Exam1 Bio153 Mastering Biology

understanding types of symbiosis: - mutualism - both species benefit - rumen bacteria and cows

+/+

understanding types of symbiosis: - parasitism - one species benefits by harming another - hookworms and humans

+/-

understanding types of symbiosis: - commensalism - one species benefits; the other is unaffected - epiphytic orchids and trees

+/0

the competition between the species for roosting areas is an example of a _____ interaction

-/-

A population is growing exponentially and its instantaneous growth rate (r) is 0.02. Would the number of individuals added to the population (rN) be greatest at a population size (N) of 20, 500 or 1000? a. 1000 b. 500 c. All the populations would have the same number of individuals added to them since r is constant. d. 20

a

Bed bugs probably evolved from bat bugs. Which statement best describes how this likely happened? a. There were two populations of bat bugs, one feeding on humans, and one on bats. Reproductive isolation, mutation, and natural selection led to speciation. b. Bugs who fed on humans lost the ability to fly, and could therefore no longer feed on bats. c. Differences between human blood and bat blood forced individual bugs to adapt and grow larger mouthparts. d. Larger bugs must feed on blood more often, and are therefore more likely to need to feed at night when bats are not around. These larger bugs evolved into bed bugs.

a

How do humans combat infection by the Plasmodium parasite? a. Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected liver cells by recognizing a Plasmodium protein bound to an HLA protein on the surface of those cells. b. Liver cells secrete the HLA-B53 protein, which binds to and inactivates Plasmodium cells in the bloodstream. c. Plasmodium cells bind to liver cells that have the CP26 protein on their cell surface and form a complex that is targeted by cytotoxic T cells. d. Cytotoxic T cells secrete anticoagulant to kill infected red blood cells.

a

Oyster populations are primarily, if not exclusively, composed of _____. a. adults b. larvae c. juveniles d. prereproductive oysters e. larval and juvenile oysters

a

The video describes a coevolutionary arms race between the Plasmodium parasite and its human hosts. True or false? One example of a coevolutionary arms race is when faster deer evolve and favor wolves and cougars that have stronger eyesight and senses of smell. a. true b. false

a

True or false? Factors that determine the per capita rate of increase of a population include the age of breeding and the number of offspring produced each year. a. true b. false

a

Which of the following can be said about light in aquatic environments? a. Water selectively reflects and absorbs certain wavelengths of light. b. Photosynthetic organisms that live in deep water probably use red light. c. Longer wavelengths penetrate to greater depths. d. Light penetration seldom limits the distribution of photosynthetic species. e. Most photosynthetic organisms avoid the surface where the light is too intense

a

Which of the following statements about the Plasmodium parasite is true? a. Merozoites live off the hemoglobin and nutrients in red blood cells and divide to produce more merozoites, destroying red blood cells in the process. b. The diploid zygote moves from the infected human to the mosquito as part of the mosquito's blood meal. c. The diploid zygote undergoes meiosis and mitosis to produce haploid merozoites. d. Plasmodium cells in the mosquito's saliva target red blood cells in a human and produce offspring that infect liver cells

a

Which of these is characteristic of the photic zone of a freshwater biome? a. the presence of algae b. relatively cool water c. relatively stable water temperature d. dead organic matter e. low oxygen level Submit

a

Which one of these is a nitrate? a. NO3 - b. NO2 - c. NH4 - d. SH e. NH2

a

Why does the age structure of human populations differ in developed versus developing nations? a. This is because in developing countries, survivorship and the fertility rate have been increasing. b. It does not differ since they are the same species. c. This is because in developing countries, the fertility rate has been decreasing. d. This is because in developed countries, the fertility rate and survivorship have been increasing.

a

Why doesn't Dr. Logan feel the bed bug feeding on him? a. The bed bug injects an anesthetic as it feeds. b. The bed bug is tiny and weighs very little c. .The bed bug has very soft feet and mouthparts d. The bed bug doesn't actually bite but feeds by osmosis.

