Fall Final EHAP

Start of 30 yrs war..Bohemians threw that guy out of the window

Defenestration of Prague

first encyclopedia

Denis Diderot

gave Huguenots religious freedom

Edict of Nantes

Defeated Spanish Armada and Strengthened protestantism. Enlightened despot and politique

Elizabeth I

Prussian that made the country a military power. "great elector"

Fredrick William

Brutal civil wars that struck France during the reign of Louis XIII

Fronde

What year did Columbus sail the ocean blue?

1492

When did the French Revolution begin?

1789

When was Napoleon defeated at Waterloo and the Congress of Vienna met?

1815

English monarch who believed in divine right and was executed during the puritan revolution aka english civil war

Charles I

Protestant. French wars of religion. St Bart's Massacre. Became Catholic to make people happy. Paris is worth a mass.

Henry IV

selling the release from purgatory

Indulgences

Isabella and Ferdinand united and persecuted all Muslims and Jews

Inquisition

Sun king, built versailles, divine right, centralized the govt

Louis XIV

Won the War of Austrian Succession after defeating Frederick II of Prussia, but losing Silesia.

Maria Theresa

Separation of Powers

Montesquieu

Louis XIV, Henry VII, Charles VII. They centralized the govt

New Monarchs

led the English revolution leader of Puritan Commonwealth

Oliver Cromwell

English Civil War; Roundheads vs. Cavaliers

Puritan Revolution

I think there for I am :)

Rene Descartes

Committee of public safety, leader of the reign of terror

Robespierre

John Locke. Blank Slate.

Tabula Rasa

Wrote leviathan. People naturally cruel

Thomas Hobbes

10. In 1500 the two most powerful autocracies in Eastern Europe were a. Muscovy and the Ottoman Empire b. The Ottoman and the Byzantine empires c. The Byzantine Empire and Poland-Lithuania d. Poland-Lithuania and Hungary e. Hungary and Kievan Russia

a

The principal reason why Louis XIV (1643-1715) built his palace at Versailles was to a. Tighten his control over the nobility b. Strengthen ties with the Huguenots c. Move the king's residence nearer to the center of the country d. Provide thousands of jobs e. Absorb the excess revenue produced by mercantilist tax policies

a

absolute monarchies, scarcity of food, corrupt policy

ancien regime

"The law is the expression of the general will. All citizens have a right to concur either personally or by their representatives in its formation. The law should be the same for all, whether it protects or punishes." The quotation above is a formulation of the ideas of a. Frederick the Great d. Condorcet b. Jean Jacques Rousseau e. Voltaire c. Adam Smith

b

The lists of grievances, or cahiers de doleances, brought by the members of the Estates-General to Versailles in 1789 called for a. the immediate overthrow of Louis XVI b. universal adult suffrage c. tax equity d. the separation of church and state e. renewal of provincial and city charters

c

The revolt against France's increasingly centralized monarchy in 1648 - 1652 is generally known as a. the Mazarinade d. the siege of La Rochelle b. Colbertism e. The Pazzi Conspiracy c. Colbertism

c

All of the following were factors in the spread of literacy during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries EXCEPT a. the invention of printing b. the Protestant Reformation c. the rise of state bureaucracies d. an increase in compulsory state education e. a decline in the use of Latin

d

This agreement is commonly known as a. Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen b. Oath of Supremacy c. Carlsbad Decrees d. Tennis Court Oath e. Petition of Right

d

"Religion supplies the pretext and gold the motive." This statement was a contemporary characterization of a. the launching of the Spanish Armada b. the execution of Charles I c. the posting of the Ninety-Five Theses d. new religious orders such as the Ursulines and Jesuits e. Spanish and Portuguese expansion in the New World

e

In fifteenth-century Europe, Muslim culture exerted the greatest influence on which of the following societies? a. English d. Italian b. French e. Spanish c. German

e

The Dutch Republic rose to prominence in seventeenth-century Europe because of which of the following factors? a. Its agricultural innovations b. Its military strength c. Its literary creativity d. Its religious unity e. Its shipping and commerce

e

The sequence of events that led to the French Revolution of 1789 is best summarized by which of the following? a. Lafayette's call for democracy, royal suppression of the National Assembly, b. Peasant uprisings, royal abdication, election of the National Assembly c. Franco-Austrian war, urban riots, convening of the Assembly of Notables d. Widespread famine, repression of riots, guerilla war e. Royal financial crisis, convening of the Estates General, storming of the Bastille

