Final Approach

Once the GPS approach is loaded, selecting _________________ mode is an excellent method for configuring and managing the GPS display panel.

"Super Nav 5"

If the glidepath is 3°, the target no-wind VSI would be approximately _______. (Assuming 120 KIAS GS)

(120 x 10) / 2 = 600 fpm

How do you determine the descent rate of an ILS?

- Locate the published glidepath angle in the profile view of the approach. - Use the rate of climb/descent table inside the back cover of the approach book, and calculate a target VSI. - or use calculation: for 3° = (GS x 10) / 2 for 2° = (GS x 10) / 2 -100

When established on the ILS final approach course inbound, configure the aircraft with landing gear extended and flaps TO. Once configured, slow to instrument final approach speed of

110 KIAS

As you near Decision Altitude, you should keep pitch changes to approximately____ and heading changes to no more than ____

1° 2°

As with the VOR approach, a____________________________ should give you a good descent rate (800 - 1000 fpm) in the approach configuration.

1° nose-low pitch attitude with 16% torque

The approach must be loaded prior to the ________________, otherwise it does not go into approach mode

2 NM area outside of the FAF

The UHF glideslope provides you with vertical guidance to help maintain the proper approach angle, normally between

2.5 and 3°

The glideslope helps maintain the proper approach angle, which is normally between

2.5 and 3°

Approximately _______ torque works well for descending on ILS glidepath while maintaining ______________ With the aircraft properly trimmed, corrections to glidepath and airspeed can be made using small changes in power (_______) and pitch (________).

21% 110 KIAS. 1 - 2% torque 1 - 2°

Pitch adjustments of _________ are normally all you should need to make corrections to the glidepath, while heading corrections of ___________ should be sufficient to maintain course.

2° or less 5° or less

The width of the localizer signal is _________, depending upon runway length. This means that a full-scale deflection of the CDI is only _____________ compared to 10° for a VOR (nonprecision) approach.

3 to 6° 1.5 to 3°

As the aircraft comes within ___________ of an airport with a loaded approach, the GPS automatically switches to the approach arm mode. When this occurs, a ______________ annunciator displays in the lower right corner of the EHSI.

30 NM white "APR ARM"

The localizer antenna is located at the end of the runway opposite the approach end and transmits a signal on one of ___________ in the frequency range _______________. The localizer signal is usable and accurate to a range of ________from the localizer antenna unless otherwise stated on the instrument approach procedure

40 channels 108.10 MHz to 111.95 MHz 18 NM

Most approaches are optimally about __________ in length. __________ is generally considered the maximum length for any approach.

5 miles 10 miles

At the FAF, you should set a descent rate of about ____________ to ensure you reach MDA prior to your calculated VDP. Do this by setting a _____________________ in the approach configuration.

800 - 1000 fpm 1° nose-low pitch attitude with 16% torque

For many nonprecision approaches, you will need to establish a descent rate of about _____ to reach MDA prior to VDP.

800 to 1000 fpm

Calculating Visual Descent Point (VDP)

= HAT / (descent angle x 100) gives you VDP in miles prior to touchdown point

In most cases, you use either_____________ to indicate arrival at the FAF.

DME or station passage

To restart waypoint sequencing and navigate to the missed approach fix, you must select ___________ on the GPS then press ENT.

Direct To

Prior to reaching the ______, the aircraft should be established at the approach speed (_________) and configured with landing gear down and flaps TO. Typically, report gear down at the FAF.

FAF 110 knots

The outer marker is located at the _____________, or glideslope intercept point. It lights a __________ annunciator on the EADI.

FAF cyan "OM"

If the runway is not in sight when you reach the VDP, you must execute a missed approach.

False

True/False A localizer transmitter will provide course guidance and glideslope information for an approach

False

True/False After the MAP, the GPS automatically sequences to the next waypoint

False

True/False For many ILS approaches, the glideslope intercept point and FAF are co-located

False For many ILS approaches, the glideslope intercept point and FAF are NOT co-located

If conditions for GPS are not met by FAF arrival, the

GPS does not transition to the approach active mode and a missed approach must be performed.

In MAP mode, the EHSI displays the approach_____________________ as they come into range along with the courselines connecting them. The blue course line indicates the currently active segment.

IAF(s), FAF, and MAP

The two types of precision approaches normally encountered are the

ILS (Instrument Landing System) and the PAR (Precision Approach Radar) approach.

One of the transmitting systems is the ___________, which provides course guidance to the runway centerline.

ILS localizer

What are the 2 transmitting systems for the ILS equipment?

ILS localizer (horizontal) UHF glidescope (vertical)

A flashing lowercase "m" means you have reached what point?

MAP

As you pass over the FAF, the data on the left side of the display is replaced with the data for the __________. Notice that this waypoint is suffixed with a lower case "_____."

MAP m

Once a GPS approach is loaded, many pilots select ______________ mode on the ________.

MAP EHSI

Selecting _____ on the EHSI during a GPS approach will display the IAF(s), FAF, and MAP along with the courselines connecting them.

