Extended Parallel Process Model
Collective efficacy
A groups shared belief in its combined ability to reach a goal
Fear appeal
A persuasive message that attempts to make someone afraid by depicting a personally relevant and significant threat followed by recommendations about how to avoid the threat
What do you need to keep in mind about a threat?
An actual threat is different than a perceived threat
Fear
An internal emotional reaction characterized by subjective experience and physiological arousal
Who developed EPPM
Kim Witte in 1992-94
What is the 2 step process to appraisal of a fear appeal
Appraise threat, appraise efficacy
What are some individual differences that can affect fear appraisal?
Culture, life experience, personality traits, internal vs external locus of control (if u or fate is in control of your life)
Threat
Danger that exists in the environment whether ppl know it or not
Efficacy
Effectiveness, feasibility, and ease with which a recommendation response avoids the danger
What does EPPM mainly focus on
Fear and what happens when ppl process fear appeal messages
Appraise threat
If little threat, don't go to second step, if high threat fear is elicited
When is danger control engaged in?
If threat and efficacy is high we engage in protective motivation. This can involve changes in attitude, intentions, or behavior
When do we engage in fear control
If threat exists but efficacy is low. We control the emotion of fear.
When is no action taken?
If we don't perceive a threat
What work is it based off of
Leventhal and Rogers (1970's) danger control/fear control framework
What are the 3 adaptive outcomes
No action, danger control, fear control
Self
Perceptions about whether you can do something
Response
Perceptions of effectiveness of response rec to deter threat
How can fear control backfire?
Some people will ignore threat to control their fear
2 efficacy components
Response and self
3 constructs in fear appeals
Threat, efficacy, and fear
Appraise efficacy
Will the response work? And will it work for me?
2 threat components to perceived threat
severity and susceptibility