ez* physio, Chapter 6. Interactions Between Cells and the Extracellular Environment

True or false: Tonicity describes the effect of a solution on the movement of water. True False

True

______________ are special channels that allow the movement of water across a membrane.

Aquaporins ( a type of protein)

Two different molecules are transported together in the opposite direction. symport antiport

antiport

Calcium, hydrogen and Na+/K+ pumps all work using what kind of transport .

primary active transport

When they are acting to facilitate metabolic reactions, calcium, magnesium, and zinc would be considered Multiple choice question. coenzymes. isoenzymes. cofactors.

cofactors.

True or false: Enzymatic reactions are dependent on the amount of energy available to run the reaction. True False

false

true or false: Most of the fluid in the body is located within the extracellular compartment. True false question.

false

isotonic: cell will lose water cell will gain water no change

no change

Molecules that are ______ are lipid-soluble and can easily cross a plasma membrane, while ______ molecules cannot. Multiple choice question. polar; non-polar non-polar; polar

non-polar; polar

A measurement of the ratio of all of the solutes to water by mass of solution is called: Multiple choice question. molarity osmolality molality

osmolality

A measurement of the ratio of all of the solutes to water by mass of solution is called: Multiple choice question. osmolality molarity molality

osmolality

The _________ are inefficient and result in heat loss. provide the cell the energy it needs for reactions.

osmolarity, or Osm

End-product inhibition causes ______. *a reduction in enzyme concentration of reactions *the final product of branch points to be exclusive of other branch products *enzyme reactions at one branch point to be reduced in favor of alternate branch products

*enzyme reactions at one branch point to be reduced in favor of alternate branch products

Maintaining homeostasis of osmolality of the bodily fluids is important because: Multiple select question. genetic mutations occur during periods of dehydration. neural activity is dependent upon the proper concentration of ions. cells can be damaged by shrinking or swelling.

*neural activity is dependent upon the proper concentration of ions. *cells can be damaged by shrinking or swelling.

Allosteric inhibition works because Multiple choice question. *it blocks the metabolic pathway keeping enzymatic reactions from taking place. *the process causes a change in the shape of the active site, preventing the enzyme from binding further substrates. *it uses a negative feedback loop to keep end product levels from becoming to high.

*the process causes a change in the shape of the active site, preventing the enzyme from binding further substrates.

For every three sodium molecules that are transported out of the cell in the Na+/K+ pump, _____ molecules of K+ are transported _____. Multiple choice question. 2; out 2; in 3; in 3; out

2; in

Na+/K+ pumps move _____________ Na+ ions out with each cycle. 2 3 1

3

The intracellular compartment contains _____% of the body's water, while the extracellular compartment contains _____% of the body's water. Multiple choice question. 67; 33 50; 50 33; 67

67; 33

_____________ are special channels that allow the movement of water across a membrane.

Aquaporin , water channels

Primary active transport is directly achieved by hydrolysis of . ATP Ca k

ATP

Which type of enzymatic inhibition requires the end product to stop a previous step in the reaction? Multiple choice question. Metabolic error End-product Allosteric

Allosteric

in _______ inhibition, the active site changes shape to inhibit the reaction.

Allosteric

The charge difference between the inside and outside of a cell that is not sending any impulses is known as its ___________ ___________ ___________

BLank 1: resting Blank 2: membrane Blank 3: potential

Which of the following membrane transport pumps function through primary active transport? Multiple select question. hydrogen glucose Ca2+ Na+/K+

Ca2+ Na+/K+ hydrogen

During cellular respiration, the hydrogen carriers are select all that apply: Glucose FAD NAD Oxygen

FAD NAD

______ are molecules that initially respond to polar regulatory molecules by opening/closing membrane ion channels or by activating enzymes, such as those that produce cyclic AMP.

G-protein

To change the activity of a cell, polar regulatory molecules use special proteins that travel between receptors and effector cells, like enzymes or ion channels. These proteins, which activate the enzymes or open/close the ion channels are called: Multiple choice question. cyclic AMP adhesins paracrines G-proteins

G-proteins

Which of the following substances will only cross a plasma membrane using facilitated diffusion? Multiple choice question. Water Glucose Lipids

Glucose

Which of the following membrane transport pumps function through primary active transport? Multiple select question. Na+/K+ hydrogen glucose Ca2+

Na+/K+ hydrogen Ca2+

________ cannot function properly if osmolality is disrupted. Multiple choice question. Osmoreceptors Neurons

Neurons

______________ cannot function properly if osmolality is disrupted. Multiple choice question. Osmoreceptors Neurons

Neurons

______________ pressure is the pressure required to halt the process of osmosis.

Osmotic

The rate of an enzymatic reaction can be affected by Multiple select question. pH. the number of amino acids in the enzyme primary structure. the concentration of the enzyme. temperature.

