Exam IV

persistent; psychotic; no; episodic

**Schizophrenia: a severe and ______ mental illness involving ______ symptoms in the absence of other disorders or conditions that might explain those symptoms -There is ___ specific set of symptoms that every patient exhibits. -Symptoms are typically divided into two groups: a.)Positive symptoms: the presence/addition of abnormal behaviors b.)Negative symptoms: the absence/lack of normal behaviors *Schizophrenia is ______, with episodes evolving through three stages (ch.13)

more;strict; controversial

-1st children's psychological clinic - 1896 -Improved treatment of children in all domains during the late 1800s, including: +child labor laws +mandatory schooling +emergence of juvenile courts -DSM III and DSM III-R had ____ childhood disorders than do DSM IV and DSM V -DSM-V provided more ____ criteria for some childhood disorders, and also spread the disorders throughout the DSM (rather than having them all in one section) -Both diagnosis and treatment are more ______ when children are involved (ch.16)

symptoms; report; worsen

-_______ of anxiety & depression may look different in children & adults -Children are not good informants of internalizing symptoms; lack cognitive ability to experience, recognize, and _____ symptoms -Multiple informants must be utilized -Externalizing problems often decline with age, but internalizing problems often do not - and may _____ over time (ch.16)

remorse; physical

Anger & Aggression -intent & degree of ______ are important -Aggression may be physical or verbal, but diagnosis is often limited to ______ aggression (ch.16)

intensive; reinforcers; slow

Applied Behavior Analysis (ABA): -treating symptoms using behavior modification techniques (on small, specific goals) -requires months or years of ______ therapy with a trained behavior analyst (master's degree) -identify specific target behavior -use primary _______ (preferred foods) to increase those target behaviors (and replace other behaviors) -repeat procedures with other target behaviors -progress is ____ (especially with more severe cases), but outcomes are drastically better than for children in other types of treatment or no treatment at all (e.g., more likely to be placed in regular classes at school) -ABA therapy works well with other problem behaviors in other populations and age groups as well (e.g., intellectual disabilities; medication compliance; rehabilitation of brain-injured patients, treating ADHD, etc.) (ch. 15)

12; 50%; learning; worse

Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) -Symptoms include: attention deficit, impulsivity, and hyperactivity (see DSM-V Criteria: pg. 440) -Several symptoms must begin prior to age ___; typically noticed during the first few years of school -Approximately ___% also have symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD; next slide) -Approximately 25% also have a ______ disability (see Box on pg. 441) -Those with comorbidity have _____ prognosis (ch.16)

interaction; communication; repetitive

Autism Spectrum Disorder: ASDs : begin in early life and involve significant impairments in: -social ______ -social _______ restricted, ______ behaviors The definition of ASDs has changed - more broadly defined in DSM-V to include milder forms (e.g., Asperger's) as well as "classic autism" so that: overall prognosis and outcomes appear better than in the past prevalence rates are considerably higher for "autism" today than in the past (ch.15)

persistent; nonverbal; relationships

Autism Spectrum Disorder: DSM-V Criteria (pg. 425) -_______ deficits in social communication/interaction across multiple contexts, including: -Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity (not initiating or responding to interactions; lack of social approach or sharing of emotions) -Deficits in _______ behaviors (e.g., reduced eye contact, body language, gestures; may be complete lack of expressions/communication) -Deficits in developing, maintaining and understanding _______ (ch.15)

2; motor; routines

Autism Spectrum Disorders: -Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities, including at least __ of these: +stereotyped/repetitive ____ movements +inflexible adherence to ______ or ritualized behaviors +restricted/fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus +hyper- or hypo-reactivity to sensory input (or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment) Must be present in early life, cause significant impairment, and not be better explained by another disorder or disability (ch.15)

behavioral; Autonomic

BIOLOGICAL FACTORS: -Temperament - basic innate behavioral traits +Easy children +Difficult children +Slow-to-Warm-Up children -Behavior Genetics - study of genetic contributions to behavior -Concordance rates for ADHD: +Identical twins: 80% +Fraternal twins: 40% -Genetic contributions to criminal behavior, especially with antisocial father -Genetics chronic under-arousal of ______ Nervous System ("fight or flight" response impaired apparent lack of fear of consequences for bad behaviors) (ch.16)