e

Which of the following best characterizes the Western European economy, as a whole, in the sixteenth century? a. Widespread unemployment b. Declining trade and commerce c. Technological breakthroughs in production d. Unrestricted trade among nations e. Spiraling inflation

e

Which of the following caused the deepest and most persistent internal opposition to the French Revolution? a. The Great Fear b. The storming of the Bastille c. The publication of Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France d. The advent of the Thermidorean reaction e. The enactment of the Civil Constitution of the Clergy

e

Which of the following is true about the rulers of both Austria and Prussia during the seventeenth century? a. They patterned their society after that of the Ottoman Empire b. They succeeded in avoiding war for most of the century c. They created centralized, unified nation-states d. They abolished serfdom e. They maintained permanent standing armies

e

When was the 95 Theses written?

1517

When was the Peace of Augsburg (Princes determined religion of their land) written?

1555

When did the Spanish Armada attack and get defeated by Elizabeth II?

1588

When was the Peace of Westphalia written?

1648

When was the Glorious Revolution?

1688

Industrial Revolution

1750

queen of france who clashed guises and hugenots

Catherine de Medici

Napoleon blockades british ports

Continental System

French led assembly. 3 parts. clergy, nobility, everyone else

Estates General

Wrote Institutes of Christian religion

John Calvin

French vs others for control of Iberian peninsula during napoleonic wars

Peninsular War

Westernized Russia and was the Czar

Peter the Great

Lower class french who became radicals during the revolution

Sans-Culottes

assassination of Huguenots at Henry of Navarre's Wedding

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

most influential french philosophe. Candide and Elements of the Philosophy of Newton. attacked religious persecution

Voltaire

104.The Scientific Revolution overturned the accepted ideas of which of the following? a. Aristotle d. Galileo b. Vesalius e. Euclid c. Copernicus

a

109.In early modern Europe, which of the following most directly undermined the guild system? a. Entrepreneurial expansion of manufacturing into the countryside b. The increased demand for products from the Far East and the New World, such as spices and silk c. The imposition of high tariffs on imported goods d. The use of credit in business transactions e. The expansion of the supply of precious metals

a

112.After Constantinople fell to the Turks in 1453, which of the following cities claimed to be the "third Rome"? a. Moscow d. Geneva b. Budapest e. Warsaw c. Madrid

a

116.Which of the following was the most important factor behind the Price Revolution of the sixteenth century? a. Steady population growth and rising food costs b. The massive emigration of Europeans to the New World c. The militarization of society and massive war taxes d. Governmental control of the economy e. The rapid growth of manufacturing and the depopulation of the countryside

a

6. The response of the Roman Catholic church to the Protestant Reformation included all of the following EXCEPT a. The abolition of the Index of Prohibited Books b. The establishment of the Society of Jesus (Jesuit order) c. The convening of the Council of Trent d. The founding of women's orders active in education and care of the sick e. An increase in the number of parish grammar schools

a

98. The leadership of the Dutch revolts (1566 - 1648) sought all of the following EXCEPT a. An alliance with the English Catholics b. The end of the Inquisition c. The end of excessive taxation d. The elimination of the rule of foreign officials e. An alliance with French Protestants

a

99. "The pasturing stock is allowed in peace to eat up the food on the pastures to its utmost limits, thus the stock returns more ample profit to the farmer. In managing arable lands, the farmer derives other solid advantages, such as security against trespass and adoption of correct crop rotation." The eighteenth-century British quotation above is a justification for which of the following? a. enclosure of common lands b. strip farming c. sharecropping d. collectivization e. terracing

a

A major revolutionary ideal spread throughout Europe by the French armies during the Revolutionary and Napoleonic periods was that a. careers should be open to talented individuals from all classes b. workers have the right to form labor unions and bargain collectively c. every individual is entitled to a free, public education d. private property should be abolished e. the aged and the infirm should have the right to public support

a

According to the graph above, which class in sixteenth-century England benefited most from the trends shown? a. landowners b. landless laborers c. household servants d. merchants e. small-scale artisans

a

During the Renaissance, humanism contributed LEAST to which of the following? a. Popularization of medieval legends b. Renewed interest in original Greek and roman manuscripts. c. Development of modern national languages. d. Promotion of liberal arts education e. Refinements in social matters and personal habits.

