example

an insider's perspective of culture is called a(n) ____

emic

the process of learning the cultural rules and logic of a society is called

enculturation

a visual representation of family relationships is called a ____

kinship chart

______ is a key element of anthropological fieldwork because it is a systematic research strategy of "hanging out"

participant observation

until the early 1900s, many anthropologists believed that their main mission was to observe the native ways of life, interview elders ,and assemble the object and handicrafts made by those indigenous people because those lifeways would disappear soon; this approach has been called ____

salvage anthropology

________ is the study of how sociocultural norms and contexts shape language use in society

sociolinguistics

T/F: in the early years of anthropology, many anthropologists tried to achieve a holistic perspective, by combining all four fields of anthropology to understand one specific group or problem

true

T/F: though the incest taboo is almost universal cross-culturally, there is no definitive biological existence for its existence

true

T/F: Culture is uniquely human

True

neural plasticity refers to a. the moldability and flexibility of brain structure. b. the random sampling effects that bring changes to the distribution of traits within a population. c. the effects of nerves on psychological states. d. the biocultural makeup of human behavior.

a. the moldability and flexibility of brain structure.

koko and wash were two primates who learned a. call sounds b. American Sign Language c. Morse code d. picture grams

b. American Sign Language

what was the main results from franz boas research on brain cavities of europeans immigrants to america? a. The racial groups of higher social standing had bigger brains. b. The brain cavities of individuals born in America were larger than those of individuals born in Europe because of improvements in diet and health. c. everyone's brain size is more or less equal d. The brain cavities of individuals born in America were smaller than those of individuals born in Europe because of poorer diet and health conditions.

b. The brain cavities of individuals born in America were larger than those of individuals born in Europe because of improvements in diet and health.

the first ethical responsibility of anthropologists is to a. fellow anthropologists b. the people they study c. the institution funding or sponsoring the research d. the university/universities were they earned their degree(s) e. the las of the country where they do fieldwork

b. the people they study

linguists refer to mixed languages with a simplified grammar that people rarely learn as a mother tongues as a. a pidgin language b. sociolinguistics c. ethnoscience d. biological determinism

c. ethnoscience

the theory of culture that proposes that cultural practices, beliefs, institutions fulfill the psychological, social, and physical needs of a society is called a. historical particularism b. structuralism c. functionalism d. cultural materials

c. functionalism

what was a main stimulus factor that prompted intellectual to begin explains the difference among people from different lands? a. written accounts of early explorers b. enlightenment c. industrial rev d. WW11

c. industrial rev

in a unilinear kinship system with matrilineal descent, a child (ego) would belong to the same descent group as his or her a. father's mother b. father's father c. mother's mother d. mother's father

c. mother's mother

the set of sounds and movements that animals make to communicate is called a _____

call systems

models made up unconsciously of what is real or natural by a group of people are a. cultural models b. bicultural models c. ethnopsychology d. symbols

a. cultural models

the perspective that aims to identify and understand cultures in their entirety is called a. holism b. structural functionalism c. comparative method d. ethnocentrism

a. holism

whose brain is the least developed at the time of birth? a. humans b. chimps c. macaques d. all primates are more or less equal

a. humans

why do anthropologists often disguise the identity of their informants? a. in order to do them no harm b. because the informant has told them they wish to remain anonymous c. because they could be ostracized in their home community if others find out they talked to the anthropologist d. because cultural knowledge is a collective phenomenon and therefore so no individual stand out

a. in order to do them no harm

examples of social institutions are a. kinship marriage family b. numbers and the alphabet c. texts books and archival materials d. flags mascot and insignias

a. kinship marriage family

what are some of the activities of cultural anthropologists when they do field work? a. learn the local language, record people's trade and gift exchange, and investigate the impact of environmental change on agriculture. b. examine the remains of material culture and the transition of hunting-gathering to agriculture. c. excavate sites where written historical documents exist to understand the rise of cities and states. d. analyze how language use is related to group membership and identify, and how language structure influences cultural beliefs and ideologies.

a. learn the local language, record people's trade and gift exchange, and investigate the impact of environmental change on agriculture.

