Film 20C Midterm
In the Introduction to his book Keywords, Raymond Williams distinguishes a vocabulary from a dictionary and identifies his book as a vocabulary rather than as a dictionary. (a) true (b) false
True
In the Introduction to his book Keywords, Raymond Williams wrote "It was not easy then, and it is not much easier now, to describe this work in terms of a particular academic subject. The book has been classified under headings as various as cultural history, historical semantics, history of ideas, social criticism, literary history and sociology." (a) true (b) false
True
In the introduction to her book, The Second Self, Sherry Turkle asserts that "[t]he language of computers has moved out so effectively that we forget its future directions." (a) true (b) false
True
Leibniz proposed an algebra of logic, an algebra that would specify the rules for manipulating logical concepts in the manner that ordinary algebra specifies the rules for manipulating numbers. (a) true (b) false
True
Leibniz spent decades writing the family history of the man who would become King George I of England. (a) true (b) false
True
Professor Sack insists that computer science has no "digitally native" language of human interaction and yet most of what we do with computers today is interact with them. (a) true (b) false
True
Raymond Williams, Alan Turing, Marshall McLuhan, and Ludwig Wittgenstein were all either students or professors at Cambridge University. (a) true (b) false
True
The Oxford English Dictionary contains an example sentence written in the late-nineteen century asserting that "a piece of soft aluminum has a 'magnetic memory.'" (a) true (b) false
True
The Rand Corporation was a think tank frequently employed by the Pentagon and the State Department. (a) true (b) false
True
The field of "conversation analysis" utilizes ethnomethodology's insights about the order of sense making. (a) true (b) false
True
Winograd and Flores are concerned with "conversations for action" - those in which and interplay of requests and commissives are directed towards explicit cooperative action. (a) true (b) false
True
Winograd and Flores conclude their book by writing "We are engaging in a philosophical discourse about the self - about what we can do and what we can be. Tools are fundamental to action, and through our actions we generate the world. The transformation we are concerned with is not a technical one, but a continuing evolution of how we understand our surroundings and ourselves - of how we continue becoming the beings that we are." (a) true (b) false
True
Winograd and Flores state that the computer is ultimately a structured dynamic communication medium that is qualitatively different from earlier media such as print and telephones. (a) true (b) false
True
In one set of lecture notes, Professor Sack told a personal memory about a visit to where? (a) Notre Dame Cathedral (b) The Louvre Museum (c) Versailles (d) The Eiffel Tower (e) None of the above
Versailles
The English word "fact" derives from the neuter past participle of the Latin verb facere. What does facere mean? (a) to take (b) to give (c) to do (d) to see
to do
The word "data" comes to English from Latin. It is the plural of the Latin word datum, which itself is the neuter past participle of the verb dare. What does dare mean? (a) to take (b) to give (c) to do (d) to see
to give
Winograd and Flores are critical of a "rationalistic tradition" and thus are interested in defending irrationality and a mystic appeal to non-rational intuition. (a) true (b) false
False
Winograd and Flores claim that their larger goal is to clarify the background of understanding in which the discourse about computers and technology takes place and, ultimately, to seek a better understanding of what it means to be X. What is X? (a) a computer (b) an informed user (c) a human (d) a consumer of information technology
A human
Who was Francis Bacon? (a) a philosopher (b) a chancellor of England (c) both of the above (d) none of the above
Both of the above
The book An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was written by (a) Charles Babbage (b) Adam Smith (c) François Quesnay
Adam Smith
Which of the following was not considered one of the quadrivium, the arts of number? (a) Astronomy (b) Arithmetic (c) Algebra (d) Geometry
Algebra
Francis Yates wrote about a banquet held by a nobleman of Thessaly and attended by the poet Simonides of Ceos. According to Yates's story, what happened during the banquet? (a) The nobleman told the poet he was only going to pay him half of what he had originally agreed to pay him for performing at the banquet. (b) The twin gods Castor and Pollux came to call on Simonides. (c) The roof of the banqueting hall fell in, crushing the nobleman and all the guests, except Simonides, to death beneath the ruins. (d) All of the above (e) None of the above
All of the above
Who was George Boole? (a) the son of an English cobbler (b) Professor of Mathematics at Queen's College in Cork, Ireland (c) a mathematician (d) the author of the book, The Laws of Thought (e) all of the above (f) none of the above
All of the above
What was the "Conversation Map"? (a) A Google product (b) An artwork/software system built by Professor Sack (c) A diagram in the Winograd and Flores book
An artwork/software system built by Professor Sack
In 1879, Gottlob Frege published a book entitled (a) The Laws of Thought (b) Begriffsschrift (c) Mathematical Logic
Begriffsschrift
Which one of the following statements is not highlighted in chapter 12 of Winograd and Flores' book? (a) Any organization is constituted as a network of recurrent conversations. (b) Conversations are linked in regular patterns of triggering and breakdown. (c) In creating tools we are designing new conversations and connections. (d) Design includes the generation of new possibilities. (e) Domains are generated by the space of potential breakdown of action. (f) Breakdown is an interpretation. (g) Domains of anticipation are incomplete. (i) Computers are tools for anticipating new forms of breakdown. (j) Innovations have their own domains of breakdown. (k) Design is always already happening.