adolescence; adulthood; progressive

COURSE & OUTCOME of SCHIZOPHRENIA: Typically begins in late ______ or early ______ Severe & ________, typically with poor outcome GENDER For decades, men and women were diagnosed equally; recent evidence suggests it is more common in men Men have earlier onset, more negative symptoms, and poorer treatment outcomes (ch.13)

better; normal; fewer; diagnosis

COURSE & OUTCOME of SCHIZOPHRENIA: +Today: _____ treatment outcomes more patients living relatively _____ lives and with _____ and briefer hospital stays +Best predictor of outcome/severity is severity at onset/______ (ch.13)

higher; similar; support

CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES SCHIZO: +Rates are _____ in urban than in rural areas +Slight national differences in # of new cases reported each year (range of 8 to 43 per 100,000 people) +_______ symptom patterns across cultures Outcomes do differ cross-culturally, likely due to levels of tolerance, acceptance, and ______ (ch.13)

awareness; diagnostics; 4x

Causes of increase? (1) addition of Asperger's (much milder version previously undiagnosed) (2) increased _______ (3) broader criteria for diagnosis (4) better _______ (previously misdiagnosed) Prevalence is ___x higher in males than in females Diagnosis is more common among well-educated & intelligent parents, but this is because those parents more vigorously seek diagnosis/treatment (not really more common for these families) (ch.15)

medical; substance

DSM CLASSIFICATION SCHIZOPHRENIA: +Rule out related disorders (next slide), ______ conditions, & effects of _______ (e.g., drug abuse) (ch.13)

two; one

DSM CLASSIFICATION SCHIZOPHRENIA: +____ or more of the following lasting most of the time during a ___-month period (must include #1, 2, or 3) -Delusions -Hallucinations -Disorganized speech -Grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior -Negative symptoms (e.g., blunted affect, avolition, etc.) Rule out related disorders (next slide), medical conditions, & effects of substances (e.g., drug abuse) (ch.13)

continuous; 6; impaired

DSM CLASSIFICATION SCHIZOPHRENIA: +_____ signs of disturbance for at least ___ mos. +________ functioning in one or more areas (e.g., work, relationships, self-care) (ch.13)

age; unresponsiveness; somatic

Depression -Children's & parents' reports often do not match, with parents underestimating internalizing symptoms (unless externalizing symptoms are also present) -Signs of depression differ by ___ -_________, sadness, social withdrawal in early childhood -_______ complaints and later, mention of sadness or evidence of irritability in middle childhood -Full-blown depression & suicide risk in adolescents -Childhood depression differs from adolescent depression: -Equally common in males & females -Less common overall -More likely linked to family dysfunction -Less persistent course/outcome (ch.16)

35%; 19%; 32%

EPIDEMIOLOGY: -Depression: increases during adolescence, especially for girls... ___% of girls and __% of boys experience a major depressive episode by age 19 -Anxiety disorders: almost ___% of teens meet criteria in their life time -BOTH of these are believed to be over-estimated, and most teens with these diagnoses are not rated as severe -Due to increases in teen suicide (rates tripled between 1960 and 1990), concerns about teen depression have increased - some refer to it as a new epidemic, while others argue it has always existed but was undiagnosed -Recent research has focused on cluster suicides, and on the relationship between antidepressant medications and suicide (evidence on both sides) (ch.16)

communication; course; expressed

ETIOLOGY (PSYCH. & SOCIAL FACTORS OF SCHIZO.) +FAMILY INTERACTIONS: higher rates among families with poor ________ & higher stress levels -Direction of causality? +Having a relative with severe mental illness influences family interactions, communication, and stress levels +Research suggests these do not CAUSE a person to develop schizophrenia, but the family environment does IMPACT the _____ of schizophrenia +High levels of _______ emotion (hostility & criticism) by family members linked to relapse... and also to other mental disorders! +In some cultures, family warmth is a protective factor that reduces relapse rates +Summary: a cycle of negative patient behaviors and negative attitudes in family members and negative interactions is likely (ch.13)