a

Ferdinand and Isabella supported the expulsion or conversion of Muslims and Jews in Spain because a. Ferdinand and Isabella were hostile to religious faiths other than Christianity b. Ferdinand and Isabella feared that if they did nothing many Christians would leave Spain c. Spanish Muslims and Jews were believed to hinder the economic development of Spain d. Spanish Muslims and Jews outnumbered Christians in most large cities in the kingdom e. Spanish Muslims and Jews were protected by foreign powers hostile to Spain

a

In the sixteenth century, all of the following had religious civil wars or political insurrections EXCEPT a. Muscovite Russia b. England c. The Low Countries d. France e. The German States

a

Mercantilism was principally characterized by a. Government effort to build a strong, self-sufficient economy b. The efforts of the merchant class to influence policy by subsidizing the government c. Efforts by bankers and exporters to establish free trade d. The theory that gold and silver were not real wealth e. The view that labor ought to be able to seek its own market

a

The Peace of Utrecht (1713-1714) altered the balance of power in Europe by a. checking French expansion b. decreasing Austrian territorial holdings c. decreasing England's colonial empire d. granting sovereignty over Belgium to the Netherlands e. granting independence to Spain's New World colonies

a

The shaded areas on the map above represent which of the following? a. dynastic lands of the Hapsburgs in the sixteenth century b. participants in the Thirty Years' War in the seventeenth century c. protestant regions in the eighteenth century d. Members of the Holy Alliance in the nineteenth century e. Members of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in the twentieth century

a

Which of the following characterized European warfare between the Peace of Utrecht (1713) and the outbreak of the French Revolution (1789)? a. Standing armies pursuing limited strategic goals b. Citizen armies fighting for their native lands c. Feudal armies fighting for their lords d. Mass armies pursuing global strategies e. Highly mobile

a

Which of the following had the largest population in 1763? a. France d. Austria b. Sweden e. Spain c. England

a

Which of the following statements best describes the writers of the Romantic school? a. They stressed emotion rather than reason b. They continued the traditions of the Enlightenment. c. They were advocates of increased political rights for women. d. They modeled their work on the classics of Greece and Rome. e. They based their writing on scientific and mathematical models.

a

Which of the following was an important consequence of the Glorious Revolution of 1688-1689? a. Limits were put on the power of the English monarchy b. The franchise was expanded to members of the lower classes. c. French influence in England was expanded d. Roman Catholicism was reintroduced into England. e. England gained control of Spanish colonial possessions in the New World

a

"A prince should have only one end and one idea in mind, take only one subject for study, and it is war, its science and discipline; for it is the only science that deals with the ruler's problems ... [Success in war] not only maintains those born to princedoms but often causes men of private origin to rise to that rank ... The first cause of losing power is the neglect of this art; the cause of winning power lies in its mastery." In writing the passage above, Machiavelli drew on his observations of a. feudal warfare in medieval Europe b. warfare among the Italian city-states c. sixteenth-century religious wars d. warfare among the European colonial powers e. warfare during the Crusades

b

"It was an important confederation of commercial towns in northern Germany with its own laws, diplomats, and flags. Its membership of merchants earned large profits shipping fish, timber, and other resources to areas to the west and to the south. Prosperity declined, however, when trade routes shifted from the Baltic to the Atlantic after 1500." The description above refers to the a. Confederation of the Rhine b. Hanseatic League c. Merchants of the Staple d. Holy Roman Empire e. Schmalkaldic League

b

"Sincerely influenced by the ideas of the Enlightenment, this monarch abolished capital punishment, established equality before the law, freed the serfs, created a system of primary education, established religious toleration, and tightened the control of the state over the established church." The enlightened despot described above was a. Catherine the Great of Russia b. Joseph II of Austria c. Maria Theresa of Austria d. Frederick the Great of Prussia e. Charles III of Spain

b

103.The primary purpose of the Peace of Augsburg (1555) was to a. End the wars between the Hapsburgs and the Valois b. End the civil war between Lutherans and Roman Catholics in the German states c. End the Thirty Years' War d. Create better trade relations among German princes e. Facilitate diplomatic relations between the Holy Roman Empire and the Ottoman Turks

b

107.The system of intendants was established in seventeenth-century France primarily to a. Empower the French nobility b. Implement royal policies locally c. Make the peasantry return to the land d. Collect taxes from the towns e. Improve France's ability to fight foreign wars