a

male peacocks have large tails with several colors due to: a. intersexual selection b. natural selection c. intrasexual selection d. artificial selection

a

what is DDT? a. an insecticide b. a radioactive chemical c. a conservation agency d. an herbicide

a

what is the number one cause of species decline? a. habitat loss b. disease c. contaminants d. invasive species

a

which of the following animals is extinct from the state which bears its resemblance on the state flag? a. grizzly bear b. polar bear c. brown bear d. black bear

a

which of the following is NOT a reason to protect amphibians? a. they taste great with butter b. they play a key role in ecosystems c. many contain toxins in their skin d. they become hermaphrodites at low exposure to Atrazine

a

which of the following is an ultimate explanation for behavior? a. being a larger males allows for the protection of young b. male bulls trike at anything red in color c. long tailfins in male swordfish are more attractive males d. a goose will instinctually pull an egg back to her nest

a

Aquatic biomes can be distinguished by chemical characteristics such as dissolved oxygen content and salinity and by physical characteristics such as water flow. Which five of the following statements about aquatic biomes are true? a. Tropical coral reefs generally exist in relatively shallow areas of the ocean. b. All wetlands have soils that dry out periodically. c. Estuaries are very productive and are used as breeding grounds by many species of fish. d. Temperature drives water movement in some lakes. e. Wetlands have slow water movement or no water movement and no turnover. f. The lowest levels of dissolved oxygen in a stream are generally found in its turbulent headwaters. g. A freshwater organism permanently attached to the substrate would be unlikely to survive and reproduce in an estuary.

a, c, d, e, g

according to most conservation biologists, the single greatest threat to global biodiversity is ____.

alteration or destruction of the physical habitat

A cow eating grass is an example of a _____. a. producer b. primary consumer c. secondary consumer d. detritivore e. tertiary consumer

b

A human who just ate a hamburger is eaten by a shark while swimming. The shark is acting as a _____. a. producer b. tertiary consumer c. primary consumer d. detritivore e. secondary consumer

b

Denitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____. a. nitrogen gas ... nitrites b. nitrates ... nitrogen gas c. ammonium ... nitrogen gas d. nitrogen gas ... nitrates e. nitrogen gas ... ammoniu

b

How does natural selection favor an individual that can detect deceitful communicators? See Section 50.5 (Page) . a. Natural selection does not operate in this way. b. The detector will incur less cost and gain an advantage over others unable to detect the deceit c. The frequency of deceitful communicators will decrease. d. The frequency of deceitful communicators will increase.

b

Populations grow due to births and _____. a. deaths b. immigration c. survivorship d. emigration

b

The _____ biome is the largest of Earth's biomes. a. desert b. marine c. grassland d. rain forest e. freshwater

b

Ultimately, behaviors that influence the choice of mates are driven by ______. See Section 50.3 (Page) . a. attempts to produce as many offspring as possible b. attempts to maximize the fitness of the individual c. attempts to avoid mates with unusual genes d. attempts to produce more sons than daughters

b

What is Hamilton's rule? See Section 50.6 (Page) . a. FR < FA, meaning the fitness of relatives is worth less than the actor's fitness, so altruism should never occur b. Br > C, meaning altruism occurs when its benefit to a relative times r, the coefficient of relatedness between the relative and the actor, outweighs the costs to the actor c. An animal should help (be altruistic to) any infant, regardless of whether or not they are related. d. Altruism should only occur in certain species that meet key criteria.

b

What would be a proximate cause for increased sex drive in human teens? See Section 50.1 (Page) . a.The cue of an attractive mate b. An increase in estrogen or testosterone c. More sexually active teens have higher fitness. d. Increased sex drive leads to more offspring.

b

When a human eats a steak, the human is acting as a _____. a. detritivore b. secondary consumer c. primary consumer d. tertiary consumer e. producer

b

Why are food chains relatively short? a. There are only so many organisms that are adapted to feed on other types of organisms. b. Longer chains are less stable and energy transfer between trophic levels is inefficient. c. Top-level feeders tend to be small but are capable of conserving more energy. d. Top-level feeders tend to be more numerous than lower-trophic-level species. e. Food chain length is ultimately determined by the photosynthetic efficiency of producers

b

Why do we often get an itchy red bump after being bitten by a bed bug? a. The itchy red bump signals that the person is about to have a severe allergic reaction. b. The proteins injected by the bed bug trigger an inflammatory response in the human body. c. The large mouthparts of bed bugs cause physical damage that can take a few days to heal d. If you observe a bed bug biting you, you are likely to expect it to itch, so you begin scratching.