lower; higher; stress

ETIOLOGY (PSYCH. & SOCIAL FACTORS OF SCHIZO.) +SOCIAL CLASS: significantly higher rates among ____ social classes (70 years of research) Direction of causality? Social Causation hypothesis... Social Selection hypothesis... +MIGRANT GROUPS: significantly ______ rates, especially those migrating from developing countries and those of African descent These individuals typically settle in urban areas, with higher levels of disadvantage & _____ (ch.13)

trigger; predisposition

ETIOLOGY (PSYCH. & SOCIAL FACTORS OF SCHIZO.) STRESS: a known _____ of psychotic symptoms, both initial onset AND relapse "Diathesis-Stress Model": Schizophrenia emerges because of genetic _______ + stress/trauma (ch.13)

ruled out; 25%; responsible

ETIOLOGY FOR AUTISM: BIOLOGICAL FACTORS -Various intellectual disabilities (fragile-x syndrome, Rett's disorder) and other genetic causes -Vaccines have been completely ____ ___ as a possible cause, despite a lot of excitement in the general population (due to a single reported study years ago that was later discounted) -Genetics accounts for approx ___% of all cases -Concordance rates: 60% for identical twins; 0% for fraternal twins -Question: Why is it 0% for fraternal twins, who share 50% of their DNA? -Spontaneous gene mutation may be _____ (chromosome 16) (ch.15)

brain tissue; activity

ETIOLOGY(BIOLOGICAL FACTORS) SCHIZOPHRENIA: Neuropathology +Several brain areas are involved +Decrease in total volume of ____ _____ +Enlarged lateral ventricles (CSF filled cavities) Decreased size of the: -hippocampus -amygdala -thalamus +dysfunction in the prefrontal cortex and several regions in the temporal lobes +decreased ______ in the frontal lobes +more severe neurological dysfunctions were associated with more severe symptoms (ch.13)

cerebellum; limbic system; endorphins

ETIOLOGY: BIOLOGICAL FACTORS (continued...) -Rapid early brain development larger brains initially, followed by arrested growth (and smaller brains at later ages) -Previous focus on left hemisphere (language centers) not supported by research -Current focus on:- -________ (sensorimotor input integrated) -______ ______/amygdala (emotion regulation) -Frontal lobe (executive functioning) -Mirror neurons (responsible for imitation, understanding others' intentions, empathy, and language learning - all symptoms of ASD) -_______ & neuropeptides - unusually high levels of these may be work like opiates (e.g., heroin) to produce lack of social interest/relationships and lack of attachment (animal research) (ch.15)

vulnerability

ETIOLOGY: EARLY MARKERS OF SCHIZO.: Potential Early Markers ("_______ markers") +Working Memory Impairment: common among schizophrenic patients, first-degree relatives of schizophrenic persons, and children who were later diagnosed with schizophrenia +Eye Tracking Desensitization: deficiencies observed in "smooth pursuit eye movements" of schizophrenic patients and their first-degree relatives, as well as people with Schizotypal Personality Disorder Current research: Can we assess children with a genetic predisposition to identify those with a higher risk of developing schizophrenia in their later years and initiate interventions? (ch.13)

9.5%

Epidemiology -19.1% of adolescents in the U.S. will have an externalizing disorder -____ of children are diagnosed with ADHD at some point in their lives (up from 5% in the 1990s); significantly higher than in Europe (1-2% diagnosed, despite similar frequencies of disruptive behaviors) -diagnosis is more common among children of affluent parents -rates of diagnosis decline with age -more common among males than females, especially for life-course-persistent antisocial behaviors (ch.16)

men; earlier; outcomes

GENDER REGARDING SCHIZOPHRENIA: +For decades, men and women were diagnosed equally; recent evidence suggests it is more common in ____ +Men have ______ onset, more negative symptoms, and poorer treatment _______ (ch.13)

support; social; practical

Intellectual Disabilities: DSM 5: Does the person require ______? -Conceptual skills (communication, self-direction, health & safety) -_____ skills (appropriate behavior in social situations) -_____ skills (self-care, home living, work) Onset of deficits during the developmental period (prior to age 18) (ch.15)