b

117.The gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire which occurred during the nineteenth century created the most serious diplomatic and political tension between which of the following? a. Austria and Prussia d. Russia and Greece b. Austria and Russia e. Russia and Prussia c. France and Prussia

b

7. The first political use of the terms "right" and "left" was to describe the a. Division of France into predominantly Protestant and predominantly Roman b. Seating arrangements in the French National Assembly chamber during the French c. Party alliances in the English House of Commons during the debates prior to the d. Two wings of the Versailles palace that housed the Roman Catholic and the e. Factions in the English Parliament that supported James II or William of Orange

b

According to the theory of mercantilism, colonies should be a. Granted independence as soon as possible b. acquired as markets and sources of raw materials c. considered an economic burden for the colonial power d. used as settlement areas for surplus population e. encouraged to develop their own industries

b

After the defeat of King Charles II in the English Civil War and his execution in 1649, England was governed for a decade by a. A democratic republic with universal suffrage b. A commonwealth led by Oliver Cromwell and his son c. A constitutional monarchy under King James II d. The king of Scotland e. A parliamentary council dominated by egalitarians

b

Mary Wollstonecraft and John Stuart Mill both wrote a. Critiques of the French Revolution b. Tracts on liberty and the rights of women c. Utopian novels d. Polemics against alcohol consumption e. satires of George III of England

b

Of the following, which setting provided unmarried women in preindustrial Europe with the greatest opportunity to exercise their literary, artistic, and administrative talents? a. government councils d. universities b. convents e. banking houses c. guilds

b

One policy Peter the Great used to make Russia a great power was to a. decrease the tax burden on his poorer subjects b. build a new capital where his nobles and merchants were obliged to settle c. abolish serfdom d. encourage national pride by urging his subjects to retain traditional dress e. introduce military conscription for all adult males

b

Renaissance humanism drew its main inspiration from a. religious asceticism b. classical languages and literature c. the curricula of medieval universities d. political reforms of the Holy Roman Empire e. the ideas of Dante's Inferno

b

The primary goal of France in entering the Thirty Years' War was to a. defend Catholicism against German Protestants b. reduce the power of the Hapsburgs c. punish the Swedish king, Gustavus Adolphus d. conquer Brandenburg-Prussia e. place a Bourbon on the Spanish throne

b

The principal reason England reverted to a monarchical form of government following the Interregnum of Oliver Cromwell lay in Cromwell's a. ineffective mercantilist policy b. inability to establish broad popular support for his government c. inability to impose religious uniformity d. ineffective foreign policy e. inability to control dissidents in the army

b

The sketch above, drawn by Galileo in 1610, was used to argue that the Moon a. has no phases b. has an irregular surface c. is one of the planets d. does not revolve around the Earth e. is illuminated by Mars

b

The teachings of which of the following had the greatest impact on the Reformation in Scotland? a. Ignatius of Loyola b. John Calvin c. Martin Luther d. Desiderius Erasmus e. Ulrich Zwingli

b

Which of the following explorers, sailing under the flag of Portugal, reached the west coast of India in 1498 after rounding the Cape of Good Hope and crossing the Indian Ocean? a. John Cabot d. Amerigo Vespucci b. Vasco da Gama e. Ferdinand Magellan c. Bartolomeu Dias

b

Which of the following is true of Frederick William I, king of Prussia from 1713-1740? a. He lived lavishly off the taxes that his bureaucracy collected. b. He built a first-rate army and infused Prussian society with military values. c. He refused to employ commoners in his bureaucracy. d. He recruited tall soldiers rom all of Europe to fight in his frequent wars. e. He encouraged the development of local self-government

b

Which of the following most clearly distinguishes the Northern Renaissance from the Italian Renaissance? a. Interest in science and technology b. Greater concern with religious piety c. Cultivation of a Latin style d. Use of national languages in literature e. Admiration for Scholastic thought

b

Which of the following resulted from the English Reformation? a. Immediate wholesale persecution of Catholics in England b. Establishment of the English monarch as head of the Church of England c. The pope's naming of Henry VIII as "Defender of the Faith" d. Papal recognition of the English church as independent, but still affiliated with Rome e. A revolt by members of the English aristocracy opposed to the Reformation.

