EXP 3604 - Quiz 1 to 4
A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as
analytic introspection.
Wundt's procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as
analytic introspection.
The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.
anticipatory
If you stand very close to a pointillist painting, all you will see are tiny colored dots. But as you step away from the painting, larger areas of color become noticeable and eventually become recognizable objects such as flowers or clouds. This is similar to which of the following?
binding
The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.
change
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
cocktail party effect.
The study of the physiological basis of cognition is known as
cognitive neuroscience.
The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called
cognitive psychology.
Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of
computers.
Which of the following adjectives has the LEAST connection to perception?
conscious
Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. Their computer program
created proofs for problems in logic.
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that
it takes a strong signal to cause activation.
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?
Experiencing neuromodulation
Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?
Functioning and survival
Which of the following is the process by which features such as color, form motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?
Binding
Brain imaging has made it possible to
determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.
Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin's (1968) model of memory, which was introduced a year after the publication of Neisser's book, described the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through three stages. Which memory holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to short-term memory?
Sensory memory
Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called
feature detectors.
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the
firing rate of the action potentials.
Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.
fixation
A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that
has high stimulus salience.
How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?
The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.
Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?
The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.
According to Treisman's attenuation model, which of the following would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people?
The word "platypus"
The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.
what; where
When does bottom-up processing start?
When environmental energy stimulates the receptors
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.
Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology at the University of Leipzig in Germany?
Wilhelm Wundt
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words.
meaning
Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking (one about her boyfriend, one about a school project). According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of
meaning.
Groups of interconnected neurons are referred to as
neural circuits.
John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of
observable behavior.
A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the __________ lobe.
parietal
The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on
physical characteristics.
If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a
picket fence.
If the intensity of a stimulus that is presented to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the __________ in the receptor's axon.
rate of nerve firing
The value that stays the same as long as there are no signals in the neuron is known as
resting potential.
The notion that faster responding occurs when enhancement spreads within an object is called
same-object advantage.
When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of __________ attention.
selective
As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?
1950s
Neuroimage, a journal devoted solely to reporting neuroimaging research, was founded in which year?
1992
Which parts of neurons are also known as a "nerve fiber"?
Axons
The "Little Albert" experiment involving the rat and the loud noise is an example of which of the following types of experiments?
Classical conditioning
Which of the following terms is correct in context with "conception within the rat's mind of the maze's layout"?
Cognitive mapping
What is the study of mental processes that includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates?
Cognitive psychology
Which of the following could be considered as always taking a "working vacation"?
Default mode network
In the mid-20th century, the study of the mind began using which technique or model inspired by digital computers?
Information processing model
Which of the following is true about perception?
It involves rapid processes.
Which of the following statements is the most accurate with regard to specificity coding?
It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.
Which of the following is NOT true of positron emission tomography (PET)?
It replaced functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) because it was less expensive.
Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?
Late selection
Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?
Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover
Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following?
Specificity coding
What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?
Synapse
Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?
The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.
Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?
The dictionary unit
Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?
Viewpoint invariance
With which of the following sentences would the author disagree?
We can consider the mind extraordinary if it is used for extraordinary purposes.
Which term best reflects what we do with an image projected onto our retina?
We interpret it.
Which of the following would have the most semantic regularities?
a shopping mall
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
low-load
In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a
simple reaction time task.
Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as
structuralism.
When the axon is at rest, the inside of the neuron has a charge that is 70 millivolts more negative than the outside. This difference will continue as long as
the neuron is at rest.
Which of the following is NOT considered a starting point for perception?
thinking
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of _____ processing.
top-down
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
top-down processing.
The Stroop effect occurs when participants
try to name colors and ignore words.
Early studies of brain tissue that used staining techniques and microscopes from the 19th century described the "nerve net." These early understandings were in error in the sense that the nerve net was believed to be
continuous.