Computers are tools for anticipating new forms of breakdown
In 1958 the Pentagon set up an agency called DARPA. What does DARPA stand for? (a) Directive for Army Research Projects Agency (b) Deployment and Reconnaissance Projects Agency (c) Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Winograd and Flores state that transparency of interaction is of utmost importance in the design of tools, including computer systems, but it is not best achieved by attempting to mimic human faculties. They illustrate this position with the example of (a) sending email (b) interacting with an automated bank teller (c) driving a car (d) leaving a message on a voice mail system
Driving a car
Sherry Turkle describes her style of inquiry as (a) ethnographic (b) ethnomethodological (c) both of the above (d) none of the above
Ethnographic
"To google" was a verb before 1998. (a) true (b) false
False
According to Lucy Suchman, the design of Joseph Weizenbaum's ELIZA program exploited the natural inclination of people to deploy what Karl Mannheim first termed "ethnography." (a) true (b) false
False
According to Winograd and Flores we can plot the basic course of a conversation in a simple diagram in which each circle represents a possible state of the conversation and the lines represent speech acts. Such diagrams are models of the mental state of the speaker or hearer. (a) true (b) false
False
Raymond Williams founded the field of Software Studies. (a) true (b) false
False
Who wrote "...it is unworthy of excellent men to lose hours like slaves in the labor of calculation which could safely be relegated to anyone else if [a] machine were used"? (a) Martin Davis (b) Blaise Pascal (c) Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
"If I were to choose a patron saint for cybernetics out of the history of science," wrote Norbert Wiener, "I would have to choose..." Who did Wiener choose? (a) René Descartes (b) Blaise Pascal (c) Alan Turing (d) Charles Babbage (e) Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
Who argued that people make joint sense of their social world together, and that they do so methodically, using social procedures or methods that they share, "ethnomethods"? (a) Lucy Suchman (b) John Heritage (c) Harold Garfinkel (d) Harvey Sacks
Harold Garfinkel
According to David Cram, in the eighteenth century English, German and French were consider to be (a) instituted languages (b) natural languages (c) artificial languages
Natural languages
The philosopher René Descartes is famous for asserting which of the following? (a) To err is human to forgive divine. (b) Men are machines. (c) I think therefore I am. (d) All of the above (e) None of the above
I think therefore I am
According to David Cram, in the seventeenth century English, German and French were consider to be (a) instituted languages (b) natural languages (c) artificial languages
Instituted languages
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz developed the differential and integral calculus. Who also independently invented the calculus? (a) René Descartes (b) Blaise Pascal (c) Alan Turing (d) Isaac Newton (e) Charles Babbage
Isaac Newton
Who wrote "It is essential to realize that 'true' and 'false', like 'free' and 'unfree', do not stand for anything simple at all; but only for a general dimension of being a right or proper thing to say as opposed to a wrong thing, in these circumstances, to this audience, for these purposes, and with these intentions." (a) Terry Winograd and Fernando Flores (b) J.L. Austin (c) John Searle (d) Martin Heidegger
J.L. Austin
Who coined the phrase "software studies"? (a) Matthew Fuller (b) Lev Manovich (c) Noah Wardrip-Fruin (d) Michael Mateas (e) Nick Montfort
Lev Manovich
In a paper published in 1936, a twenty-four year old student invented the design of a machine that could, in principle, do the work of a human computer. The machine is generally referred to with his name. What is his name? (a) Alonzo Church (b) John von Neumann (c) Kurt Gödel (d) Alan Turing (e) Ludwig Wittgenstein