b

Which of the following was most typical of preindustrial European village society? a. Single-crop agricultural production b. Domestic manufacture of most household goods c. Upward economic mobility from one generation to the next d. Low infant-mortality rates e. Long life expectance

b

101.Martin Luther believed that the most important role for a Christian woman was to a. Minister to the sick and poor b. Preach the word of God in church on Sunday c. Become a wife and mother d. Lead a life devoted primarily to prayer and contemplation e. Teach reading and writing in a religious school

c

110."I will allow that bodily strength seems to give man a natural superiority over woman; and this is the only solid basis on which the superiority of men over women can be built." The passage above best reflects the argument of a. John Locke d. Jane Austen b. Thomas Hobbes e. Emily Bronte c. Mary Wollstonecraft

c

113.Which of the following was an economic policy of Louis XIV's finance minister, Jean-Baptiste Colbert? a. Raising money through internal tariffs b. Encouraging international competition through lower tariffs and free-trade policies c. Establishing detailed manufacturing codes to improve the quality of French export goods d. Opening France's colonies to foreign merchants and trade e. Reducing military spending

c

26. The French monarchy in the seventeenth century sought to expand France's borders to all its "natural frontiers" by gaining control of a. Schleswig-Holstein d. Rumania b. Hungary e. Yugoslavia c. Poland

c

4. "You venerate the saints and delight in touching their relics, but you despise the best one they left behind, the example of a holy life ... If the worship of Christ in the person of His saints pleases you so much, see to it that you imitate Christ in the Saints." The quotation above expresses the views of which of the following? a. Henry VIII of England b. Catherine de Medici c. Erasmus of Rotterdam d. Leonardo da Vinci e. Niccolo Machiavelli

c

5. Which of the following best describes the political and economic environment of much of fifteenth-century Italy? a. A few large states dominated by a wealthy landed nobility b. A strong unified Italian monarchy that patronized the arts c. Many independent city-states with prosperous merchant oligarchies d. Control of most of Italy by the pope, who encouraged mercantile development e. Support of the arts in Italy by the kings of France and the Holy Roman emperors, who were competing for influence

c

And New Philosophy calls all in doubt, The element of Fire is quite put out; The Sun is lost, and th' Earth, and no man's wit Can well direct him where to look for it. These verses by John Donne (1573 - 1631) refer to the scientific work of a. Harvey b. Leeuwenhoek c. Copernicus d. Paracelsus e. Ptolemy

c

Couples in early modern Europe generally put off marriage until they were, on average, in their mid-to late twenties because a. sexual maturation was delayed until the mid-twenties because of poor nutrition b. they were concerned about scarcity of housing c. they needed to acquire land or learn a trade before they could support a family d. the customs and mores of a society dominated by religion promoted sexual restraint e. laws prohibited marriage without parental permission before the age of majority

c

During 1793 - 1794, Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety owed much of their influence to the support of a. Catholics angered by the Civil Constitution of the Clergy b. liberal nobles eager to promote economic progress c. a group of small property owners and wage laborers in Paris who were concerned about high food prices d. industrial workers in Paris and Lyon who were angry about conditions in the newly opened cotton mills e. provincial middle-class businessmen concerned about excessive centralization of government

c

During the great witchcraft persecutions of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, those most often tried as witches were a. young girls d. members of the clergy b. young boys e. members of the aristocracy c. older women

c

Enlightened monarchs of the eighteenth century supported all of the following EXCEPT a. Religious tolerance b. Increased economic productivity c. Pacifist foreign policy d. Administrative reform e. Secular and technical education

c

In the late seventeenth century, which of the following countries led continental Europe in shipbuilding, navigation, and commerce and banking? a. France d. Denmark b. Russia e. Spain c. The Netherlands

c

In the period from Columbus' discovery of the Americas to the American Revolution all of the following goods were imported from the New World to Europe in large quantities EXCEPT a. Sugar d. furs b. Gold e. tobacco c. Iron ore

c

Louis XIV did which of the following to provide better protection for himself and to reduce the influence of the Paris mob? a. built the Bastille b. introduced religious instruction in the Parisian public schools c. moved the government from Paris to Versailles d. increased the number of soldiers stationed in Paris e. banned further internal migration from the countryside into Paris

c

Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the sixteenth century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists a. Rejected the Bible as the source of religious truth b. Favored government enforcement of morality c. Advocated a complete separation of church and state d. Restored the privileges of the clergy e. Tried to reconcile Protestant and Catholic teachings

c

The Council of Trent(1545-1563) was the major body through which a. Spain strengthened its position against the Turks b. the House of Hapsburg gained control over Italy c. the Roman Catholic church reformed itself d. European states entered into economic cooperation e. Puritans and Catholics were reconciled