while some anthropologists depend on the scientific method, other anthropologists do not consider what they do to be science because a. they reject the scientific ideal that the researcher should be detached and neutral from one's subject(s) of study. b. they do not carry out experimental research in a laboratory setting. c. they do not use quantitative methods. d. a lot of ethnography is either made up or a very distorted depiction of reality.

a. they reject the scientific ideal that the researcher should be detached and neutral from one's subject(s) of study.

the moral and intellectual principle that one should withhold judgment about seemingly strange or exotic beliefs and practices is called a. cultural diversity b. cultural relativism c. ethnocentrism d. participant observation

b. cultural relativism

which of the following is the defining methodology of the discipline of anthropology? a. field notes b. field work c. observation d. interviews

b. field work

A formalist anthropologist doing fieldwork in a supermarket would be most interested in a. the geographic location and formal spatial layout of the supermarket b. how shoppers decide which cat food to buy when they have fifteen varieties to choose from c. why the managers appropriate the labor of checkout clerks, butchers, and other workers d. the diverse ways general-purpose money circulated in the store

b. how shoppers decide which cat food to buy when they have fifteen varieties to choose from

the defining feature of historical particularism is a. all societies pass through similar stages of development from primitive to complex. b. individual societies develop particular cultural traits and experience a unique process of change. c. cultural differences are the result of different evolutionary stages. d. the material world determines people's symbols and beliefs.

b. individual societies develop particular cultural traits and experience a unique process of change.

the application of a holistic perspective to understand changes in everyday practices, such as eating breakfast cereals, reveals the a. process of culture appropriation b. interconnections between different domains of a society c. relativity of culture d. creating of cultural constructions

b. interconnections between different domains of a society

when anthropologists study the structure, or formal rules, of a language, they are focusing on a. parole b. langue c. phonetics d. morphology

b. langue

ethical issues facing ethnographers include all of the following except a. ensuring informant confidentiality b. leaving the community unchanged c. controlling and protecting access to field notes d. being open about their research

b. leaving the community unchanged

if you studies speech patterns such as those analyzed in Robin Lakoff's study of gendered speech, you might find that "talking like a lady: a. contributes to gender equality in the workplace b. marginalizes women's voices in work contexts c. demonstrates that women are more polite than men d. builds certainty and trust

b. marginalizes women's voices in work contexts

the structure of speech sounds is referred to as a. phonology b. morphology c. syntax d. cognates

b. morphology

in the books patterns of culture, ruth benedict described the cultural personality of the pueblo indians of the american southwest as apollonian. what character traits describe the apollonian type? a. irrational motional reckless b. rational orderly restrained c. prideful dutiful loyal d. practical efficient hard-working

b. rational orderly restrained

geneticization refers to a. the visible characteristics of an organism b. the use of genetics to explain health and social problem over other possible causes c. seemingly random changes in an organism's genetic code d. the voice in your head that processes everything that happens

b. the use of genetics to explain health and social problem over other possible causes

according to rebecca seligman's research n Candomble, a spirit-possession religion in Brazil, the path to becoming a spirit medium is best explained by a. individuals who exhibit a psychological disturbance with a biological basis. b. oppressed and marginalized individuals gravitating toward mediumship. c. a combination of biological, psychological, and cultural factors. d. the apprenticeship of individuals who study and train under the guidance of an experienced medium.

c. a combination of biological, psychological, and cultural factors.

research committed to making social change and improving the lives of marginalized people is called a. rapid appraisal b. development anthropology c. action anthropology d. participant observation

c. action anthropology

The Nature/Nurture debate pits innate dispositions vs. environmental learning as the main cause of human behavior. Based on the information provided in this course, human behavior best described as the product of a. nature for the most part b. nurture for the most part c. both nature and nurture interaction together d. both nature and nurture operating separately

c. both nature and nurture interaction together

words that came from same ancestral language and originated from the same word are called a. loan words b. synonyms c. cognate words d. phonology

c. cognate words

multi-sited ethnography is an example of which method? a. action research b. geographical method c. comparative method d. ethnohistory

c. comparative method

the principle that one should not assign value judgements to seemingly strange or bizarre cultural beliefs and practices is called a. ethnocentrism c. cultural relativism d. diversity d. obscurantism

c. cultural relativism

a school in the mid 20th century american anthropology that studied how patterns of child rearing, social institutions, and cultural ideologies shared individual experience, personality characteristics, and thought patterns a. ethnopsychology b. historical particularism c. culture and personality d. cultural models