John Von Newmann
Who was interested in the development of a universal philosophical language? (a) John Wilkins (b) Francis Bacon (c) Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz (d) philosopher-mathematician Condorcet (e) All of the above (f) None of the above
John Wilkins
The physician and philosopher Julien Offroy de la Mettrie was the author of which of these books? (a) L'Homme-machine (b) Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers (c) An Essay towards a Real Character and a Philosophical Language (d) All of the above (e) None of the above
L'Homme-machine
Which of the following was never considered one of the trivium, the arts of language? (a) Rhetoric (b) Logic (c) Latin (d) Dialectic (e) Grammar
Latin
Who is credited with the following quote: "To imagine a language is to imagine a form of life." (a) Raymond Williams (b) Alan Turing (c) Ludwig Wittgenstein (d) John Lennon
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Who wrote the following? "...[T]his objection is expressed in the question: 'Could a machine think?' I shall talk about this at a later point, and now only refer you to an analogous question: 'Can a machine have a toothache?' You will certainly be inclined to say 'A machine can't have toothache.' All I will do now is to draw your attention to the use you have made of the word 'can' and ask you: 'Did you mean to say that all our past experience has shown that a machine never had a toothache?' The impossibility of which you speak is a logical one. The question is: What is the relation between thinking (or toothache) and the subject which thinks, has toothache, etc.?..." (a) Alan Turing (b) Bertrand Russell (c) Ludwig Wittgenstein (d) Marvin Minsky (e) None of the above
Ludwig Wittgenstein
Who wrote the following? "A lexicon is a vocabulary of terms used in a particular subject. Rather than an encyclopedia, which is too universal, or a dictionary or glossary, which offer too short descriptions or readings of terms, a lexicon can be provisional and is scalable enough a form to adapt to any number of terms and lengths of text." (a) Raymond Williams (b) Matthew Fuller
Matthew Fuller
During the last months of 1675, Leibniz made a number of conceptual and computational breakthroughs in the use of limit processes that, taken together, are called his "invention of the calculus." Where was Leibniz during the last months of 1675? (a) Berlin (b) London (c) Paris (d) Moscow
Paris
The title of Sherry Turkle's book, The Second Self, arguable refers to (a) Self-help author Tony Robbin's first book (b) philosopher Simon de Beauvoir's book, The Second Sex (c) Both of the above (d) None of the above
Philosopher Simon de Beauvoir's book, The Second Sex
Who compared human memory to wax or a wax tablet? (a) Aristotle (b) Cicero (c) Derrida (d) Freud (e) Plato (f) Quinitilian (g) All of the above (h) None of the above
Plato
Frederick Winslow Taylor developed a form of scientific management that came to be known as (a) Taylorism (b) the assembly line (c) white collar work
Taylorism
According to Winograd and Flores, the development of technology has led to new uses of terms such as "information," "input," "output," "language" and "communication," while work in areas such as artificial intelligence is bringing new meanings to words like "intelligence," "decision," and "knowledge." Which of the following statements is true? (a) Everyday language has nothing to do with the words and phrases used in the technical literatures addressing the technologies of information and communication. (b) Technical jargon can eventually shape our commonsense understanding in a way that changes our lives. (c) Commonsense understandings of technical terms are wrong.
Technical jargon can eventually shape our commonsense understanding in a way that changes our lives.