c

The Russian woodcut above (about 1698) symbolizes Peter the Great's a. victory over the Swedes in the Great Northern War b. elimination of the Cossacks as a political force within Russia c. imposition of Western values on the Russian nobility d. initiation of the partition of Poland e. struggle with his son, Alexis, for control of Russia

c

Under the Napoleonic system, peasants in territories conquered by French armies were generally given a. The right to vote for representatives to serve in newly created parliaments b. Control over the appointment of village priests c. Freedom from manorial obligations d. Free lessons in the French language e. Sets of laws designed specifically to fit local conditions.

c

Which of the following best describes the Christian humanism of Erasmus? a. A complete break with Roman Catholic theology b. A defense of individual interpretation of the Bible c. The application of Renaissance scholarship to questions of ecclesiastical and moral reform d. A return to the Scholastic theology of Thomas Aquinas e. A plea for a return to monasticism as the highest Christian calling

c

Which of the following contributed to the economic decline of Spain in the seventeenth century? I. The overexpansion of Spanish manufactures II. The loss of a colonial empire III. The debasement of the coinage IV. The expulsion of the Moriscos a. I and II only b. II and III only c. III and IV only d. I, II, and III only e. I, II, III, and IV

c

Which of the following is NOT true of the Edict of Nantes (1598)? a. It was issued by Henry IV of France b. It allowed the practice of Protestantism in France c. It was responsible for the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre d. It was revoked by Louis XIV e. It was accepted by the French Huguenots

c

Which of the following is true of Cardinal Richelieu (1585 - 1642)? a. He led the French church in opposition to the monarchy. b. He expelled the Huguenots from France. c. He strengthened the intendant method of local government. d. He effectively abolished the sale of offices and tax farming in France. e. He supported the French nobility against the monarchy,.

c

Which of the following is true of the Romantic movement in early nineteenth-century Europe? a. It opposed emotional exuberance and excess. b. It shunned the study and writing of history. c. It was, in part, a reaction to the classicism of an earlier period. d. Among the arts, its influence was felt almost exclusively in music. e. It emphasized adherence to universally accepted standards in the arts.

c

Which of the following most accurately states Martin Luther's basic religious belief as a leader of the Protestant Reformation? a. Monasticism is the highest calling b. Personal works matter more than beliefs. c. Faith is the key to salvation. d. Christians are not subject to secular authority. e. Christians should show tolerance toward other faiths.

c

Which of the following was a primary result of the Glorious Revolution of 1688? a. The establishment of universal male suffrage b. The restoration of Roman Catholicism to both England and Scotland c. The limitation of monarchical power d. The execution of Charles I e. The triumph of Puritanism

c

"In conformity, therefore, to the clear doctrine of the Scripture, we assert, that by an external and immutable counsel, God has once for all determined, both whom he would admit to salvation, and whom he would condemn to destruction." The idea expressed in the passage above is most closely associated with the theological views of a. Erasmus d. John Calvin b. Pope Leo X e. Ignatius Loyola c. Thomas More

d

"The salon was a weekly gathering held in the home of one of the dominant ladies of the society, at which dinner was usually served, cards usually played, but conversation led by the hostess predominated. A few salons were known as having the ideal mixture of leading intellectuals, open- minded nobles, and clever, elegant women." The passage above describes an important aspect of social life in which of the following? a. Geneva during the Reformation b. Florence during the Renaissance c. London during the Glorious Revolution d. Paris during the Enlightenment e. Berlin during the Kulturkampf

d

1. Salvation by faith alone, the ministry of all believers, and the authority of the Bible are principles basic to a. The Christian humanism of Erasmus b. The Church of England c. Catholicism after the Council of Trent d. Lutheranism in the early 16th e. The Society of Jesus (Jesuit order) century

d

100.The long-term effect of the Thirty Years' War on the German states was to a. Restrict Lutheranism to southern German states b. Initiate a long era of peace and rapid economic recovery c. Encourage unification d. Devastate the German states' economies e. Increase the power of the Holy Roman Emperor

d

102.John Calvin established the center of his reformed church in a. Lyon d. Geneva b. London e. Basel c. Wittenberg

d

105.Which of the following best expresses Voltaire's views concerning religion? a. Catholics should obediently follow the dictates of the pope b. Protestants should be excluded from French government service c. Religious unity is fundamental to enlightened monarchies. d. Organized religion perpetuates superstition and ignorance e. Criticism of religious doctrines and authorities should be condemned