MAP mode

Whenever you are given radar vectors, performing a procedure turn, or holding, you must select the __________. If the OBS mode is not used in these instances, the GPS automatically sequences to the next waypoint and becomes unusable

OBS mode

Which marker beacon is normally located at the FAF or glideslope intercept point?

Outer marker (OM)

True/False A flashing waypoint identifier on the GPS display along with the WPT annunciator on the EHSI alerts you to arrival at MAP

True

True/False DME HOLD does not display on the EHSI if GPS is the primary nav sensor.

True

True/False GPS approaches are flown using the same low altitude approach procedures discussed in the VOR approach topic

True

True/False If you recapture the glideslope prior to the localizer MDA, you are allowed to resume the ILS approach and descend to ILS DA.

True

True/False In many cases, localizers also have DME transmitters associated with them

True

True/False In the Approach Active mode, as you approach the FAF, its waypoint identifier flashes on the GPS display.

True

True/False The plan and profile views on the IAP both show the VOR course to be flown for the final approach as well as the location of the FAF

True

True/False To maintain course on an ILS you want to select and fly "target headings" close to the published approach course (within 5). Do not attempt to fly the approach by "chasing" the CDI.

True

A ____________ identifies a point along the final approach course that allows a normal descent (usually 3°) from the MDA (Minimum Descent Altitude) to the runway.

Visual Descent Point (VDP)

At the FAF, the selected approach should be active on the GPS display. Note that on the left side of the display, the FAF is suffixed with ______________ to distinguish it from other waypoints in the approach. The right side of the GPS panel is used to display the approach waypoints and track.

a lower case "f"

Emphasis on the ___________ should be increased during the final phase of the approach to make sure you are aware of arrival at DA.

altimeter

Once past the FAF, the GPS remains in the ____________ until the ____________

approach active mode GPS APR button is pressed, or either OBS or Direct To operation is selected

When you see the glideslope indicator on the EADI begin to move downward, you know you are approaching the glideslope from below. As you intercept the glideslope reduce power to

approximately 21 percent and lower the nose to "line-on-line" on the EADI

A glideslope scale and pointer appear on ______________ to show your vertical position relative to the glideslope

both the EADI and EHSI

As you near DA, start a visual scan for the runway environment. If you establish visual contact with the runway environment prior to or at DA, you can ______________. If the runway is not sighted by DA, you must initiate _______________

continue the approach to landing A missed approach.

Both precision and nonprecision approaches provide the pilot with _____________

course and, in most cases, range information.

Localizer transmitters are located at the end of the runway and are designed to provide _____________________.

course guidance (azimuth) to very precisely align the aircraft with the approach runway

The point where you will either establish visual reference with the runway and continue to landing, or execute a missed approach is called ___________________ for precision approaches, and the _____________for nonprecision approaches.

decision altitude (DA) missed approach point (MAP)

An ILS is flown down to a point where you must either establish visual reference with the runway and continue to landing, or execute a missed approach. This point is called the

decision altitude (DA).

The middle marker is located at the ____________ on the approach and lights an __________ annunciator on the EADI.

decision altitude point amber "MM"

Unlike the ILS, however, a localizer is a nonprecision approach, so instead of intercepting and maintaining a glidepath, you will

descend from the FAF altitude to the published MDA. The same descent techniques discussed in the VOR approach topic apply to localizer approaches

An instrument final approach begins with arrival at the _______________ and is flown down to a point where you will either _________________.

final approach fix (FAF) Establish visual reference with the runway and continue to landing, or execute a missed approach

Precision approaches are distinguished from nonprecision approaches by the addition of _____ information.

glideslope

A precision approach is distinguished by addition of _________________

glideslope information

An ILS final begins at ____________ while the localizer approach starts at _____________________

glideslope intercept (lightning bolt symbol) the FAF (normally indicated by a Maltese coss)

You should slow and configure prior to

glideslope intercept but in all cases, make sure you have done so prior to reaching the FAF.

The EHSI displays the WPT annunciator and the trackline between the FAF and MAP turns __________, indicating it is the active leg. The range ring display on the EHSI should be set to _____________ (depending on the approach length) by the time you reach the FAF. This allows you to better see the track between the FAF and MAP

green 2.5 or 5

In the approach active mode, the active leg of a GPS approach is indicated on the EHSI by a _____ between waypoints.

green line

A localizer backcourse approach uses the same transmitter as a normal localizer approach, but you approach ________________

in the opposite direction.

If the VOR is at or beyond the airfield, the approach course is an ______________ course

inbound

For a localizer backcourse approach , the published inbound course is 296° so you would set the EHSI to

its reciprocal (116°)

The __________________ on the EADI and the ___________________ on the EHSI provide you a visual depiction of your location relative to the localizer course

lateral deviation bar and scale course deviation indicator (CDI)

Transitioning to the approach active mode may be recognized by the EHSI changing from

light blue to green and APR ACT replacing APR ARM in the lower right corner of the display.