In the introduction to her book, The Second Self, Sherry Turkle distinguishes two kinds of computer. Which two kinds? (a) the "intelligent computer" and the "objective computer" (b) the "instrumental computer" and the "subjective computer" (c) the "calculator" and the "emotion machine" (d) the "laptop" and the "desktop"
The "instrumental computer" and the "subjective computer"
In his article "Computing machinery and intelligence," Alan Turing proposed a game to investigate the question "Can machines think?" Turing called his game (a) the Turing Test (b) the imitation game (c) a language game (d) all of the above (e) none of the above
The imitation game
Who wrote this? "Simple physical devices, speed bumps (known in Britain as a 'sleeping policeman'), are used for traffic calming. In this case physical force directly enforces a moral order previously founded upon signification processes such as traffic signs." (a) The philosopher John Searle (b) The computer scientist Terry Winograd (c) The science and technology studies scholar Trevor Pinch (d) None of the above
The science and technology studies scholar Trevor Pinch
Harold Garfinkel argued that via frameworks of accountability, people's actions reproduce social facts and social institutions, like gender. One striking demonstration of his point was a study he did with a transsexual. Which best describes the case we read about? (a) The transsexual's name was "Chris." He was born a girl and arrived in Los Angeles in search of a sex-change operation. (b) The transsexual's name was "Agnes." She was born a boy and arrived in Los Angeles in search of a sex-change operation. (c) The transsexual's name was "Alex." She was born a boy and arrived in Los Angeles in search of a sex-change operation.
The transsexual's name was "Agnes." She was born a boy and arrived in Los Angeles in search of a sex-change operation.
The following scientific paper was published in 1997: Aron, Arthur; Melinat, Edward; Aron, Elaine N.; Vallone, Robert Darrin; Bator, Renee J. "The experimental generation of interpersonal closeness: A procedure and some preliminary findings." Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, Vol 23(4), Apr 1997, 363-377. In 2015 it was reviewed by the writer Mandy Len Cantron for the New York Times. The review was published under which title? (a) "Thirty-six questions for your lover" (b) "To fall in love with anyone, do this" (c) "Fifty ways to leave your lover" (d) "To know you is to love you"
To fall in love with anyone, do this
What was the main point of the tale with which Frances Yates began her book, The Art of Memory? (a) To describe the Greek gods Castor and Pollux (b) To recount a tragedy (c) To narrate the origins of an invention made by the poet Simonides of Ceos (d) To slander Scopas, a nobleman of Thessaly (e) To explain where people were seated in ancient Greek banquets
To narrate the origins of an invention made by the poet Simonides of Ceos
According to the philosopher Michel Foucault, for centuries truth was considered to be inaccessible to anyone who was not adequately prepared in mind and body. (a) true (b) false
True
During the Second World War, the term "Operations Research" was used to describe research aimed at developing a formalized scheme for applying qualitative analysis to military operations. (a) true (b) false
True
Frege's logic included symbols for universal quantification and for existential quantification. (a) true (b) false
True
Gottlob Frege's diary showed him to be a virulent racist. (a) true (b) false
True
The Franco-American economist Marc Uri Porat concluded that by 1967 information already accounted for 46 percent of the gross national product of the United States. (a) No, this was the conclusion reached by the economist Fritz Machlup. (b) Yes, and, furthermore, Porat concluded that information also accounted for 53 percent of all wages by 1967. (c) No, these figures (of 46 percent and 57 percent) were not attained until 1997.
