FINAL A&P

Which hormone stimulates the thirst mechanism?

ADH

Which of the following statements concerning oogenesis is false?

About half the oogonia complete mitosis between birth and puberty.

Which statement is true regarding fluid balance in the digestive tract?

All the water movement in the digestive tract involves passive water flow down osmotic gradients.

What is a pyelogram? (Module 24.15B)

An x-ray image of the urinary system taken after a radiopaque dye was administered

Compare benign prostatic hypertrophy with prostate cancer. (Module 26.17A)

Benign prostatic hypertrophy is an enlargement of the prostate whereas prostate cancer is a malignancy.

What would happen to the blood PCO2 of a patient who has an airway obstruction? (Module 25.10A)

Blood PCO2 would increase, resulting in respiratory acidosis

Which fluids are buffered by the phosphate buffer system? (Module 25.8B)

ICF, urine

Which of the following is required as a cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis?

copper

The paired erectile bodies in the penis are the

corpora cavernosa.

The erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra is the

corpus spongiosum

What uterine cycle event occurs when estrogen and progesterone decrease? (Module 26.15B)

destruction of the functional layer and menstruation

Contraction of which structure compresses the urinary bladder and expels its contents into the urethra?

detrusor muscle

What is the term for painful or difficult urination? (Module 24.18A)

dysuria

Contractions of the bulbospongiosus muscles result in

ejaculation

Contraction of the dartos muscle

elevates the scrotal sac.

Define vasectomy. (Module 26.16C)

Vasectomy is the surgical sterilization of males by cutting the ductus deferens

The individual cells produced by cleavage are called

blastomeres.

The trophoblast has many of the characteristics of ________ cells.

cancer

What intermediate compound formed from water and carbon dioxide directly affects the pH of the ECF? (Module 25.7B)

carbonic acid

Which buffer system is most important in the ECF?

carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer system

The ions in highest concentration in the extracellular fluid are sodium and

chloride.

The extra-embryonic membrane that forms the fetal portion of the placenta is the

chorion.

How do recently released secondary oocytes reach the uterine tube? (Module 26.11A)

ciliary fluid currents

What process involves a series of mitotic cell divisions without an increase in the size of the daughter cells?

cleavage

Which of the following descriptions best fits the acid-base disorder respiratory alkalosis?

consequence of hyperventilation, for example in fever or mental illness

The clitoris

contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis.

The ________ is the inner lining of the uterus.

endometrium

Spermatozoa functionally mature within the

epididymis.

Peristaltic contractions, beginning at the renal pelvis, sweep along the ureter, forcing urine toward the urinary bladder. In a normal, healthy person, how often do these contractions occur?

every 30 seconds or so

When the pH of the extracellular fluid drops, the kidneys

excrete more hydrogen ions and reabsorb bicarbonate ions.

The ability to consciously control urination depends on your ability to control which muscle? (Module 24.17B)

external urethral sphincter

The period of gestation when the rudiments of all major organ systems are established is the ________ trimester.

first

The principal hormone secreted by the corpus luteum is

progesterone

Menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of

progesterone.

The organ that surrounds the urethra and secretes an antibiotic protein is the

prostate gland.

Which solid component makes up most of the body mass? (Module 25.1C)

proteins

Contraction of the cremaster muscles

pulls the testes closer to the body cavity.

The external marking of the boundary between the two testes is the

raphe.

Cervical dilation is caused by which of the following placental hormones?

relaxin

Which gestational period is dominated by the development of organs and organ systems?

second trimester

During metabolic alkalosis, the renal tubule cells __________.

secrete bicarbonate ions into the tubular fluid

Sperm production occurs in the

seminiferous tubules.

Which fertilization event occurs immediately after the formation of the male and female pronuclei?

spindle formation and cleavage begins

Increased sodium levels in the ECF result in which of the following outcomes?

stimulation of osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

The ________ ligament extends from the lateral surface of the ovary to the pelvic wall.

suspensory

A pre-embryo that consists of a solid ball of cells is known as what type of structure? (Module 27.3A)

morula

The mesoderm forms

muscle.

Metabolic complications of the urinary system associated with diabetes result in:

polyuria

Which ovarian structure remains in a state of suspended development until the individual reaches puberty?

primary oocyte

What are the functions of the gonads? (Module 26.1A)

produce and store gametes

Functions of the accessory glands of the male reproductive system include all of the following except

producing spermatozoa.