c. culture and personality

how did claire steak feel about using written informed consent agreements prior to interviews in her fieldwork with prostitutes? a. she considered it to be the ethical duty of all anthropologists no matter where they work b. she considered it to be an invasion of their privacy but the university required it c. it made her feel awkward because she had already gained their trust d. she didn't use written agreements; all of her agreements were oral

c. it made her feel awkward because she had already gained their trust

noam chomsky's concept of universal grammar refers to a. the idea that language depends entirely on learning. b. all of the common grammatical elements in all languages, like morphology, syntax, and semantics. c. our innate cognitive faculty for language which depends on neural circuitry. d. the idea that human language is different from animal communication.

c. our innate cognitive faculty for language which depends on neural circuitry.

a hypothetical common ancestral language of two or more living languages is called a a. genealogical language b. kinship language c. porto-language d. prelanguage

c. porto-language

the subfield of anthropology that studies bones, potters, and garbage is called a. biological anthropology b. forensic anthropology c. cultural anthropology d. archeology

d. archeology

which method would be best when doing a study on the genetic propensity for cancer in a given population? a. ethnohistory b. ethnoscience c. comparative method d. genealogical method

d. genealogical method

a cultural anthropologist interested in changing family structures in the US would be least interested in studying a. nuclear families b. political messaging around "traditional" family values c. natal families d. genetic drift

d. genetic drift

the research perspective that treats culture as a shared system of meaning is referred to as a. structuralism b. cogntiive anthropology c. historical-particularism d. interpretive anthropology

d. interpretive anthropology

even though anthropology has become increasingly more specialized, why do many anthropologists still claim a commitment to holism? a. it allows them to overcome the nurture/nature divide. b. it promotes cooperation and exchange between different scientific disciplines c. permits one to stay open-minded and does not require commitment to a predetermined theoretical position d. it gives one the ability to explain complex issues that no single subfield can explain as effectively

d. it gives one the ability to explain complex issues that no single subfield can explain as effectively

If you were a linguistic anthropologist interested in language ideologies in an American city, how would you devise your study? a. compare text messages, instant messages, and Twitter entries from people of different ages b. compare the professional slang of people in different occupations c. analyze similarities and differences in the use of modern technology among people in different age groups d. record the accents and dialects people use and which are considered superior or inferior

d. record the accents and dialects people use and which are considered superior or inferior

the comparative method a. is used only by linguistic anthropologists studying two or more languages b. suggests that all societies pass through stages, from primitive state to complex civilization c. explains the sheer variety of ways of being human around the world d. refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures

d. refers to the practice of comparing two or more cultures

Anthropologists overcome ethnocentrism by a. developing theories to explain human action b. studying a culture's customs c. defending whatever another culture does d. seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

d. seeing matters from the point of view of another culture

which of the following i snot a social consequence of introducing coffee into the highlands of Papua New Guinea? a. young men gained social status b. the spread of coffee plantations halted c. people had less access to commodities d. the local people became avid coffee drinkers

d. the local people became avid coffee drinkers

an anthropologist might consider doing "anthropology at a distance" because a. he or she has ample research funding to go into other field sites. b. statistical evidence suggests that participant observation is unnecessary. c. there is little data about the field site produced by others. d. there is conflict or violence in the field site.

d. there is conflict or violence in the field site.

state at least 2 key factors that began to emerge in the mid 19th century that would shape professional anthropology

evolutionary theories, rise of industry, urban development

T/F: All anthropologists view anthropology as a science

false

T/F: Cultural anthropology is one of the most quantitative of the social sciences

false

T/F: according to Edward Sapir, languages may be different but the way we think about the world is basically the same

false

T/F: according to edward sapir, languages may be different but the way we think about the world is basically the same

false

T/F: anthropologists generally believe in one unified theory of culture

false

T/F: anthropologists use just three methods --- interviews, field notes, and participant observation

false

T/F: cultural relativism is important because it helps anthropologists understand and defend all the things that people in other cultures do

false

T/F: culture cannot be transmitted implicitly

false

T/F: making an ethnographic study of one's own culture is easier than studying an exotic culture

false

when cultural anthropologists live in societies for extended period of time observing social life, they are doing ______

fieldwork