FA- Scientific Revolution: Timeline

Rene Descartes ( 1596 - 1650)

A French Scientist and first Modern Philosophy that believed that all things should be doubted until proven correct with reason. -In 1637 Descartes Publishes His Discourse on Method *Descartes' work sets forth the principles of deductive reasoning as used in the modern scientific method

Theory of Gravity

Was developed by Isaac Newton Newton's law of Universal Gravitation: -that every mass attracts every other mass in the universe, and the gravitational force between two bodies is proportional to the product of their masses, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.

The Scientific Method

is a process for experimentation that is used to explore observations and answer questions about the world. Step 1: Observe Subject and ask a question Step 2: Develop a hypothesis that answers said question. Step 3: Use experiment to test hypothesis Step 4: Analyze and Interpret the results of the experiment to see If hypothesis was true.

Galileo's Onslaught Against Aristotle and the Church

- 1623: Galileo publishes, The Assayer *where he argues against Aristotle and the Scholastics in favor of mathematical and experimental methods -1630: Galileo Publishes Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World *Galileo's magnum opus uses the laws of physics to refute the Aristotelian contention that the Earth is the center of the solar system and supports the heliocentric Copernican view. Galileo presents the doctrine of uniformity, which claims that the laws of terrestrial physics are no different than the laws of celestial physics. -1632: Galileo's Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, *Ptolemaic and Copernican argues for a Copernican system; drawing on his telescopic findings, his new view of motion, and rhetorical skill.

Cogito, Ergo Sum

- Descartes concluded in the Meditations that even in such a state of Skepticism the only thing that you can be sure is that you exist, for something must exist so that is can in a state of Skepticism. -Thus his famous line: Cogito, Ergo Sum (I thing, therefore I am) - Descartes used logic to prove that he existed

Francis Bacon (1561 -1626)

- He was an English philosopher, statesman, and scientist. -In 1620 Francis Bacon Published Novum Organum (A reference to Aristotle's Organum where he developed logic, in Bacon's New Organum Bacon introduces a new system of logic (inductive reasoning) suited for science. -Bacon is a fierce advocate of the Scientific Method.

Nicolas Copernicus (1473-1543)

A Renaissance- and Reformation-era mathematician and astronomer -In 1543 Copernicus Published De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (On the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies) -Were he formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than the Earth at the center of the universe (Heliocentric Universe)

Tychonic system

A geocentric model of the Solar system published by Tycho Brahe which combines the mathematical benefits of the Copernican system with the philosophical benefits of the Ptolemaic system. -the Earth is at the center of the universe, the Sun and Moon and the stars revolve around the Earth, and the other five planets revolve around the Sun.

Galileo Galilei (1564- 1642)

An Italian polymath and central figure in the transition from natural philosophy to modern science and in the transformation of the scientific Renaissance into a scientific revolution. -In 1591 Galileo Demonstrates the Properties of Gravity -from the top of the leaning tower of Pisa, he drops one- pound weight and a one hundred-pound weight, dropped at the same moment, hit the ground at the same moment, refuting the contention of the Aristotelian system that the rate of fall of an object is dependent upon its weight

Isaac Newton's Theory of Motion

First Law: Newton's first law states that every object will remain at rest or in uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change its state by the action of an external force Second Law: Force equals Mass Times Acceleration (F=ma) Third Law: For every Action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Tycho Brahe (1546 -1601)

In 1573 Tycho Brahe, a Danish Astronomer, Published his De nova stella (On the New Star) -Where he refuted the Aristotelian belief in an unchanging celestial realm. - His astronomical observations were some five times more accurate than the best available observations at the time. He was the Mentor of Johannes Kepler -He developed the Tychonic system

Giordano Bruno

In 1584 Giordano Bruno, a renegade Italian monk, Publishes The Ash-Wednesday Supper, On Cause, Principle, and Unity, and On the Infinite Universe and Its Worlds -His philosophy: the centerpiece of which is the contention that the universe is infinitely large and that the Earth is by no means at the center of it. -He was burned at the Stake by the Church

Galileo Galileis' Messenger of the Heavens Galileo's

In 1610 Galileo Publishes Messenger of the Heavens Galileo's -24-page booklet describes his telescopic observations of the moon's surface which had craters and was rocky , thus Proving Aristotle's claim that the moons were perfect solid spheres wrong. - Galileo also notices Jupiter's moons revolve around Jupiter not the Earth. -The Inquisition soon warns Galileo to desist from spreading his theories.

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)

In 1618 Johannes Kepler, a German mathematician and astronomer, Reveals His Third and Final Law of Planetary Motion -Kepler's laws of planetary motion describe the form and operation of planetary orbits, and are the final step leading to the academic rejection of the Aristotelian system.`

Descartes' Meditations

In 1641 René Descartes' Publishes Meditations on First Philosophy -Here he presents his famous infamous Cartesian Dualism *A dualistic metaphysical belief in res cogitans (mind) and res extensa (matter). *Duel World: Matter/Mind

Cartesian Skepticism

In his Work, The Meditations on First Philosophy, Descartes introduces Cartesian Skepticism - He began his method of investigation by doubting everything (skepticism) and building truth from this point. - Hence the first step to his method is to doubt everything instead of accepting it as true.

Timeline of Events

It begins in 1543 with the Publication of Nicolaus Copernicus' On the Revolutions of Celestial Bodies and ends in 1687 with Isaac Newton Publishes Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica

Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion

Law 1: The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci. Law 2: A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time. Law 3: The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

Sir Isaac Newton (1642 - 1726)

was an English mathematician, astronomer, theologian, physicist, and "natural philosopher") - recognised as one of the most influential scientists of all time - His book Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy"), first published in 1687, laid the foundations of classical mechanics.