1; poverty; males; females

Intellectual Disabilities: DSM-V still assigns a level of severity - See Table 15.2, p. 411 -Mild -Moderate -Severe -Profound EPIDEMIOLOGY: -Approximately __% of the population -More common among those living in _____, and in some ethnic groups -Cases with a known organic (biological) cause (e.g., Down Syndrome), there are no social/cultural differences in prevalence rates -More common in _____than _____ (as are all childhood developmental disorders, behavior disorders, and disabilities) (ch.15)

adaptive functioning

Intellectual Disabilities: Deficits in _____ _____ resulting from failure to meet developmental and sociocultural standards for independence; in one or more areas of daily life (e.g., communication, living independently) across multiple domains of life (e.g., home, work, school, community) (ch.15)

50%; biological; 75%

Intellectual Disabilities: ETIOLOGY About __% are caused by known _____ abnormalities, such as: -Chromosomal disorders (e.g., Down syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome) -Genetic disorders (e.g., fragile-X syndrome** - most common known genetic cause!; PKU) -Infectious diseases (contracted during pregnancy, at birth, in infancy or early childhood; e.g., rubella, HIV/AIDS, syphilis, encephalitis, meningitis) -Toxins (e.g., fetal alcohol syndrome; mercury and lead poisoning) -Rh incompatibility -Premature birth -Anoxia - oxygen deprivation during pregnancy or delivery -Normal genetic variation "cultural-familial retardation" -Up to __% of intelligence is attributable to genetics, but expression of one's genes is influenced by environmental factors (ch.15)

abnormal; stimulation; responsiveness;

Intellectual Disabilities: ETIOLOGY Psychological/Social Factors: -Grossly ______ environments in early childhood (e.g., severe abuse, deprivation -Lack of _____ -Lack of ______ (e.g., encouragement) -Poverty Children reared in very difficult environments do exhibit gains in IQ scores when moved into better environments (e.g., adopted by nurturing parents after months or years of deprivation) (ch.15)

70; 2.3%

Intellectual Disabilities: Individualized, standardized IQ test (scores below __) - 2 standard deviations below the mean; approx. ____% of the population (ch.15)

normal

Normalization: making life as _____ as possible (e.g., mainstreaming in schools - "least restrictive environment" (EAHC Act, 1975); workforce training & placement; deinstitutionalization - began in the 1960s (ch.15)

repetitive; precursor; 15

Oppositional Defiant Disorder -See Box, pg. 442 Symptoms include +anger & aggression +negativity +defiance to authority figures -Conduct Disorder See Box, pg. 443 -Symptoms include the above, along with a persistent, ______ pattern of illegal & antisocial behaviors -may be a ______ to Antisocial Personality Disorder; symptoms must be present by age __ legal classification: juvenile delinquency (ch.16)

coping skills; social adjustment

PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT (long-term care) -Family-Oriented After Care (after hospitalization) +educating family members + improving ____ ____ & communication +eliminating unrealistic expectations +reduces relapse if continued on on-going basis - Social Skills Training +modeling, role-playing, reinforcement of positive behaviors +may not reduce relapse but does improve _____ _____ (ch.13)

400%; 300%

Prevalence: "Classic autism" was considered very rare in the past (4 or 5 out of every 10,000 children) CDC now estimates: 200 out of every 10,000 children (2013), with a ____% increase between 1998 and 2007 and another ___% increase by 2012 (ch.15)

25.9%; 37.1%; declined

Rule Violations -____% of arrests for violent crimes and ____% of property offenses in 2011 were under age 21 -The rate of violent crime among juveniles has actually ______ -Greater concern: early onset, frequent, intense, long-lasting & pervasive (ch.16)

1%; 20; 71%

SCHIZOPHRENIA: +Lifetime risk: __% ECA Study: +average age of onset: ___ +__% experienced symptoms prior to age 25 for those who recover, average duration: 15 years (ch.13)

delusions

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZO: _______: beliefs rigidly held despite contradictory evidence preoccupied with delusional beliefs can't understand why others do not share their beliefs & will strongly defend them common examples: thought insertion/reading, persecution, grandiosity (ch.13)

hallucinations

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZO: ____________: perceptual experiences in the absence of sensory stimuli may occur in all five senses most common: hearing voices, which may comment on person's behaviors or give instructions (ch.13)