PH temperature the concentration of the enzyme

Identify the substances that can easily diffuse through the plasma membrane. (more than one apply) Oxygen Steroid hormones Carbon dioxide Proteins Lipids Sodium ions

Steroid hormones Carbon dioxide Oxygen Lipids

Choose the term(s) that mean two different molecules are transported together in the same direction. Multiple select question. Symport Cotransport Countertransport Antiport

Symport Cotransport

Under normal circumstances, which of the following plays the major role in determining membrane potential? Multiple choice question. The membrane's permeability to potassium. The concentration gradient of sodium. The concentration gradient of phosphate ions. The membrane's permeability to proteins.

The membrane's permeability to potassium.

For osmosis to occur: select all that apply: a- the membrane must be selectively permeable. b- the membrane must be relatively impermeable to the solute. c- there must be difference in the concentration of a solute on both sides of a membrane. d- the membrane must be lacking channel proteins. e- the membrane must have numerous microvilli.

a-the membrane must be selectively permeable. b-the membrane must be relatively impermeable to the solute. c-there must be difference in the concentration of a solute on both sides of a membrane.

Moving molecules against their concentration gradient requires ATP and is a form of _____________________ transport.

active transport

Active transport aids the movement of molecules ______. Multiple choice question. down a concentration gradient, using ATP. down a concentration gradient, without using ATP against a concentration gradient, using ATP against a concentration gradient, without using ATP

against a concentration gradient, using ATP

If a reaction requires energy to proceed, it is ______. Multiple choice question. an exergonic reaction an endergonic reaction losing free energy

an endergonic reaction

Coupled reactions select all that apply: results in a loss of ATP to the cell. are inefficient and result in heat loss. provide the cell the energy it needs for reactions.

are inefficient and result in heat loss. provide the cell the energy it needs for reactions.

Based on modern naming systems, enzymes should end with the _____

ase

The flow of energy through organisms is generally referred to as Multiple choice question. bioenergetics. cellular respiration. thermodynamics.

bioenergetics.

The flow of energy through organisms is generally referred to as Multiple choice question. cellular respiration. thermodynamics. bioenergetics.

bioenergetics.

Enzymes are ____________ that reduce the activation energy required to begin a chemical reaction.

biological catalysts

Metal ions such as Mg2+ and Cu2+ are essential to enzyme reactions and are known as__________

cofactors

hypotonic: cell will lose water cell will gain water no change

cell will gain water

hypertonic: cell will lose water cell will gain water no change

cell will lose water

The resting membrane potential is ______. Multiple choice question. close to the ENa for sodium (+66 mV) close to the Ek for potassium (-90 mv) close to 0 mV always positive

close to the Ek for potassium (-90 mv)

____________ reactions allow for the exergonic reactions to provide energy required for the endergonic reactions.

coupled reactions

Choose the components that can be found in the extracellular environment. Multiple select question. dissolved molecules organelles polysaccharides proteins fluid

dissolved molecules polysaccharides proteins fluid

__________ reactions require an input of energy in order to proceed. Listen to the complete question exergonic endergonic

endergonic

what are the types of cell signaling:

endocrine synaptic paracrine

Metabolic pathways are ______. Multiple choice question. any chemical reaction that proceeds through multiple steps enzyme catalyzed reactions proceeding through several steps any enzyme catalyzed reaction

enzyme catalyzed reactions proceeding through several steps

Metabolic pathways are ______. Multiple choice question. any enzyme catalyzed reaction enzyme catalyzed reactions proceeding through several steps any chemical reaction that proceeds through multiple steps

enzyme catalyzed reactions proceeding through several steps

The energy required for endergonic reactions comes from other ______ reactions. Multiple choice question. endergonic heat energy exergonic

exergonic

The energy required for endergonic reactions comes from other ______ reactions. Multiple choice question. exergonic endergonic heat energy

exergonic

The ______ environment is comprised of a fluid compartment containing dissolved molecules and a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins that give form to the tissues. intracellular extracellular

extracellular

The ______ environment is comprised of a fluid compartment containing dissolved molecules and a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins that give form to the tissues. Multiple choice question. extracellular intracellular

extracellular

The fluid compartment surrounding cells is considered the_________ environment.