Before you can intercept the final approach course you must ensure you have tuned and identified the

localizer frequency in the NAV field on the RMU and set the localizer final approach course in the EHSI

When flying an ILS, you should be prepared to transition to the ____________ in case the glideslope fails

localizer only approach

Between one and three _______are used to provide indications of progress along the approach path.

marker beacons

The inner marker is located between the _______________, and lights a ___________ annunciator on the EADI.

middle marker and the end of the runway white "IM"

On the GPS display, a waypoint identifier followed by a lower case "m" designates the

missed approach point.

When the FAF is at the VOR, or between the VOR and the airfield, the approach course is ___________ along the designated radial.

outbound

In a VOR approach in which the VOR station serves as the FAF, the final approach course will be

outbound on the designated radial.

If you are above or below glidepath, change the____________ by a small increment, which results in a change in the rate of descent and correction back toward the glidepath.

pitch

Maintaining glidepath on an ILS approach is accomplished by increasing or decreasing the rate of descent using small, coordinated changes in ____________

pitch and power

Before executing any instrument final approach you need to study the published instrument procedure, particularly the

profile view and approach minima section.

Transition to the ILS final approach is performed by using either

radar vectors to final or executing a published instrument procedure.

When flying a localizer backcourse approach, you must set the published front course in the EHSI in order for the CDI to provide proper course guidance. The "published front course" is simply the _______________

reciprocal of the published localizer backcourse final approach.

When being vectored to final,

select OBS, set the FAF as the active waypoint, and have the inbound approach course to the FAF set in the EHSI.

The closer you get to the runway, the more ___________the course and glidepath indicators become

sensitive

To use DME hold during an ILS approach,

set the station frequency for the DME source then push the DME HOLD button on the RMU Once DME Hold is selected, set the frequency for the approach localizer in the primary nav position.

As you pass the FAF, do 2 things:

start the clock and typically, when in radar contact, notify the controlling authority (approach control or tower) that you are at the FAF with gear down.

When glideslope intercept occurs prior to the FAF, you must remember to

start timing for the localizer backup approach as you pass the FAF. By starting the clock at the FAF you can determine the localizer MAP if it is based on timing. If DME defines the MAP, then it is the primary means of MAP identification; however, you still want to time as a backup in case the DME fails

On a localizer backcourse approach, you must set _____ in the EHSI

the published front course in the course selector window

If you are off airspeed, change the _________ by a small increment and allow the aircraft to correct back to the desired airspeed.

torque

ILS ground equipment consists of ___________________ that are used to indicate aircraft position at key points along the approach.

two highly precise transmitting systems and up to three marker beacons

Low altitude GPS approaches use ____________ to make up the approach procedure. These waypoints include the __________________ and are stored in a flight plan that is selected by the pilot.

waypoints IAF(s), FAF, and MAP

Even if the glideslope does not fail, you still may be forced during an ILS to transition to the localizer approach because If you are below MDA and these values are exceeded, you must go ___________.

you may not descend below localizer minimums with the aircraft more than one dot below the glideslope (half-scale deflection) or two dots above the glideslope (full-scale deflection). Missed approach

When the GPS transitions to the approach active mode, the CDI scale begins to change from the ______________. The rate of change occurs so that the scale will reach ±0.3 NM no later than the ______

±1 NM approach scale to a ±0.3 NM final approach scale FAF

In approach arm mode, the CDI scale transitions from a_______________. The change from the enroute scale to the approach scale gradually occurs over a ____________ transition period.

±5 NM enroute scale to a ±1 NM approach scale 30-second

The EHSI also displays in MAP mode:

• A dashed range ring and the selected range • Desired track (DTK) and a "TO/FROM" annunciator in the upper right corner • Distance, groundspeed, and time-to-go in the upper left corner • A lateral deviation scale and a lateral deviation bar at the bottom of the display • A white "WPT" annunciator when approaching and crossing a waypoint

The approach minima section lists:

• DA • HAT (Height Above Touchdown) • Required ceiling and visibility

In "Super Nav 5," the left panel displays seven items. The top four lines show: The Displays for the next three lines are configurable by the pilot.

• Distance to active waypoint • Active waypoint ID with appropriate suffix • Current mode of operation • Groundspeed

For an ILS approach: The profile view provides you with:

• Required altitudes • Glideslope intercept point • Length of approach to the LOC MAP

Make sure when you are established inbound (no later than 2 NM from the FAF) that you deselect OBS so the GPS can transition to the approach active mode. The GPS automatically switches to the approach active mode if:

• The LEG mode is active. • The aircraft is heading toward the FAF. • The FAF or a collocated IAF/FAF is the active point. • GPS confirms adequate monitoring is available to complete the approach. • RAIMReceiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring - Monitors GPS signals for reliability is available at the FAF and missed approach point

A good memory aid for accomplishing required items at the FAF is the "6 Ts":`

• Time for the approach/backup approach • Turn the aircraft to intercept final approach course • Throttle (PCL) set to establish descent • Twist in final approach course on EHSI • Track final approach course inbound • Talk (report FAF if instructed to by ATC and call gear down if not previously accomplished)