EXAM!

How do sociologist define ethnicity?

A socially defined category based on a common language, religion, nationality, history, or some other cultural factor.

How do sociologists define race?

A socially defined category based on real or perceived biological differences between groups if people

What criteria does a social class system use to stratify its members?

Intersectionality

Social mobility that occurs over the course of an individual's lifetime is called --- mobility

Intragenerational

Patriarchy

Literally meaning "rule of the father"; a male dominated society

"Blue collar" workers generally belong to what social class?

Lower-middle class

In the USA, why are doctors and parents so quick to seek surgical "fix" for babies who are born intersex?

its threatening and unacceptable

Which following is a form of stratification in which all positions are awarded on the basis of merit?

meritocracy

Poverty: relative vs absolute

relative deprivation is a relative measure of poverty based on the standard of living in a particular society. Absolute deprivation in defined by the meet minimal standards for food, shelter, clothing, or health care

How does color blindness contribute to racial inequalities?

removes race as an explanation for any from of unequal treatment

Segregation

The physical and legal separation of groups by race or ethnicity

Racial assimilation

The process by which racial minority groups are absorbed into the dominant group through intermarriage

What social mobility often results from losing a job?

Vertical social moblility

Homogamy, a term sociologist use to mean the tendency to choose romantic partners based on similarities in background and group membership, is very common. Why?

We are likely surrounded by those who are like us

How is Max Weber's idea of social class different from Karl Marx's?

Weber said that power should be considered as part of the equation when measuring a person's class standing

What does Paul Fussell's living room scale attempt to measure?

What your social class is

First wave

When women won the right to vote

Sex is ---- and gender is ----

biological and behavioral

What has modern science determined about racial categories?

biologically there is no such thing as pure race

What is the principal sociological critique of the culture of poverty?

blame the victims of poverty for their own misfortunes, while ignoring the structural causes of inequality

White Privilege

unearned advantages

life expectancy men or women

women

Race consciousness if we are to have a truly egalitarian society, citizens must recognize the racist history of the ?

United States

Characteristics of the upper class in the US

1%

What are the four basic principles of social stratification?

1) It is a characteristic of society, rather than a reflection of individual differences. 2) Persists over generations. 3) All societies stratify their members, different societies use different criteria for ranking them. 4) Maintained through BELIEFS that are widely shared by members of society.

How many babies out of every thousand are born intersex?

1,000

How many cents is earned by women from each dollar earned by men?

78 cents

Mens liberation

A movement to discuss the challenges of masculinity

Prejudice and Example

An idea about the characteristics of a group that is applied to all members of that group and is unlikely to change regardless of the evidence against it. Ex: "All Irish are drunks and Mexicans are all lazy". Does not always lead to discrimination

Positive consequences of racial and ethnic categories

Asian Americans

Institutional discrimination and Example

By institutions that affect all member of a group who come into contact with it. EX: Civil rights movement

According to conflict theory, what is the real source of racism?

Capitalist hierarchies

What theory would say that women's contributions to family life are devalued because as a social group, men benefit from maintaining their dominant status?

Conflict theory

Individual discrimination and Example

Discrimination carried out by one person against another. EX: Old lady not letting blacks use her store

What do sociologist call awareness of our own and others class status?

Everyday class consciousness

microaggression and Example

Everyday uses of ordinary language that may send denigrating messages to members of certain social groups. EX: "he" referred to the human race as "mankind"

According to Karl Marx, what social relations matter most in a capitalist system?

Feudal system

What theory support the notion that some social roles are better suited to one gender than the other"

Functionalist

What do sociologists call it when an individual changes his/her career but remains within the same social class?

Horizontal social mobility

What are two complementary roles functionalist Talcott Parsons identified within the family?

Instrumental and expressive role

When the children of working-class parents manage to attend college and get a job in a professional field, it is an example of ----- mobility

Intergenerational

Social mobility in a caste system

Members marry within their own group. (Class ranking)

what group argues that men suffer discrimination as a result of feminism?

Mens rights movement

"White collar" workers generally belong to what social class?

Middle class

Which racial group has the highest median income ?

Minority group

Gender

Physical, behavioral, and personality traits

Societies that encourage racial and ethnic diversity have embraced the value of ?

Pluralism

Racial passing

Presenting yourself as a member of a different group than the stigmatized group you belong to

What is called when a minority group is absorbed into the dominant group?

Racial assimilation

A person's self-conception of being male or female based on his/her association with masculine or feminine gender roles can be defined as ?

Sex

Karl Marx identified the term ----- to describe how individuals fail to see the ways they are oppressed by the social system in which they live.

Simplicity movement

How do sociologists define a minority group?

Smaller in numbers than the dominant group

What system of stratification is commonly used in capitalist societies?

Social class system

A society where social mobility is highly restricted by formal or informal rules, like those of a caste system, is called?

Social mobility

Pierre Bourdieu's term used to describe the tendency of social class to be passed down from one generation to the next and consequently remain relatively stable over time?

Social reproduction

A majority of Americans believe that poverty is a big problem, but addressing it is NOT a priority for most. Why NOT?

Social welfare and welfare reform

Mother Teresa, person with tremendous power and prestige, yet she was very poor. Mother Teresa is an example of?

Status inconsistency (SES)

What explanation does functionalism have for prejudice and discrimination today?

Strong ties that bond people together

What do sociologist call it when large numbers of people move up or down the social class ladder as a result of changes to society as a whole?

Structural mobility

What social theory insists that all social structures, including systems of stratification, are built out of everyday interactions?

Symbolic interaction

Apartheid is a specific example of what system of social stratification?

System of racial and ethnic groups

Cultural appropriation

The adoption of cultural elements belonging to an oppressed group by members of the dominant group, without permission and often for the dominant groups gain

Population transfer

The forcible removal of a group of people from the territory they have occupied

Sexual orientation

The inclination to feel sexual desire

What do most Americans claim about their class status?

They are middle class

Constructionist

Those who believe that motions of gender are socially determined, such that a dichotomous binary system is just one possibility among many

Discrimination and Example

Unequal treatment of individuals based on their membership in a social group; usually motivated by prejudice. EX: is one gets turned down from a job promotion or a home loan because she's black/hispanic

What is the goal of affirmative action?

employment opportunities

In the early 1900s, native-born Americans, usually Protestants, did NOT consider Irish, Italian, or Jewish immigrants to be white. What does this illustrate?

ethnic group

Symbolic ethnicity vs situational ethnicity

symbolic is an ethnic identity that is only relevant on specific occasions and situational is concealed depending on its usefulness in a given situation

Ethnic cleansing

the mass expulsion or killing of members of an unwanted ethnic or religious group in a society.