extracellular

The ______ is comprised of protein fibers and a gel-like ground substance. intracellular fluid blood plasma extracellular matrix plasma membrane

extracellular matrix

Transport of molecules from high to low concentration across a membrane carrier is termed __________ diffusion. facilitated simple

facilitated

Some cells can communicate directly with each other through ______, where signaling molecules diffuse through the cytoplasm of adjacent cells. Multiple choice question. extracellular secretions gap junctions hormones

gap junctions

Which of the following molecules are osmotically active? Multiple select question. nonpolar molecules lipids glucose ions polar molecules

glucose ions polar molecules

Which of the following molecules are osmotically active? Multiple select question. nonpolar molecules glucose polar molecules lipids ions

glucose polar molecules ions

As an example of carrier specificity, glucose transporters would allow ______. Multiple choice question. any monosaccharide any sugar any molecule of similar size to glucose glucose only

glucose only

With respect to changes in red blood cell volume associated with osmosis, to burst is to undergo ______, and to shrink is to undergo ______. Multiple choice question. swelling; edema hemolysis; crenation crenation; hemolysis

hemolysis; crenation

NAD and FAD participate in the transfer of_____________ in their function as coenzymes.

hydrogen, H+

If a cell is placed in a ______ solution, it will become dehydrated and shrivel. If placed in a ______ solution, water will move into the cell and it may burst. Multiple choice question. hypotonic/hypertonic hypertonic/hypotonic

hypertonic/hypotonic

No change in volume will occur in a cell placed in a(n) __________ solution. hypertonic hypotonic isotonic

isotonic

Based on what you know of the naming of enzymes, which of the following would be an example of an enzyme? Multiple choice question. Maltose Lipase Insulin

lipase

The extent to which each ion contributes differently to membrane potential is dependent upon its: Multiple select question. membrane transport process atomic number membrane permeability concentration gradient

membrane permeability concentration gradient

A _________ pathway will begin with a substrate, pass through intermediate reactions, and end with a product.

metabolic

A reaction that would start with a reactant, have a few intermediate steps, and end in a final product would describe a(n) Multiple choice question. metabolic pathway. inhibition pathway. induction reaction. enzymatic mass action reaction.

metabolic pathway.

In secondary active transport, energy needed for the movement of a molecule is most often obtained from: Multiple choice question. movement of Na+ down its concentration gradient

movement of Na+ down its concentration gradient

End-product inhibition controls enzymatic reactions through ________ feedback. positive feedback negative feedback

negative feedback

The membrane potential is a result of the inside of a cell membrane being __________ charged and the outside of a cell being _______ charged.

negatively; positively

The net movement of water across a cell membrane is called: Multiple choice question. pinocytosis osmosis active transport diffusion facilitated diffusion

osmosis

___________ is the specific term referring to the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane.

osmosis

If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution: Multiple choice question. the cell will burst. the cell will become dehydrated. osmosis will not occur.

osmosis will not occur.

__________ pressure is the pressure required to halt the process of osmosis.

osmotic

The pressure needed to stop osmosis is: Multiple choice question. hydrostatic pressure osmotic pressure

osmotic pressure

If a molecule promotes the movement of water, it is described as: Multiple choice question. osmotically active hydrostatic membrane potential selectively permeable

osmotically active

If a molecule promotes the movement of water, it is described as: Multiple choice question. selectively permeable osmotically active hydrostatic membrane potential

osmotically active

Diffusion and osmosis occurring between the spaces of epithelial cells are termed _________ transport. active transport paracellular transport

paracellular

Choose the characteristics of facilitated diffusion. Multiple select question. passive transport process uses a carrier protein powered by thermal energy requires energy in the form of ATP

passive transport process uses a carrier protein powered by thermal energy

Another term for cell membrane is ______ membrane. Multiple choice question. osmotic plasma basal selective

plasma

The intra- and extracellular compartments are separated by the ________ membrane .