If you have to urinate, but have to "hold it" until you can find a bathroom, what structure are you "holding it" with?

the external urethral sphincter

During the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle,

the functional zone of the endometrium is restored

In the hemoglobin buffer system:

the hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin proteins as the carbonic acid dissociates in the tissues.

The main organs of the female reproductive tract include all of the following except the

urinary bladder.

Where in the female reproductive system does fertilization normally occur?

uterine tube

Fertilization of an ovum usually takes place in the

uterine tube.

Metabolic water is

water produced through catabolic processes.

The embryonic heart starts beating as blood begins to flow through chorionic vessels at approximately ________ of development.

week 3

Name the four extra-embryonic membranes. (Module 27.5A)

yolk sac, amnion, allantois, and the chorion

Which structure is associated with the formation of primary follicles?

zona pellucida

A secondary oocyte, not a mature ovum, is ejected from the ovary during ovulation. Oocyte activation brings about all of the following changes except:

an increase in stored nutrient levels of the oocyte

Interstitial cells produce

androgens.

The pigmented skin that surrounds the nipple is the

areola.

The onset of the first uterine cycle is called

menarche.

How many sperm will eventually be produced from each primary spermatocyte? (Module 26.3B)

4

In an adult male, the body consists of about ________ percent water.

60

The normal pH range for extracellular fluid is

7.35-7.45.

Describe a fluid shift. (Module 25.2B)

A fluid shift is the rapid movement of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient.

Why does a mother's blood volume increase during pregnancy? (Module 27.9B)

A mother's blood volume increases to accommodate for flow through the placenta.

Which of the following statements is most accurate in explaining the value of the large numbers of sperm ejaculated to cause fertilization?

A single sperm does not possess enough acrosomal enzymes to penetrate the oocyte by itself.

The pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is

LH.

________ arteries supply blood to the functional zone of the endometrium.

Spiral

Describe the chorionic villi. (Module 27.6A)

The chorionic villi are structures that extend into the maternal tissues through which maternal blood flows.

How does the urethra differ between males and females? (Module 24.15C)

The male urethra is longer and also transports semen.

Describe the placenta. (Module 27.5C)

The placenta forms the interface between the embryonic/fetal system and the maternal system.

What is the primary challenge to acid-base homeostasis? (Module 25.6B)

The primary challenge is that the body generates a variety of acids during normal metabolic operations causing a decrease in pH.

________ play(s) a key role in maintaining acid-base homeostasis by eliminating carbon dioxide.

The respiratory system

Distinguish between the vesico-uterine and recto-uterine pouches. (Module 26.9A)

The vesico-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the posterior wall of the bladder and the recto-uterine pouch is between the uterus and the anterior surface of the colon.

The vagina is

a muscular tube extending between the uterus and the external genitalia.

The ________ of a sperm contains the enzymes essential for fertilization.

acrosomal cap

When does the placenta become sufficiently functional to continue the pregnancy? (Module 27.7C)

after the first trimester

The extra-embryonic membrane that forms a fluid-filled sac is the

amnion.

The presence of which placental hormone (in blood or urine samples) provides a reliable indication of pregnancy?

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

Which pathogen is associated with most cases of cervical cancer? (Module 26.17B)

human papillomavirus

Attachment to and penetration of the endometrium by the blastocyst is referred to as

implantation.

Regarding fluid shifts and dehydration, when ADH secretion increases to regulate sodium balance by means of increased water retention without additional water consumption (i.e., you lost water but retained electrolytes and didn't drink water], the end result is:

increased Na+ levels in ECF compared to the original condition

Secretion of potassium into the urine is

increased by aldosterone.

The primary role of FSH in males is to

initiate sperm production in the testes.

The opening connecting the uterus to the cervical canal is the

internal os.

Testosterone is secreted by the

interstitial cells.

About two-thirds of the body's fluid is within cells and is termed ________ fluid.

intracellular

Near the nipple, each lactiferous duct enlarges, forming an expanded structure called a:

lactiferous sinus.

All of the following are true of the vagina except that it

loses a portion of its lining during menses.

A mature follicle releases an ovum in response to a surge in

luteinizing hormone

During amphimixis,

the male and female pronuclei fuse

The endoderm forms

the urinary bladder

A fetus undergoes its largest absolute weight gain during which trimester? (Module 27.8C)

third trimester

During gastrulation,

three germ layers are formed.

The ________ is formed by a portion of the allantois, blood vessels, and remnants of the yolk sac.

umbilical cord