b

humans and sharks both eat fish. which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the shark? a. predation b. competition c. mutualism d. parasitism e. commensalism

b

humans who have pets tend to be healthier than humans who do not have pets. which of these terms applies to the relationship between a human and a pet? a. predation b. mutualism c. parasitism d. competition e. commensalism

b

oikos means: a. ecology b. home c. evolution d. conservation

b

what would happen if the Earth's axis was NOT tilted? a. the earth would be hotter b. there would be no seasons c. the would be no predominant wind patterns d. there would be no deserts

b

which of the following is hamilton's rule? a. dN/dt = rN b. Br > C c. B d. dN / dt = Br

b

which of the following is lotic? a. lake michigan b. missouri river c. pacific ocean d. dead sea

b

Tofu derives from plant, a primary producer located at the ___ of the productivity pyramid.

base

relatively small geographic areas with high concentrations of endemic species and a large number of endangered and threatened species are known as ____.

biodiversity hotspots

In species like sea turtles with high juvenile mortality, low adult mortality, and low fecundity, conservationists can most effectively help them by _____. See Section 51.6 (Page) . a. focusing on keeping juveniles alive b. captive breeding programs c. focusing on keeping adults alive d. controlling the predator population

c

Many blood-feeding parasites carry diseases but bed bugs do not. What is the most logical explanation for this? a. Bed bugs are unlikely to come into the homes of humans, and therefore do not bring in any diseases. b. Bed bugs only feed on healthy hosts, and therefore do not pick up diseases. c. The infectious agent is inactivated within the gut of the bed bug. d. The use of DDT starting in the 1940s to control bed bugs wiped out the diseases carried by the bed bugs

c

Nitrifying bacteria convert _____ to _____. a. nitrogen gas ... ammonium b. nitrogen gas ... nitrates c. ammonium ... nitrates d. nitrates ... nitrogen gas e. ammonium ... nitrogen gas

c

Some scientists are conducting research on the "saliva" of bed bugs. Which of the following is the most logical medical benefit from this research? a. Finding a chemical that helps us locate people in the dark. b. Determining the relationship between bat bugs and bed bugs. c. Using the anticoagulant to prevent blood clots in humans. d. Deriving a treatment or even a cure for skin cancer.

c

Species richness increases _____. a. as we increase in altitude in equatorial mountains b. on islands as distance from the mainland increases c. as we travel southward from the North Pole d. as community size decreases e. as depth increases in aquatic communities

c

Trophic efficiency is ________. a. about 90 percent in most ecosystems b. the ratio of net secondary production to assimilation of primary production c. the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next d. usually greater than production efficiencies e. a measure of how nutrients are cycled from one trophic level to the next

c

What does the bed bug illustrate in regards to evolution? a. Speciation requires millions of years to occur. b. Speciation can only occur between unrelated species. c. Speciation can occur in just a few thousand years. d. Speciation can only occur through intervention by humans.

c

What is the main type of vegetation in a tropical wet forest? a. broad-leaved deciduous trees b. shrubs and bunchgrasses c. broad-leaved evergreen trees d. herbs, grasses, and vines Submit

c

What makes bed bugs different than most other blood-feeding parasites? a. Bed bugs are not insects. b. Bed bugs are most commonly found outdoors. c. Bed bugs prefer humans over other hosts. d. Bed bugs feed mainly on birds.

c

Which form of Plasmodium is the immediate cause of anemia in humans? a. Gametocytes b. Sporozoites c. Merozoites d. Diploid zygote.

c

Which of the following statements about density-independent growth is true? a. The per-capita rate of increase may exceed rmax during density-independent growth. b. Density-independent growth can continue indefinitely in nature. c. Density-independent growth is also known as exponential growth. d. A population that is experiencing density-independent growth levels off at the environment's carrying capacity.

c

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of oysters? a. humans b. elephants c. grasses d. robins e. cats

c

Which of these species typically has a mortality rate that remains fairly constant over an individual's life span? a.grasses b. elephants c. robins d. oysters e. humans

c

community resilience refers to: a. how many species are in the community b. the extent to which a community remains unchanged during a disturbance c. how quickly a community recovers following a disturbance d. the ability of a community to main productivity over time

c

plasmodium exhibits consumption in its interactions with mosquitoes and humans. which process is not an example of consumption? a. predation b. parasitism c. commensalism d. herbivory

c

theoretically, which would be the most effective way to disrupt a Hadley cell? a. shift the sun to apply direct rays 30 degrees south latitude b. extensively water the deserts c. remove all equatorial moisture and convection d. heat the poles

c

whales are an example of: a. zooplankton b. phytoplankton c. nekton d. limnetic

c

what does SLOSS stand for? a. suitable land over saved species b. single loss or several saves c. single large or several small d. sustainable land operations saving species

