Exam Review 2: Muscular and Nervous systems

The cerebrum is divided into _____ hemispheres. The four lobes of the brain are:

-2 -frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe

Describe the ventricles.

-Brain ventricles are cavities within the brain that produce and store cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) -2 lateral ventricles, the third ventricle in the diencephalon, and the fourth ventricle in the hindbrain

A nerve cell is known as ____________________ and is made up of a single ___________ on one end and many ____________________ on the other. It is covered with a _________________________. The space between two nerve cells is known as a _____________________.

-Neuron -Axon -Dendrites -Myelin sheath -Synapse

What 3 functions do neurons have? Describe each.

-Receive signals (or information). -Integrate incoming signals (to determine whether or not the information should be passed along). -Communicate signals to target cells (other neurons or muscles or glands).

What is the outer covering of the brain? What are the different layers?

-dura mater -pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater

How are there 31 pairs of spinal nerves (where is the extra one)?

-eight cervical nerve pairs (C1-C8), twelve thoracic nerve pairs (T1-T12), five lumbar nerve pairs (L1-L5), 5 sacral (S1-S5), and a single coccygeal nerve pair. -One member of the pair exits on the right side and the other exits on the left

Muscles comprise nearly ___________ of our weight

30% to 40%

Define the following terms a. Atrophy b. Hypertrophy

Atrophy- a body tissue or muscle that declines over time after lack of use, waste away Hypertrophy- the enlargement of an organ or tissue from the increase in size of its cells

Approximately how many muscles are in the human body? Why is it approximated?

600 muscles. There are several different muscle types.

What is muscle fatigue? What causes it? Is it dangerous?

A symptom that makes it harder to move as normal. Exercise is a common cause of muscle fatigue. Can be dangerous if left untreated.

What are the structures in the diencephalon responsible for?

Acts as a primary relay and processing center for sensory information and autonomic control.

What are the different types of connective tissues? Describe each.

Adipose- stores nutrients Dense- attaches muscle to bone Elastic- allows tissues to stretch and shrink

Describe the cause, signs/symptoms, treatment, and prognosis for each of the following a. Alzheimer's Disease b. Cerebral Palsy c. Epilepsy d. Hydrocephalus e. Meningitis f. Multiple Sclerosis g. Neuritis h. Paralysis (discuss the different types as well) i. Parkinson's Disease j. Poliomyelitisk. Spinal Cord injury l. West Nile Virus