Yes, and furthermore, Porat concluded that the information also accounted
The word "episteme" is an ancient Greek term that was used by the twentieth century philosopher Michel Foucault to mean what? (a) a configuration of knowledge (b) a skin condition (c) the self (d) none of the above
a configuration of knowledge
Which is a definition of "dialectic"? (a) a kind of double litter or portable couch (b) discussion of opposing ideas (c) a very poor conductor of electric current
a discussion of opposing ideas
What is the "division of labor"? (a) a way to divide numbers into an integer and a remainder (b) a machine (c) a way to organize work
a way to organize work
André Leroi-Gourhan wrote about (a) "specific memory" (b) "ethnic memory" (c) "artificial memory" (d) all of the above (e) none of the above
all of the above
In his chapter, Daniel Rosenberg characterized which of the following as preliminary results of his research? (a) the word "data" entered the English language from French between the twelfth and the fifteenth centuries when French was one of England's main languages of literature, record, diplomacy and commerce (b) in English, in the early eighteenth century, the term "data" was principally employed in discussions of mathematics and theology (c) all of the above (d) none of the above
all of the above
In seventeenth-century English, the term data was employed (a) in mathematics, as quantities given in problems, as opposed to the quaesita, or quantities sought (b) in the realm of theology where it referred to scriptural truths that were given by God and therefore not susceptible to questioning (c) in philosophy and natural philosophy, to identify that category of facts and principles that were, by agreement, beyond argument (d) all of the above (e) none of the above
all of the above
Marshall McLuhan was (a) well-known for saying "the medium is the message" (b) a specialist of Elizabethan literature (c) a Canadian (d) a Roman Catholic (e) an admirer of the work of Harold Innis (f) all of the above (g) none of the above
all of the above
Who was Alan Turing? (a) One of the inventors of the logical principles of computers (b) An important contributor to the breaking of the Nazis' secret codes in World War II (c) The author of what many believe to be the founding essay of artificial intelligence (d) All of the above
all of the above
Who was Harold Garfinkel? (a) a student of the sociologist Talcott Parsons in 1950 (b) a reader of the philosopher Edmund Husserl (c) a student at the University of North Carolina in 1940 (d) the developer of a sociology of the commonsense world of everyday life (e) a professor at UCLA (f) all of the above (g) none of the above
all of the above
Who wrote "...the act of perception stamps in, as it were, a sort of impression of the percept, just as persons do who make an impression with a seal"? (a) Plato (b) Simonides (c) Cicero (d) Aristotle (e) Freud (f) Quintilian
aristotle
Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban (1633-1707) was (a) the famous fortifications engineer of Louis XIV (b) one of the pioneers of meteorology (along with Robert Hooke and Edmund Halley) (c) both of the above (d) neither of the above
both of the above
The sociologist Émile Durkheim did a study of suicide. Durkheim argued (a) that the suicide statistics are created by policemen who have opinions which feed into legal judgements (b) that we should ignore subjective opinions and focus on social facts like the suicide rate (c) both of the above (d) none of the above
both of the above
Denis Diderot and Jean-Baptiste le Rond d'Alembert worked together on a famous (a) encyclopedia (b) mathematical theorem (c) novel (d) monument
encyclopedia
Paul Otlet co-founded the International Institute of Bibliography in Brussels and hoped to build up a "Universal Book of Emotions." (a) true (b) false
false
Ethnomethodology was developed to address (a) concerns of specialists in the academic field of ethnic studies (b) how people in everyday situations make sense of their circumstances and act on them (c) how ethnographers should organize their research
how people in everyday situations make sense of their circumstances and act on them
Winograd and Flores wrote "A person who sits down at a word processor is not just creating a document, but is writing a letter or a memo or a book. There is a complex social network in which these activities make sense. It includes institutions (such as post offices and publishing companies), equipment (including word processors and computer networks, but also all of the older technologies with which they coexist), and conventions (such as the legal status of written documents)." According to Winograd and Flores, the significance of a new invention lies in (a) the number of new computer technologies the invention includes (b) the number of people who end up using the invention (c) the extent to which the invention spreads across the country and throughout the world (d) how the invention fits into or changes a complex social network
how the invention fits into or changes a complex social network
Who wrote the book entitled The Domestication of the Savage Mind? (a) Marshall McLuhan (b) Jack Goody (c) André Leroi-Gourhan (d) Bernard Stiegler
jack goody
According to Winograd and Flores, when we study computer technology we are studying a technology that operates in a domain of (a) language (b) mathematics (c) both of the above (d) none of the above
language
In Boole's algebra, the expression "a(a - 1) = 0" is understood to be the expression of Aristotle's (a) law of identity (b) law of contradiction (c) law of the excluded middle