c

what is an endemic species: a. a species that lives in a desert b. a species that is threatened with extinction c. a species that lives in a particular region d. a species that is warmblooded

c

which of the following is not a marine zone? a. photic zone b. aphotic zone c. littoral zone d. neritic zone

c

with increasing biodiversity, there is increased ecosystem _____. a. resistance b. resilience c. resistance and resilience d. instability

c

mechanisms of predator avoidance: examples: - an octopus assumes the color and texture of the seafloor

camouflage

the changes in the eyes of species 1 are examples of ___ ___

character displacement

mechanisms of predator avoidance: examples: - jimsonweed toxins - skunk scent

chemical defense

in parts of the city with only tall buildings (over two stores), _____ ____ of species 1 may occur

competitive exclusion

temperature is relatively ___ in the tropics all year

constant

A(n) _____ is a region where fresh water and salt water mix. a. benthic zone b. intertidal zone c. aphotic zone d. estuary e. photic zone

d

Fixed action patterns are examples of _____. See Section 50.1 (Page) . a. space-constrained movements b. spontaneous behaviors that did not evolve c. cost/benefit analyses d. innate behaviors

d

How can human population size keep increasing in spite of decreased fertility rates? See Section 51.5 (Page) . a.Decreases in fertility rate by definition mean the overall population size will decrease. b. More resources are provided to each female. c. Populations always increase exponentially. d. Population size will continue to increase as long as the average fertility is above the replacement rate

d

If the Earth were to reorient such that the North Pole always received direct sunlight (always faced the Sun), how would that change Earth's climate? a. The equators would get warmer. b. The equators would not change in climate. c. The North Pole would get more wind. d. The South Pole would get colder. Submit

d

In the figure, which of these countries has the highest per capita CO2 emissions? a. japan b. canada c. germany d. australia e. china

d

The benthic zone of aquatic environments is defined as the _____. a. region that receives abundant sunlight b. region where phytoplankton are found c. region that receives little or no light d. substrate at the bottom of the body of water e. region that is flooded at high tide and not covered by water at low tide Submit

d

Which factor does not affect a habitat's carrying capacity? a. Availability of food b. Intensity of predation c. Number of nesting sites d.Genetic variation in the population

d

Which of the following terms do ecologists use to describe the community interaction where one organism makes the environment more suitable for another organism? a. parasitism b. inhibition c. commensalism d. facilitation e. mutualism

d

Which of these organisms has a survivorship curve similar to that of humans? a. cats b. robins c. grasses d. elephants e. oysters

d

Which one of the following animals would most likely be defined as a keystone species? a. nauplii (a species of zooplankton) b. fathead minnow c. housefly d. sea otter

d

Which one of these is a nitrite? a. PO4 - b. NO3 - c. NH2 d. NO2 - e. NH4 -

d

_____ removes nitrogen from the atmosphere. a. Denitrification b. Nitrification c. Mineralization d. Nitrogen fixation e. Assimilation

d

optimal foraging theory predicts that: a. individuals always attack the largest prey items b. individuals have fixed behavior c. individuals dance elaborately to impress females d. individuals balance costs and benefits when selecting a nest site

d

what would you predict might happen if you raised a song sparrow in the presence of only a white-crowned sparrow? a. it would sing like a white crowned sparrow b. it would sing like a song sparrow c. it would not sing d. it would sing abnormally

d

you find in a remote jungle a species of a bird where there are two types of males: larger, brightly colored ones and smaller ones that look like females. these smaller ones are probably: a. territorial males b. mutant males c. another species of bird d. sneaky f*ckers

d

organisms at higher latitudes are adapted to tolerate different temperatures are ____ times of the year

different

An earthworm that feeds on the remains of plants and animals is acting as a _____. a. secondary consumer b. producer c. primary consumer d. tertiary consumer e. detritivore

e

In an ecosystem, phytoplankton are _____. a. secondary consumers b. primary consumers c. detritivores d. tertiary consumers e. producer

e

Which of the following statements best describes the effect of climate on biome distribution? a. Temperate forests and grasslands are different biomes because they receive a different quality and quantity of sunlight, even though they have essentially the same annual temperature and precipitation. b. Average annual temperature and precipitation are sufficient to predict which biome will be found in an area. c. Seasonal fluctuation of temperature is not a limiting factor in biome distribution if areas have the same annual temperature and precipitation means. d. Correlation of climate with biome distribution is sufficient to determine the cause of biome patterns. e. The average climate and pattern of climate are important in determining biome distribution. Submit