first; coping mechanism; avolition

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: -AFFECTIVE/EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES- SOCIAL WITHDRAWAL-- +Often the ____ symptom of this disorder +May be a symptom as well as a ______ ____ (for those who realize they are abnormal) +_________:indecisiveness; lack of motivation or will-power (ch.13)

inappropriate affect

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: -AFFECTIVE/EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES- emotions do not match the situation (ch.13)

blunted/flat affect

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: -AFFECTIVE/EMOTIONAL DISTURBANCES- showing no emotion (ch.13)

loose associations

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: abruptly shifting topics (ch.13)

anhedonia

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: inability to experience pleasure or fun (ch.13)

tangential speech

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: irrelevant responses (ch.13)

alogia

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: lack of speech (ch.13)

word salad

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: mixed up words, out of sequence (ch.13)

perseveration

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: repeating some words and phrases (ch.13)

disorganized speech; catatonic; excited

SIGNS & SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA: speech that doesn't make sense to others MOTOR DISTURBANCES: immobile & rigid (e.g., _________) hyperactive and overly ______ (ch.13)

reduce

Secondary prevention: early intervention to _____ cultural-family retardation (e.g., "Head Start") (ch.15)

4; consistently; environmental

Separation Anxiety: excessive separation fears that persist longer than ___ weeks and interfere with daily functioning; child may: -Worry ______ about parents' safety -Worry about getting lost or kidnapped -Have nightmares about separation/loss -Refuse to be alone -School Refusal (or School Phobia): extreme reluctance to go to school, accompanied by numerous anxiety symptoms (e.g., physical symptoms) -May be traced to Separation Anxiety -May be related to _____ factors (e.g., bullying) (ch.16)

reduce risk factors

TREATMENT of Intellectual Disabilities: Intellectual disabilities are permanent - not curable; treatment options focus instead on: Primary prevention: ____ ____ ____ (e.g., pregnancy/birth complications) (ch.15)

ineffective; 20; no; ABA

TREATMENT: -Many treatments have been reported and later shown (by scientific research) to be _____ (e.g., "facilitated communication") -Some reported treatments are dangerous (e.g., chelation therapy, anti-inflammatory medications) -Treatment outcome research shows better outcomes today than in the past, likely due to inclusion of higher-functioning individuals (e.g., Asperger's) -Approximately ___% achieve "good" outcomes -Early intervention, level of impairment at onset/diagnosis, language skill sat age 5 or 6, and treatment (or lack thereof) significantly affect outcomes -____ medications have been effective; symptom management is the only regular usage (e.g., antipsychotics or SSRIs) but not supported by research -The ONLY proven method for treating ASDs is ____... (ch.15)

quality of life; adaptive

Tertiary prevention: early intervention to improve ___ __ ___ & _____ behaviors (e.g., social skills training, teaching basic self-care, medical care & treatment of comorbid conditions) (ch.15)

13; 46; 48; 17; biological

The lifetime prevalence rate of Schizophrenia in the general population is about __1_%. This rate increases to __% when one biological parent is affected, __% when both biological parents are affected, and ___% when an identical twin is affected, compared to ___% when a fraternal twin is affected. These percentages suggests the etiology of schizophrenia includes a large _______ component (ch.13)

persist; effective; needed

Treatment (Internalizing Disorders): -Tend to ____ over time; may worsen -Antidepressant medications less _____ for children; potentially risky for those <18 without supervision by a mental health professional -OCD in children responds well to medication -Cognitive-behavioral therapy shows the most promise -Family therapy is typically ____ -More research is needed! (ch.16)

neuroleptic; 50%; 25%

Treatment for Schizo: +_________ Medications ("typical antipsychotics") usage began in the 1950s with phenothiazines (e.g., Thorazine; Haldol) +calmed the patients and sometimes allowed them to leave the institutions when psychotic symptoms subsided +about __% significantly improved within 4-6 weeks; ___% showed NO improvement +motor side effects - some severe and permanent: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) Extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) +medication management: patients had higher relapse rates if they discontinued medications (70%, vs. 40% with meds) (ch.13)

compliance; 30%

Treatment for Schizo: 2nd Generation (atypical) Antipsychotics appeared in the early 1990s - fewer motor side effects higher med _____ other side effects are more common (e.g., weight gain) -chemicals involve both dopamine & serotonin -__% of those who did not improve on older drugs did improve on these -higher cost; many now available in generic versions (examples: Risperdal, Zyprexa, Seroquel) See Table 13.2 (p.373) for drug comparisons (ch.13)

assertive community treatment

Treatment of Schizophrenia: -Most effective treatment approach- interdisciplinary approach: education, skills/training, rehab, med mgmt. regular visits throughout the week & during crisis periods Goal: minimize need for hospitalization (thus decreasing costs) (but clinics are expensive to set up initially) Reduces # of days in hospital and improves overall functioning 18% hospitalized within first year (compared to 89% of control group!!) (ch.13)

residual stage

_______ Stage: symptoms return to prodromal levels, with continuation of mild impairment and negative symptoms (similar to partial remission) (ch.13)

social

________ FACTORS: -Low income (poverty) -Overcrowding at home -Maternal depression -Paternal antisocial behavior -Parental conflict (extreme) -Insecure attachments to caregivers -Early separation & loss (weak link) -Authoritarian parenting internalizing disorders -Permissive parenting externalizing disorders -Neglectful parenting most severe problems -Inconsistent parenting (between/within parents) -Negative peer influences -Violent neighborhoods/communities/homes -Unsupervised or unlimited exposure to TV/Media (ch.16)

active stage

________ Stage: episode involving active psychotic symptoms (ch.13)

elimination

________ disorders: Encopresis: inappropriately controlled defecation Enuresis: inappropriately controlled urination (ch.16)

prodromal stage

_________ Stage: obvious deterioration in functioning with strange behaviors but not psychotic (ch.13)

psychological

__________ FACTORS: Reinforcement of early negative behaviors (e.g., tantrums and whining) Poor self-control Low self-esteem Inability to delay gratification Immature moral development Overinterpreting others' aggressive intentions Emotional dysregulation Social learning theory parental modeling Depressed/impaired mothers child may assume adult responsibilities and experience depression/anxiety regarding failures (guilt) in parenting role (ch.16)

learning disorders

achievement scores are significantly lower than IQ scores (performance is well below child's potential) (e.g., reading disability) (ch.16)

developmental norms

behavior that is typical for children of a given age; deviation from this is what concerns psychologists (ch.16)

attention deficits

distractible, unable to stay on-task (lack of sustained attention), careless mistakes, poor organization, "spacing out" (unintentional) (ch.16)

selective mutism

failure to speak in certain social situations despite unrestricted speech in other settings (ch.16)

hyperactivity

inability to be still - squirming, fidgeting, restlessness - that occurs in all situations but is more noticeable in a structured setting (unintentional) (ch.16)

disinhibited social engagement disorder

indiscriminant toward caregivers (equally willing to go with strangers) (ch.16)

delusional disorder

preoccupation with non-bizarre delusions for at least 1 month; no other psychotic symptoms (ch.13)

internalizing disorders

problem behaviors are directed inward (e.g., anxiety, depression) (ch.16)

externalizing disorders

problem behaviors are directed outward (e.g., aggression; impulsivity) (ch.16)

mood disorder with psychotic features

psychotic symptoms occur ONLY in the context of a depressive or manic episode (ch.13)

substance-induced psychosis

psychotic symptoms occur ONLY while under the influence of a psychoactive substance (e.g., "amphetamine psychosis") (ch.13)

tic disorders

repeated motor or verbal tics (rare - 4 to 5 out of every 10,000 people) (ch.16)

schizophreniform disorder

similar to Schizophrenia but symptoms last >1 month but < 6 months (ch.13)

brief psychotic disorder

symptoms last >1 day but <1 month (ch.13)

schizoaffective disorder

symptoms overlap with a mood disorder (depression/mania episode), but also still occur when mood is normal (ch.13)

impulsivity

tendency to act before thinking (unintentional) (ch.16)

negative symptoms

the absence/lack of normal behaviors (ch.13)

positive symptoms

the presence/addition of abnormal behaviors (ch.13)

developmental psychopathology

the study of abnormal behavior within the context of normal development (ch.16)

reactive attachment disorder

withdrawn behavior around adult caregivers (ch.16)