plasma membrane

When the hydrolysis of ATP is necessary for the function of carrier proteins, the process is: Multiple choice question. simple diffusion primary passive transport osmosis primary active transport facilitated diffusion

primary active transport

Enzymes are typically ______. Multiple choice question. proteins carbohydrates lipids

proteins

Choose the components that can be found in the extracellular environment. proteins polysaccharides dissolved molecules fluid organelles

proteins polysaccharides dissolved molecules fluid

Substrates are the ______ in a reaction. Multiple choice question. products reactants catalysts

reactants

The membrane potential of a cell that is not sending impulses is its: Multiple choice question. Nernst equilibrium potential voltage potential resting membrane potential permeability potential

resting membrane potential

The membrane potential of a cell that is not sending impulses is its: Multiple choice question. permeability potential Nernst equilibrium potential voltage potential resting membrane potential

resting membrane potential

At _______, an enzymatic reaction rate will no longer increase, even if you add more substrate. Multiple choice question. saturation denaturation optimum

saturation

The point at which the rate of an enzymatic reaction will no longer increase with an increase in the amount of substrate is referred to as the ____________ point.

saturation

Polar molecules that bind to receptors, but do not enter a cell, use _______ ________ to change the activities of the cell.

second messenger

Polar regulatory molecules cannot enter cells, therefore they must exert effects on the cells using intermediaries called: Multiple choice question. primary messengers synapses hormones carriers second messengers

second messengers

Coupled transport in which the energy to move a molecule against its concentration gradient is provided by the transport of sodium down its concentration gradient is called _____________ active transport

secondary

When evaluating the effects of various solutions on red blood cells, crenation means to ______, and hemolysis means to ______. Multiple choice question. swell; shrink burst; swell shrink; burst burst; shrink

shrink; burst

A solution consists of the ________ and _______.

solvent and solute

In a sugar-water solution, water would be the ______ and sugar would be the ______. Multiple choice question. solute; solvent solvent; solute

solvent; solute

Carrier proteins interact with particular molecules only. This characteristic is: Multiple choice question. competition saturation tonicity specificity

specificity

An enzyme will react with ______ a at the active site.

substrates

Two different molecules are transported together in the same direction. symport antiport

symport

Enzyme reactions are affected by the concentrations of enzymes and substrates as well as factors like ___________.

temperature

The membrane potential is ______. Multiple choice question. the voltage of the fluid outside the cell the observation that cells appear negative inside relative to the outside the observation that cells appear positive inside relative to the outside

the observation that cells appear negative inside relative to the outside

The rate of diffusion through a membrane is dependent upon: ( more than one apply) the shape of the solute the steepness of the concentration gradient the permeability of the membrane the surface area of the membrane the temperature of the solution

the steepness of the concentration gradient the permeability of the membrane the surface area of the membrane the temperature of the solution

The rate of diffusion through a membrane is dependent upon: (more than one apply) the temperature of the solution the shape of the solute the permeability of the membrane the steepness of the concentration gradient the surface area of the membrane

the temperature of the solution the permeability of the membrane the steepness of the concentration gradient the surface area of the membrane

Bioenergetics describes energy flow in organisms and the importance of the first and second laws of _______

thermodynamics

An increased temperature of a solution is likely ______. Multiple choice question. to increase the rate of diffusion to leave diffusion unaffected to decrease the rate of diffusion

to increase the rate of diffusion

One term for movement of substances directly through the cytoplasm of epithelial cells is called: Multiple choice question. bulk transport paracellular transport coupled transport transcellular transport

transcellular transport

endocrine system

type of cell signaling that target cells with hormone receptors

synaptic

type of cell signaling that target innervated cells

Paracrine

type of cell signaling that target neighboring cells

Choose the characteristics of facilitated diffusion. Multiple select question. requires energy in the form of ATP uses a carrier protein powered by thermal energy passive transport process

uses a carrier protein powered by thermal energy passive transport process

Aquaporins are specific channel proteins that allow for the movement of ______ across a selectively permeable membrane. Multiple choice question. lipids water sodium glucose proteins

water

The term tonicity refers to the effect of a solution on the translocation of ___________ into or out of cells.

water

The term tonicity refers to the effect of a solution on the translocation of________________________ into or out of cells.

water

When red blood cells are placed into a hypertonic solution, ______. Multiple choice question. no osmosis occurs water moves out of the cells water moves into the cells

water moves out of the cells

An enzyme secreted in an inactive form is called a(n) ___________.

zymogen

Enzymes secreted from the pancreas to the small intestine are secreted as coenzymes. zymogens. isoenzymes.

zymogens.