e

a human eats a deer. which of these terms applies to the relationship between the human and the deer? a. parasitism b. commensalism c. competition d. mutualism e. predation

e

an egret eats insects stirred up by grazing animals. which of these terms applies to the relationship between the egret and the grazing animal? a. predation b. competition c. parasitism d. mutualism e. commensalism

e

which of these terms applies to the relationship between a dog and a blood-sucking tick? a. competition b. predation c. mutualism d. commensalism e. parasitism

e

temperature ___ ___ at higher latitude

fluctuates dramatically

Roosting areas in buildings of any height are the ___ ____ of species 1.

fundamental niche

the main factor that leads to biodiversity is _____

habitat destruction

___ _____ between the two bat species occurs because both species prefer the same roosting areas

interspecific competition

A physiologist incubates eggs in the lab at a range of temperatures to see what temperatures produce males and what temperatures produce females. This experiment _____ (is/is not) hypothesis driven and is _____ (observational/manipulative).

is not, manipulative

A scientist determines the average wind speed, and variation in the amount of wind, in a number of locations to see which locations would be most suitable for wind turbines. This experiment ______ (is/is not) hypothesis driven and is _____ (observational/manipulative).

is not, observational

A sociologist conducts a survey in Hawaii to describe people′′s attitude about global climate change. This experiment _____ (is/is not) hypothesis-driven and is _______ (observational/manipulative)

is not, observational

An ecologist predicts turtles grow larger when no predators are around. She places turtles in an experimental pond system where half the ponds have predators and half the ponds have had the predators removed. This experiment ______ (is/is not) hypothesis-driven and is _____. (observational/manipulative)

is, manipulative

A biologist predicts that shade might influence ground temperature, and therefore turtle sex ratios. He records the sex ratio of turtle hatchlings in shaded and unshaded regions. This experiment ____ (is/is not) hypothesis-driven and is _____ (observational/manipulative)

is, observational

A climatologist predicts that concentration of CO2 in a city will be negatively correlated with the amount of wind in that city. He collects data and looks at the amount of CO2 in a city as a function of the wind speed in the city. This experiment _____ (is/is not) hypothesis driven and is ____ (observational/manipulative)

is, observational

net primary productivity is important because ______.

it is the source of chemical energy used be a species throughout a food web

organisms that are physiologically adapted to constant temperature ___ ___ have as much genetic variation for traits that enables adaptation to higher temperature, compared to organisms at __ ____

may not, higher latitudes

mechanisms of predator avoidance: examples: - sea urchin spines - snails have shells - rosebush thorns

mechanical defense

mechanisms of predator avoidance: examples: - viceroy and monarch butterflies (both unpalatable) look alike - hornet moth (harmless) resembles paper wasp (venomous)

mimicry

National Geographic: primary literature?

no

the new york times primary literature?

no

www.globalclimatescam.com primary literature?

no

www.globalclimatscam.com reliable?

no

rank from smallest to largest: population, ecosystem, biosphere, organismal, community

organismal, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere

A cow is a ____ consumer that is one level up from the base

primary

what is the most effective way to preserve species diversity?

protect an entire area from exploitation or habitat degradation

roosting areas in buildings that are one to two stories tall are the ____ ____ of species 1 when species 2 is present

realized niche

the change in the roosting habits of species 1 after species 2 became established in the city is an example of ___ ____

resource partitioning

mechanisms of predator avoidance: examples: - flock of snow geese

schooling/flocking

A land developer and several ecologists are discussing how a parcel of private land should be developed while saving 20 hectares as natural habitat. The land developer suggests that the 20 hectares be divided into twenty separate 1-hectare areas. The ecologists suggest that it would be better to have one intact parcel of 20 hectares. What is the significance of these different arrangements of the 20 hectares?

the isolated plots are more vulnerable to edge effects

It would be about 10 times more efficient to eat one pound of ____, because 10 times the quantity of plants would be necessary to provide one pound of beef.

tofu

Climate Dynamics: primary literature?

yes

National Geographic: reliable?

yes

climate dynamics: reliable?

yes

journal of geophysical research: atmospheres primary literature?

yes

journal of geophysical research: atmospheres reliable?

yes

the new york times reliable?

yes