervous system? Bilateral fusiform gyrus Bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Right posterior parietal cortex Left lateral surface of temporal lobe Right ventromedial prefrontal cortex

Right posterior parietal cortex

Contralateral neglect syndrome arises from damage in which location? Right posterior parietal cortex Bilateral ventromedial prefrontal cortex Right fusiform gyrus Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Left posterior parietal cortex

Right posterior parietal cortex

A subject is presented with two different dialogues, one in each ear, at the same time. She is then asked to repeat one of the dialogues. What does this test measure? Selective attention Biasing signals Hemispatial neglect Exogenous attention Balint's syndrome

Selective attention

The neocortex has connections with a number of nervous system regions. What is one structure that receives output from the neocortex but does not provide input to the neocortex? Brainstem Amygdala Thalamus Hippocampus Spinal cord

Spinal cord

If neocortical output from Layer 5 was disrupted, communication with which structure would be affected? Thalamus Striatum Visual cortex Motor cortex Brainstem modulatory systems

Striatum

A subject is instructed to focus on an image of a person. While the subject examines the image, an auditory stimulus is presented from the same location. What does this test measure? Biasing signals Hemispatial neglect Supramodal attention Inhibition of return The subject's saliency map

Supramodal attention

At dinner one evening, your friend proclaims that the chicken tastes like a beautiful sunset. What condition do you expect your friend has? Amnesia Visual agnosia Prosopagnosia Synesthesia Contralateral neglect syndrome

Synesthesia

Damage in which cortical regions would result in dysfunction of exogenous attention?

Temporal-parietal junction

Damage to which cortical region in the frontal-parietal attention network would likely affect exogenous attention? Temporal-parietal junction Frontal eye fields Pulvinar Superior parietal lobule Interparietal sulcus

Temporal-parietal junction

A lab rat undergoes fear conditioning training in which a soft tone is paired with an electric shock. However, after repeated tests, the rat does not show freezing behavior in response to the tone alone. What could explain this result? The rat had primary auditory cortex damage. The rat had its amygdala electrically stimulated. The rat hippocampal damage. The rat had received an injection of an NMDA receptor antagonist in its amygdala. The rat had received an injection of a GABA agonist in its hypothalamus.

The rat had received an injection of an NMDA receptor antagonist in its amygdala.

How does brain function differ between PTSD patients and trauma-exposed controls? The vmPFC is hypoactive during extinction learning in PTSD compared to controls. The vmPFC is hyperactive during extinction learning in PTSD compared to controls. The amygdala is hypoactive during conditioned fear learning in PTSD compared to controls. The cingulate cortex is hypoactive during extinction learning in PTSD compared to controls. The thalamus is hyperactive during conditioned fear learning in PTSD compared to controls.

The vmPFC is hypoactive during extinction learning in PTSD compared to controls.

Which evidence supports the idea that depression has a genetic component? Abnormal patterns of blood flow are seen in the limbic system of depressed patients. There is a higher concordance of depression in monozygotic than dizygotic twins. Depression has a higher lifetime incidence in women than in men. Symptoms of depression can be managed by drugs that influence the catecholaminergic system. Subjects with left anterior hemisphere lesions have an increased prevalence of depression.

There is a higher concordance of depression in monozygotic than dizygotic twins.

What is problematic about the concept of an executive controller that oversees attention? The regions involved in control of attention are too large to measure accurately. Animal studies cannot translate to human attention. There is strong overlap between the regions important for attention and other behavioral tasks. There is lateralization of attentional function. Deficits after brain damage are too complex to characterize.

There is strong overlap between the regions important for attention and other behavioral tasks.

Patient S. M., who suffered selective bilateral damage to the amygdala, exhibited heightened fear. an absence of fear. deep sadness. a predisposition to outbursts of anger. heightened disgust reactions.

an absence of fear.

An inability to express emotion through modulation of speech is called anomia. aprosodia. alexia. agnosia. agraphia.

aprosodia

Damage in which region leads to Balint's syndrome? What symptoms are associated with the disorder?

damage to dorsal poster parietal and lateral occipital lobes would lead to Bailants syndrome. The symptoms associated are simultagnosia, optic ataxia, and oculomotor apraxia.

Both lesion and functional neuroimaging studies in humans have shown that right parietal regions are involved in recognizing faces. directing attention to the right hemispace only. identifying objects. directing attention to the left hemispace only. directing attention to the right and left hemispace.

directing attention to the right and left hemispace.

Lesions in the _______ cortex, particularly those that connect to the _______ cortex, can also cause attentional deficits. frontal; temporal temporal; parietal temporal; frontal frontal; parietal occipital; frontal

frontal; parietal

Injury to the fornix would prevent neural communication from the _______ to the _______. cingulate cortex; anterior nucleus of the thalamus hippocampus; hypothalamus hypothalamus; cingulate cortex anterior nucleus of the thalamus; hippocampus mammillary body; amygdala

hippocampus; hypothalamus

Studies of neuronal responses in the temporal cortex of the rhesus monkey have revealed tonic firing for a variety of related objects of various sizes, colors, and orientations. activation of cells based on subjective preference for an object. individual cells that are tuned to a specific object only. norm-based tuning and population coding of objects. individual cells that fire in response to one specific familiar face.

norm-based tuning and population coding of objects.

A major function of the temporal lobe is directing attention to extrapersonal space. planning for the future. impulse control. directing attention to the body. recognition and identification of stimuli.

recognition and identification of stimuli.

Information on the role of the parietal lobe in selective attention was obtained by recording from neurons in unconscious monkeys. punishing monkeys for making mistakes. training monkeys to associate arbitrary symbols with assorted objects. rewarding monkeys for making correct choices. training genetically-modified mice to recognize objects.

rewarding monkeys for making correct choices.

The _______ association cortex is involved in recognizing objects, while the _______ association cortex is involved in deciding what to do with the object. frontal; temporal temporal; parietal frontal; parietal temporal; frontal parietal; temporal

temporal; frontal

Selective attention is exemplified by hemispatial neglect. cue validity. cue-to-target interval. the cocktail party effect. the Sprague effect.

the cocktail party effect.