d

108.The acquisition of which of the following territories during the mid-eighteenth century helped to establish Prussia as a great power? a. Bohemia d. Silesia b. Bavaria e. Saxony c. Brandenburg

d

111.The policy of extending the French Revolution beyond France's borders was most closely associated with the a. Estates General b. Royalists c. Thermidoreans d. Girondin party e. Convention

d

114.Just as the reign of Louis XVI of France is often cited as an example of absolutism, the reign of Joseph II of Austria is often cited as an example of a. Liberalism d. enlightened monarchy b. Theocracy e. the divine right of kings c. Mercantilism

d

15. Which of the following was a major result of the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648)? a. The long-term strengthening of the Holy Roman Emperor's authority b. The banning of Calvinism in the German states c. The establishment of strong Russian influence in the northern German states d. The loss of as much as one-third of the German-speaking population through war, e. The encouragement of rapid economic development in many German-speaking cities

d

2. The Edict of Nantes in 1598 did which of the following? a. Ensured Anglo-French cooperation throughout the seventeenth century b. Created a French church separated from papal authority c. Ended the War of Spanish Succession d. Proclaimed the toleration of Calvinism e. Precipitated the French Wars of Religion.

d

Adam Smith maintained that a. Workers' real wages decrease in the long run b. Population always tends to outstrip food supplies c. Monopolies benefit the state d. Competition is socially beneficial e. Social revolution is inevitable

d

All of the following occurred as a result of the settlements reached at the Congress of Vienna (1814- 1815) EXCEPT - a. A balance of power was reestablished b. Belgium was united with the Netherlands under the House of Orange c. The neutrality of Switzerland was recognized d. Italy was unified under Sardinian leadership e. A personal union between Sweden and Norway was created.

d

Eighteenth-century popularizers of the seventeenth-century scientific revolution would have most likely agreed with which of the following statements? a. God intervenes actively in the universe's operation. b. Understanding the natural order is beyond human comprehension. c. Humans are imperfect and wicked by nature. d. Underlying natural laws govern society. e. Respect for tradition ensures human progress.

d

Historically, which of the following factors has proved LEAST necessary for making a successful revolution? a. Support of the military forces b. Well-organized revolutionary leaders c. grievances providing motivation to revolt d. active participation of the majority of citizens e. ineptness of the government in power

d

In the second half of the seventeenth century, which of the following countries dominated European culture, politics, and diplomacy? a. England d. France b. The Netherlands e. Prussia c. Russia

d

Johannes Kepler improved on Copernicus' theories by a. introducing the concept of heliocentrism b. demonstrating the laws of gravitational attraction c. initially questioning the theory of crystalline spheres d. demonstrating that planets have elliptical orbits e. charting the epicycles of the planets

d

Martin Luther initially criticized the Roman Catholic church on the grounds that it a. supported priests as religious teachers b. sponsored translations of the Bible into vernacular languages c. reduced the number of sacraments d. used indulgences as a fund-raising device e. formed close associations with secular rulers

d

Of the following, the major political opponent of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V was a. Pope Clement VII b. Henry VIII of England c. Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden d. Francis I of France e. Philip II of Spain

d

The eighteenth-century philosophes believed that society could best achieve progress through a. Prayer and contemplation b. Intuition c. Hard work and self-denial d. Scientific empiricism e. Analysis of Greek and Latin texts

d

This document records an oath of unity taken by members of the a. English Parliament in their opposition to Charles I, thus marking the beginning of the Puritan revolt b. English Parliament in their opposition to James II, thus marking the beginning of the Glorious Revolution c. First Continental Congress in their opposition to George III, thus marking the beginning of the American Revolutionary War d. French Estates General in opposition to Louis XVI, thus marking the beginning of the French Revolution e. French legislative assembly in response to the defeat of Napoleon I, thus marking the restoration of the French monarchy.

d

Which of the following statements about Michel de Montaigne (1533 - 1592) is true? a. He was a staunch advocate of violent revolution b. He was the greatest scientist of his age. c. He was the leading atheist of his century. d. He was the best known skeptic of his time. e. He was the leading military strategist of his era.

d

Which of the following statements accurately describes the Napoleonic Code? a. It was Europe's first written law code. b. It prepared the way for the Bourbon Restoration. c. It institutionalized the corvee. d. It protected private property and the authority of husbands within the family. e. It determined the shape of European governments until the First World War.

