Exam Unit III
What was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
All men must be given the right to vote.
Why did Klemens von Metternich, as Austrian foreign minister, have to oppose the spread of nationalism in Europe?
Austria was a multiethnic empire, and the spread of nationalism among its different ethnic groups threatened to dissolve the empire.
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
Who were the Luddites?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
How did Louis Napoleon believe that the people should be represented in government?
By a strong national leader whose reforms would aid all the people
How did the electric streetcar affect the urban environment?
Cities could expand as even people of modest means could travel quickly and cheaply to new, improved, and less congested housing.
How did the culture of sports change in the late nineteenth century?
Cruel sports such as cockfighting declined, while commercialized spectator sports became popular.
What was the breakthrough implication of Louis Pasteur's work?
Diseases were caused by specific living organisms that could be controlled
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
Family members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
In the 1890s, how did Sergei Witte seek to transform Russia?
He believed that Russia's industrial backwardness was threatening its power and greatness and implemented industrial policies to catch up with the West.
What was an effect of the Factory Act of 1833?
It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories
Who invented the spinning jenny?
James Hargreaves
What was the major breakthrough in energy and power supplies that catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s
How did the nature of marriage change by the late nineteenth century?
Married couples increasingly developed stronger emotional ties and based marriage decisions on sentiment and sexual attraction.
What was Georges Haussmann's contribution to nineteenth-century life?
Rebuilding Paris
What event directly prompted the Great Reforms in Russia, including the emancipation of the serfs?
Russian defeat in the Crimean War of 1853-1856
What was the Second Industrial Revolution?
The burst of industrial creativity and technological innovation that promoted strong economic growth toward the end of the nineteenth century
What caused the revolutionary reduction in the size of European families?
The family's desire to improve its economic and social position
Who was Theodore Herzl?
The founder of the Zionist Jewish national movement
Why did illegitimacy rates decline after 1850?
The higher incidence of marriage for expectant mothers
What was the political goal of creating free, compulsory elementary education in late-nineteenth-century France?
To act as a nation-building tool in which all children would be taught secular, republican values
What did the Mines Act of 1842 prohibit?
Underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
Wood had been over-harvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
What was the long-established customs union among the German states?
Zollverein
The romantic movement was characterized by
a belief in emotional exuberance and unrestrained imagination.
Composers in the romantic movement
abandoned well-defined structures and used a wide range of forms to evoke powerful emotions.
In the nineteenth century, Edwin Chadwick gained fame as
an advocate of improved public sanitation.
Karl Marx argued that socialism would be established
by violent revolution.
In nineteenth-century Italy, Giuseppe Garibaldi was a
hardline socialist.
After the Franco-Prussian War, Prussia
imposed a harsh peace on France.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 commemorated the
industrial dominance of Britain.
One of the most important scientific and technological developments in the nineteenth century saw a form of commercial energy useful in communications and manufacturing developed from
oil
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that
population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.
The allied powers at the Congress of Vienna were determined to
punish France for its role in the recent wars.
According to the doctrine of laissez faire, the government should intervene in
the economy as little as possible.
Utilitarianism was Jeremy Bentham's idea that social policies should promote
the greatest good for the greatest number.
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that
the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level.
At the Congress of Vienna, the victorious allies
were guided by the principle of the balance of power.