Exam Ana. Chapt. 5,6,7
Inflammatory
( autoimmunity, inflammation, degeneration)
Traumatic mechanisms
( physical & chemical agents) Head trauma, bone fracture,
Metabolic mechanisms
(endocrine imbalances & malnutrition) Diabetic, hyperlipdemia
Infectious mechanisms
(pathogenic organisms & particles) Cold, flu,
Neoplastic mechanisms
(tumors & cancer) Malignant or benign
Skeletal System Structure
206 bones in the system
Muscular System Structure
> Involuntary or striated skeletal muscle > Involuntary or smooth muscle tissue in walls of some organs > Cardiac muscle in wall of the heart
Digestive System: Structure
Accessory organs: assist the digestive process: **Includes: Teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix
Ligaments
Bands of fibrous tissue that hold bones together
Osteoma
Bone tumor
**Third degree burn
Characterized by complete destruction of the epidermis and dermis
Nervous System: Functions
Communication between body organs
Joints
Connections between bones that make movement possible
**Nails
Crescent-shaped area nearest root called lunula
**Pathogenesis: Methods of detecting cancer
Diagnostic Imaging including: Radiography (mammogram & computed tomography {CT} scan Magnetic resonance imaging {MRI} Ultrasonography
Genetic mechanisms
Down syndrome
Hair muscle
Erector pili muscle "Goosebump"
Respiratory System Function
Exchange of waste gas (carbon dioxide) for oxygen in the alveoli of the lungs
Homopoiesis
Formation of blood cells
Tinea:
Fungal infection (mycosis) of the skin; several forms occur
Organisms that are called microbes
Fungi Protzoa Bacteria Virsues
**Boils
Furuncles; staphylococcal infection in hair follicles
Risk Factors for Diseases
Genetics, age, lifestyle, stress, environment, pre-existing conditions
Hair growth
Hair papilla
** Skin Appendages
Hair, nails, microscopic sense receptors, sweat & oil glands
Skin
Heaviest organ in the body
Inflammation mediators
Hestamine, prostaglandins, kinins
**Impetigo
Highly contagious staphylococcal or streptococcal infection
Skin dermis
Innermost layer
**Second degree burn
Involve deep epidermal layers; always cause injury to upper layers of the dermis
Protozoa
Large 1-celled organisms that have organized nuclei
** Benign connective tissue tumors
Lipoma: Adipose (fat) tumor Chondroma: Cartilage Tumor
Lymphatic System: Structure
Lymphatic Vessels Lymph nodes & tonsils Thymus Spleen
Sarcomas (connective tissue cancers)
Lymphoma: Lymphatic cancer Osteosarcoma: Bone cancer Myeloma: Bone Marrow tumor Fibrosarcoma: cancer of fibrous tissue
endocrine system
Make hormones & release into the blood. Sweat glands are not apart of endocrine system
** Carcinomas (malignant epithelial tumors)
Melanoma: Involves Melanocytes Adenocarcinoma: Glandular cancer
Viruses
Microscopic: Intracellular parasites that consist of a nucleic acid core w/protein coat Invades host cells & pirate organelles & raw materials Classified by shape, nucleic acid type & method of reproduction
Epithelial membrane
Mucous (lining of mouth) Cutaenous (skin) Serous (Pleura & Pericardium in the thoracic cavity)
Which membranes are epithelial
Mucous, cutaneous, serous
**Signs & symptoms
Objective & subjective abnormalities associated w/ a disease
Pathogenic Animals: Arthropods:
Often vectors of disease >Parasitic mites, ticks, lice, fleas, biting/stinging wasps, bees, mosquitos, spiders bees, mosquitos, spiders
**First degree burn
Only surface layers of epidermis involved
Benign epithelial tumors
Papilloma: Fingerlike projection Adenoma: Glandular tumor Nevus: Small, pigmented tumor
**Vitiligo
Patchy light skin areas resulting from acquired loss of epidermal melanocytes
Prions
Pathogenic protein molecules
Idiopathic
Refers to a disease with an unknown cause
Skin Structure: Epidermis:4-5 layers
STRATUM GERMINATIVUM: Innermost (deepest) layer of cells that continually reproduce; new cells move toward the surface Sometimes called the pigment layer Pigment cells called MELANOCYTES, which produce the brown pigment melanin—skin color; tanned.
Sebaceous Glands
Secrete oil or sebum for hair & skin
Viruses can be classified based on
Size, shape, chemical composition & structure of the genome (DNA or RNA)
Cutaneous membrane
Skin
**Appendages of skin; Hair
Soft hair of fetus & newborn called lanugo Hair growth begins from hair papilla
**Arrector pili
Specialized smooth muscle that produces "goose pimples" & causes hair to stand up straight
Bacteria's are classified by
Staining properties (depend on composition of cell well) Gram-positive Gram-Negative
Pathophysiology: Mechanisms of disease
Study of underlying aspects of disease Genetic mechanisms
Cancer Tx.
Surgery Chemotherapy (chemical therapy) Radiation therapy (radiotherapy) Laser therapy Immunotherapy
Connective tissue membrane
Synovial membrane (inside of joints) Likes the space between the Bones
Which one is not an epithelial membrane?
Synovial membrane —connective
Nail bed
The lining of epithelial tissue under the fingernail
Serous membrane
The pleura in the thoracic cavity is an example
**Skin structure: Dermal-epidermal junction
Weakened or destroyed junctions can cause blisters
Neoplasms
abnormal growth of cells
** Signs
are objectives & a healthcare provider can confirm them, like fever, a redness on the skin, hbp
** Tendons
attach muscles to bones
Syndrome
collection of signs & symptoms
Cartilage
connects & cushions joined bones
The Rule of Nines is used to
determine body surface area that has been burned
Decubitus ulcers (bedsores)
develop when pressure slows down blood flow to local areas of the skin
blister
forms at the junction of the dermis & epiderms
**Causes of cancer
hyperplasia (growth of too many cells) Anaplasia (development of undifferentiated cells)
Urinary System
includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra
**Latent stage in an infectious disease is the
incubation stage
Pandemics
infectious disease that affects many worldwide
primary organs of the GI tract
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, rectum & anal
Endemic
native to a local region
** Epidemics
occur when a disease affects many people @ the same time
Malignant tumors
refer to types of tumors that spread to other parts
**Benign tumors
remain localized
What is another name for oil gland
sebaceous gland
Symptoms
subjective & only the pt. Can understand them like headache, abdominal pain
The skin tans in response to
sunlight because of the melanin in the stratum germinativum
accessory organ of GI
teeth, salivary glands, tongue, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, appendix