law of contradiction
According to Graham Button and Paul Dourish "technomethodology" is (a) a design practice (b) the use of ethnomethodology not for the design of but rather exclusively for the analysis of technological systems (c) specifically a work arrangement in which social scientists are employed to discover user requirements which are then later implemented by engineers (d) none of the above (e) all of the above
specifically a work arrangement in which social scientists are employed to discover user requirements which are then later implemented by engineers
What does the word "uncanny" mean? (a) that which has been taken out of a can (b) homey, pleasant and familiar (c) strange or mysterious, especially in an unsettling way
strange or mysterious, especially in an unsettling way
In Boole's algebra, the expression "x + y" meant (a) the class of all things to be found either in x or in y (b) the class of things in x that are not in y (c) neither of the above
the class of all things to be found either in x or in y
Who wrote this? "Institutions are the rules of the game in a society ... They are a guide to human interaction, so that when we wish to greet friends on the street, drive an automobile, buy oranges, borrow money, form a business, bury our dead, or whatever, we know ... how to perform these tasks." (a) the philosopher John Searle (b) the economist Douglass North (c) the sociologist Émile Durkheim (d) the sociologist Harold Garfinkel
the economist Douglass North
The "method of loci" is also known as (a) The location-based method (b) The memory palace (c) a medical acronym: LoCIUT: Letter of Competence Intrauterine Techniques
the memory palace
The article by Graham Button and Paul Dourish points out two possible paradoxes entailed in the use of ethnomethodology for the analysis and design of systems. What do they call those paradoxes? (a) the paradox of ethnomethodology and the paradox of scale (b) the paradox of technomethodology and the paradox of system design (c) the paradox of attention for details and the paradox of technological transformation
the paradox of technomethodology and the paradox of system design
According to Professor Sack, in the nineteenth century, logic underwent a dramatic realignment from (a) an informal to a formal style (b) the quadrivium to the trivium (c) the trivium to the quadrivium
the trivium to the quadrivium
The historiographer of the humanities, David Cram of Oxford University, has argued that in the seventeenth century, music underwent a dramatic realignment from (a) a classical to a modern style (b) the quadrivium to the trivium (c) the trivium to the quadrivium
the trivium to the quadrivium??????????
According to the classicist Eric Havelock, at a specific historical moment it became possible for a few Greeks to talk about their souls as though they had selves or personalities which were autonomous and not fragments of the atmosphere, nor of a cosmic life force, but what we might call entities or real substances. At first this conception was within reach only of the more sophisticated. In the mind of the majority of men, the notion was not understood, and that in their ears the terms in which it was expressed sounded bizarre. When, according to Havelock was this historical moment? (a) towards the beginning of the fifth century BCE (b) towards the end of the fifth century BCE (c) towards the beginning of the fourth century BCE (d) towards the end of the fourth century BCE
towards the end of the fifth century BCE
According to Martin Davis, Frege's logic was the first example of a formal artificial language constructed with precise syntax. (a) true (b) false
true
Charles Babbage wrote a treatise in political economy concerning the mechanical arts, published in 1832 with the title On the Economy of Machinery and Manufactures. (a) true (b) false
true
Claude Shannon formulated a mathematical theory of information in which meaning was considered to be unrelated to information. (a) true (b) false
true
Ethnomethodologists claim that we use background knowledge to make sense of the world through a process they refer to as the "documentary method." (a) true (b) false
true
Ethnomethodology's message is: think of the social world as a production. Think of this world as constantly produced and reproduced by sense-makers who make decisions and act on the sense they make. John Heritage tells us that we can think of the editing rules employed in film making as an example of how our constant use of the documentary method is exploited to make us perceive continuities between one cut to the next. (a) true (b) false
true
For centuries "logic" and "dialectic" were considered to be synonyms. (a) true (b) false
true
Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz developed binary arithmetic. (a) true (b) false
true
Over the course of the eighteenth century, the main connotations of the term "data " shifted. At the beginning of the century, "data" was especially used to refer either to principles accepted as a basis of argument or to facts gleaned from scripture that were unavailable to questioning. By the end of the century, the term was most commonly used to refer to facts in evidence determined by experiment, experience, or collection. It had become usual to think of data as the result of an investigation rather than its premise. (a) true (b) false
true
The philosopher of technology, Bernard Stiegler defined information as that which has value only because it loses it. (a) true (b) false
true
Turing proposed to have a computer function as a man pretending to be a woman. (a) true (b) false
true