d

Which of the following was generally supported by the mercantilists? a. formation of new guilds b. destruction of factories c. creation of a universal monetary standard d. development of colonies e. decentralization of government

d

Which of the following was the primary cause of the Hapsburg-Valois feud, which dominated European international politics in the sixteenth century? a. the differences in the religious positions taken by the two families during the Protestant Reformation b. the refusal of Charles of Hapsburg to marry a Valois princess c. Competition for colonies overseas d. the conflicting political ambitions of the two families e. Clashing territorial interests in southern Germany

d

106.Which of the following describes a major difference between northern humanists and Italian humanists? a. Italian humanists focused on human intellect and achievements, whereas northern humanists b. Italian humanists focused on national consciousness, whereas northern humanists rejected politics. c. Italian humanists viewed human nature as corrupt and weak, whereas northern humanists viewed d. Both concentrated on spiritual concerns, but northern humanists also focused on secular matters. e. Both looked to classical sources, but northern humanists also emphasized Christian sources. concentrated on nature and emotion. human nature as generally good.

e

115.In seventeenth and eighteenth-century Prussia, the Junkers supported the monarchy and served in the army in return for a. The right to sell their lands b. Control of an independent national parliament c. Toleration of their religious diversity d. Exemption from all taxes e. Virtually absolute power over their serfs

e

97. Rene Descartes and Francis Bacon contributed to scientific development in the seventeenth century by a. Making observations of planetary movements b. Perfecting the metric system c. Conducting experiments about gravitational forces d. Introducing logarithms e. Articulating theories of the scientific method

e

A social historian would be most likely to research which of the following topics? a. French diplomacy, 1742 - 1763 b. Frederick William I and the General Directory of War, Finance, and Domains c. The philosophical assumptions of Montesquieu's Persian Letters d. Napoleon's Freudian relationship with Madame e. Family life in a French village

e

All of the following were invented in Western Europe during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries EXCEPT a. firearms b. moveable printing type c. the compound microscope d. the compass e. the flying shuttle

e

Elizabeth I of England and her contemporary, Henry IV of France, have been called politiques because they believed that a. doctrinal unity was necessary to political unity b. religious questions were as important as political questions c. religion was the most important part of politics d. political leaders should not be involved in religious questions e. theological controversy should be subordinate to political unity

e

In eighteenth-century Europe, the most important imperial rivalries existed among which three of the following? a. Russia, France, and Great Britain b. The German states, the Italian states, and Great Britain c. The German states, the Italian states, and France d. The German states, the Italian states, and Spain e. Spain, France, and Great Britain

e

In the first half of the seventeenth century, the Austrian Hapsburgs subdued revolt and centralized control in their territories by doing which of the following? a. Emancipating the peasantry and encouraging agricultural development b. Allying with the urban middle classes and encouraging commercial development c. Establishing a national church headed by the Hapsburg emperor and redistributing d. Creating a customs union to promote trade and acquiring new territories to supply e. Waging warfare against rebel groups and supporting the Catholic Reformation church properties

e

Poland's decline as a major political entity during the seventeenth century can be attributed largely to a. the failure of the papacy to recognize the legitimacy of the Polish kings b. a population decline resulting from the Thirty Years' War c. the conquest of the kingdom by the Ottoman Turks d. failure of the universities to create a literate aristocracy e. the absence of a powerful central authority

e

The model of the universe which resulted from the scientific work of Galileo and Newton embraced a. Aristotelian philosophy b. A belief in an ascending "chain of being" c. A conception of a spiritually animate universe d. The belief in the fixed, central position e. The science of mechanics

e

Which of the following is true of the German Peasants' Revolt of 1524-1525? a. The revolt led to the emancipation of the German serfs b. The revolt was organized by Martin Luther to break papal power in the German states. c. The peasants were supported by French armies during the revolt. d. The revolt was the first in Europe in which economic egalitarianism was a major rallying point e. The revolt resulted from a combination of new religious ideas and peasant demands.

e

Which of the following was a persistent cause of agitation and protests by the Parisian lower classes in the eighteenth century? a. Efforts to reimpose the guild system b. bourgeois demands for a great voice in government c. lavish displays of wealth by the clergy d. frustration of artisans' attempts to organize into unions e. Substantial increase in the cost of bread

e