Alzheimer's Disease- Causes: abnormal build-up of proteins in and around brain cells Symptoms: Memory loss and confusion are the main symptoms. Treatment: medications and management strategies Synopsis: Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurologic disorder that causes the brain to shrink (atrophy) and brain cells to die Cerebral Palsy- Causes: a problem that affects the development of a baby's brain while it's growing in the womb Symptoms: exaggerated reflexes, floppy or rigid limbs, and involuntary motions, difficulty walking, difficulty with bodily movements, muscle rigidity, permanent shortening of muscle, problems with coordination Treatment: physical and other therapies, drugs, and sometimes surgery Synopsis: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that cause problems with movement, balance, and posture Epilepsy- Causes: a result of a genetic disorder or an acquired brain injury, such as a trauma or stroke. Symptoms: abnormal behavior, symptoms, and sensations, sometimes including loss of consciousness Treatment: medications and in some cases by surgery, devices, or dietary changes Synopsis: Epilepsy is a brain disorder that causes people to have recurring seizures. Hydrocephalus- Causes: bleeding inside the brain, blood clots in the brain, brain tumours, head injury, etc Symptoms: head enlargement in infants. Adults and older children experience headache, impaired vision, cognitive difficulties, loss of coordination, and incontinence, Nausea and vomiting, Sleepiness or sluggishness (lethargy), Irritability, Poor eating, Seizures, Eyes fixed downward (sunsetting of the eyes), Problems with muscle tone and strength Treatment: surgical insertion of a drainage system, called a shunt Synopsis: Hydrocephalus is the buildup of fluid in the cavities (ventricles) deep within the brain Meningitis- Causes: A bacterial or viral infection of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord, injuries, cancer, certain drugs, and other types of infections Symptoms: Fever, Severe headache that doesn't go away, Confusion, Vomiting, Stiff neck Treatment: may get better on its own, or it can be life-threatening, requiring urgent antibiotic treatment Synopsis: Meningitis is an inflammation (swelling) of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord Multiple Sclerosis- Causes: immune system eats away at the protective covering of nerves Symptoms: fatigue, vision problems, numbness and tingling, muscle spasms, stiffness and weakness, mobility problems, pain, problems with thinking, learning and planning, depression and anxiety Treatment: Physical therapy and medications Synopsis: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a condition that can affect the brain and spinal cord, causing a wide range of potential symptoms, including problems with vision, arm or leg movement, sensation or balance. It's a lifelong condition that can sometimes cause serious disability, although it can occasionally be mild Neuritish. Paralysis (discuss the different types as well)Causes: diabetes, but it can also result from injuries, infections, and exposure to toxins Symptoms: pain, a pins-and-needles sensation, numbness, and weakness Treatment: painkillers, anti-seizure and antidepressant drugs, and topical treatments Synopsis: Acute brachial neuritis, also called Parsonage-Turner syndrome, is a painful neuromuscular disorder that affects the shoulder with marked weakness and pain, and which probably is the result of a viral neuritis Parkinson's Disease- Causes: a combination of genetic and environmental factors, such as exposure to toxins Symptoms: Tremor, Slowed Movement, Rigid muscles, Impaired posture and balance, Loss of automatic movements, Speech changes, Writing changes Treatment: medication called levodopa Synopsis: Parkinson's disease is a brain disorder that causes unintended or uncontrollable movements, such as shaking, stiffness, and difficulty with balance and coordination. Symptoms usually begin gradually and worsen over time. As the disease progresses, people may have difficulty walking and talking Poliomyelitis- Causes: transmitted through direct contact with someone infected with the virus or, less commonly, through contaminated food and water Symptoms: Progressive muscle or joint weakness and pain, Fatigue, Muscle wasting (atrophy), Breathing or swallowing problems, Sleep-related breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea, Decreased tolerance of cold temperatures Treatment: physical therapy, bed rest, pain relievers, and portable ventilators Synopsis: Initial symptoms are fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness of the neck and pain in the limbs. One in 200 infections leads to irreversible paralysis (usually in the legs). Among those paralysed, 5-10% die when their breathing muscles become immobilized. Polio mainly affects children under 5 years of age Spinal Cord injury- Causes: Car accidents, falls, acts of violence, diseases, sport injuries Symptoms: Extreme back pain or pressure in your neck, head or back, Weakness, incoordination or paralysis in any part of your body, Numbness, tingling or loss of sensation in your hands, fingers, feet or toes, Loss of bladder or bowel control, Difficulty with balance and walking Treatment: Rehabilitation and assistive devices and medication Synopsis: A spinal cord injury (SCI) is damage to the tight bundle of cells and nerves that sends and receives signals from the brain to and from the rest of the body West Nile Virus- Causes: spread by the bite of a mosquito infected with the virus Symptoms: headache, body aches, joint pains, vomiting, diarrhea, or rash Treatment: Medication, rest, rehydration Synopsis: West Nile virus (WNV) is an infectious disease that first appeared in the United States in 1999. Infected mosquitoes spread the virus that causes it. People who get WNV usually have no symptoms or mild symptoms. The symptoms include a fever, headache, body aches, skin rash, and swollen lymph glands.

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic exercise? Give an example of each.

Anaerobic means 'without air' and refers to the body producing energy without oxygen Example: jumping, sprinting, or heavy weight lifting Aerobic means 'with air' and refers to the body producing energy with the use of oxygen Example: swimming laps, running, or cycling

The central nervous system is made up of what two structures?

Brain and Spinal cord

List and describe the different types of muscle tissues

Connective tissue- supports and protects organs and other tissues Epithelial tissue- covers surfaces of body, like organs and skin Nervous tissue- tissue of nervous system, regulates functions of body Cardiac tissue- keeps heart pumping

The peripheral nervous system is comprised of what structures?

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves and their roots and branches, peripheral nerves, and neuromuscular junctions.

Identify the cause, signs/symptoms, treatment, and prognosis of the following conditions a. Fibromyalgia b. Hernia c. Muscle Spasm d. Muscular Dystrophy e. Myasthenia Gravis f. Strain g. Tendonitis h. Tetanus

Fibromyalgia- Causes: an event that causes physical stress or emotional stress Symptoms: pain, stiffness, tiredness, depression, sleep problems, etc. Treatment: Medications, talk therapy, and stress reduction Hernia- Causes: Picking up heavy objects, Overusing the same muscle, Straining during coughing, sneezing, diarrhea, or constipation, Being overweight or having poor nutrition, Using tobacco Symptoms: A bulge in the area on either side of your pubic bone Treatment: Surgery Muscle Spasm- Cause a sudden, involuntary contraction of a muscle, a group of muscles, or a hollow organ, or a similarly sudden contraction of an orifice Muscular Dystrophy- Causes: changes (mutations) in the genes responsible for the structure and functioning of a person's muscles Symptoms: Frequent falls, Difficulty rising from a lying or sitting position, Trouble running and jumping, Waddling gait, Walking on the toes, Large calf muscles, Muscle pain and stiffness, Learning disabilities Treatment: Medications, therapy, breathing aids, or surgery Myasthenia Gravis- Causes: an error in the transmission of nerve impulses to muscles Symptoms: weakness in eye muscles, problems with vision and talking and breathing, etc. Treatment: Medications, therapy, and surgery and oxygen through a face mask Synopsis: a chronic autoimmune, neuromuscular disease that causes weakness in the skeletal muscles that worsens after periods of activity and improves after periods of rest Strain-Causes: an accident, overusing a muscle, or using a muscle in the wrong way.Symptoms: Pain or tenderness, Redness or bruising, Limited motion, Muscle spasms, Swelling, Muscle weakness.Treatment: rest, pain relievers, ice, or splintingSynopsis: an injury to a muscle or a tendon — the fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones. Tendonitis- Causes: sudden, sharp movements or repetitive exercise, such as running, jumping or throwing. Symptoms: pain in a tendon that gets worse when you move. Treatment: rest, pain relievers, and physical therapy.Synopsis: a condition where the connective tissues between your muscles and bones (tendons) become inflamed- Tetanus- Causes: a bacterium called Clostridium tetani Symptoms: painful muscle contractions, particularly in the jaw and neck. It can interfere with the ability to breathe, eventually causing death Treatment: antibiotics and supportive care

List the muscles located in the following areas a. Head (8) b. Neck (2) c. Torso (8) d. Arm/Hand (6) e. Hip/Leg (15)

Head (8)- Occipitofrontalis, Temporalis, Buccinator, Masseter., Mentalis, Orbicularis Oris, Zygomaticus Neck (2)- Platysma and Sternocleidomastoidc Torso (8)- abdominals, pectorals, erector spinae, serratus anterior and posterior, intercostals, latissimus dorsi, rhomboids Arm/Hand (6)- Hypothenar, Thenar, Lumbricals, Adductor Pollicis, Abductor pollicis longus, Biceps, Brachialis Hip/Leg (15)- adductors, hamstrings, pectineus, quadriceps and sartorius, gluteus minimus, gluteus maximus, gluteus medius

What is the cerebellum responsible for?

It helps coordinate and regulate a wide range of functions and processes in both your brain and body.

What are the functions of the spinal cord?

Motor Functions - directs your body's voluntary muscle movements Sensory Functions - monitors sensation of touch, pressure, temperature and pain Autonomic Functions - regulates digestion, urination, body temperature, heart rate, and dilation/contraction of blood vessels (blood pressure).

List and describe the functions of muscles. a. b. c.

Movement- contract and relax to move Heat Regulation- Skeletal muscles contribute to maintaining temperature homeostasis in the body by generating heat Posture: Postural muscles help stabilize the core

What are the structures of a muscle going from largest to smallest Muscle -> ________________ -> _________________-> __________________

Muscle -> endomysium -> fascicles -> epimysium

Myofibrils are made up of what two structures?

Myosin and Actin

What are the 12 cranial nerves?

Olfactory nerve, optic nerve, oculomotor nerve, trochlear nerve, trigeminal nerve, abducens nerve, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve, accessory nerve, and hypoglossal nerve

What are the different things skeletal muscles can be named for?

Shape, size, location, and action

What structures make up the limbic system?

The amygdala, hippocampus, thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, and cingulate gyrus.

What are the branches of the nervous system?

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The peripheral nervous system is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body.

What structures make up the diencephalon?

The epithalamus, thalamus, subthalamus, and hypothalamus.

What are each of the 4 lobes of the cerebrum responsible for?

The frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe.

The brain stem is comprised of what 3 structures?

The midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata.

Explain the difference between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

While your sympathetic nervous system controls your body's "fight or flight" response, your parasympathetic nervous system helps to control your body's response during times of rest.

The somatic nervous system is responsible for what?

Voluntary control of the body movements via the use of skeletal muscles

List and describe the 4 characteristics of muscles

excitability-the ability to respond to certain stimuli by producing action potentials or impulses of electrical signal contractility- the ability of a muscle to shorten or thicken extensibility- the ability to be extended or stretched elasticity- the ability of an object to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed