Final EE302

All of the following must be done before the project can be closed except which one? A) Ensure that the schedule baseline has been updated B) Get formal acceptance of the deliverables from the customer C) Make sure the scope of the project was completed D) Verify that the product acceptance criteria have been met

A) Ensure that the schedule baseline has been updated

Marketplace conditions are an example of which of the following? A) Enterprise Environmental Factors B) Organizational Process Assets C) Internal Constraints D) Requirements

A) Enterprise Environmental Factors

Political climate is an example of which of the following? A) Enterprise Environmental Factors B) Organizational Process Assets C) Internal Constraints D) Requirements

A) Enterprise Environmental Factors

You are a project manager and you have been reviewing the PMBoK to better understand Inputs, Tools and Techniques and Outputs. Company culture, organizational structure, infrastructure and marketplace conditions are all examples of which of the following? A) Enterprise Environmental Factors B) Organizational Process Assets C) Project constraints D) Project Knowledge Areas

A) Enterprise Environmental Factors

You are managing a project that is running behind schedule. You change the relationship of several scheduled activities from finish-to-start to start-to-start in order to complete the project within the deadline. This is an example of which of the following and what impact does it have on project risk? A) Fast-tracking and will increase risk B) Crashing and will increase risk C) Adjusting leads and lags and will decrease risk D) Resource leveling and will have no effect on risk

A) Fast-tracking and will increase risk

Vanna is estimating the costs to purchase graphic design software for her project. She knows that software from various providers can have different licencing and purchase agreements that may impact her cost estimates. This particular software suite is a one-time cost. What type of cost is the graphic design software? A) Fixed cost B) Indirect cost C) Overhead cost D) Variable cost

A) Fixed cost

You are working on a project which requires the use of a special piece of equipment. The equipment is rented at a cost of $890 per month for the duration of the project. This is an example of which of the following? A) Fixed cost B) Cost of quality C) Variable cost D) Indirect cost

A) Fixed cost

You are a project manager working on a high visibility project with a critical customer. You are using all the quality tools necessary to ensure project success. Pareto diagrams help the project manager achieve which of the following purposes? A) Focus on the most critical issues to improve quality B) Focus on the cause of the defect to improve quality C) Document all the occurrences of an event to ensure a quality deliverable D) Determine if a process is out of control

A) Focus on the most critical issues to improve quality

You are the project manager for a large automotive industry company. You are currently assigned to a project to revise the manufacturing facility in Detroit. You are on a very aggressive schedule and a labor union dispute is possible. You need to capture the risk of a work stoppage due to a labor strike. Which input is not used to Identify Risks? A) Project charter B) Scope baseline C) Risk management plan D) Project Documents

A) Project charter

Why are risk tolerances and thresholds important to identify in the risk management plan? A) Tolerances and thresholds, when documented, can help to define the target by which the project team can measure the effectiveness of the risk response plan execution B) Tolerances and thresholds help to define how often the risk management process will be performed C) Tolerances and thresholds determine what tools and data sources will be used in risk management D) Tolerances and thresholds provide the basis for costing the risk management process as well as defining how risk activities will be recorded

A) Tolerances and thresholds, when documented, can help to define the target by which the project team can measure the effectiveness of the risk response plan execution

You are a project manager in a consulting firm. You want to ensure all activities are completed and your team is engaged and motivated. The Human Resource Management knowledge area discusses Acquire, Develop and Manage your project team. Project performance appraisals focus on which of the following? A) how an individual team member is performing on the project B) an evaluation of the project team's effectiveness C) a team-building effort D) appropriately rewarding team members

A) how an individual team member is performing on the project

Your project has been experiencing delays so far, based on a lack of available human resources for a critical piece of work which resulted from a labor dispute. After months of negotiations, the labor dispute has finally been resolved and you will have ready access to the resources you need moving forward. In this context, which formula would you use to determine what the project will likely have spent in total upon completion? A) EAC = BAC / CPI B) EAC = AC + Bottom-up ETC C) EAC = AC + (BAC - EV) D) EAC = (BAC - EV) / (BAC - AC)

C) EAC = AC + (BAC - EV)

Based on past experience, you estimate that it takes about 10 hours to a build software to read one barcode format. Since you need to construct software for 15 new barcode formats, you estimate this activity to take 150 hours. Which of the following estimating techniques have you used? A) Reserve analysis B) Parametric estimating C) Bottom-up estimating D) Analogous estimating

B) Parametric estimating

Procurement items are outlined in great detail using which of the following? A) WBS B) Procurement statement of work C) Charter D) Project Schedule

B) Procurement statement of work

You are the project manager for an automobile manufacturer. You are making major revisions to your production line to automate many processes. This will speed up the manufacturing line while saving cost. However, this is a new project and the first major revision in years. Which of the following tools and techniques are not used in the Sequence Activities process? A) Precedence diagramming method (PDM) B) Dependency determination C) Expert judgment D) Leads and Lags

C) Expert judgment

You are the project manager for a large international project. The project is wrapping up and your client appears to be satisfied. That is good since this was a five year project with high visibility from your leadership team. You want to close out the project as quickly and efficiently as possible. Which of the following is not an input to the Close Project or Phase process? A) Project management plan B) Accepted deliverables C) Final product transition D) Organizational process assets

C) Final product transition

You are the project manager for a large food and beverage company. You are currently managing a project which distributes and imports craft beer, mead, and cider. You have a critical payment milestone that needs to be in your schedule. To make this important event more easily managed, you might place which dependency on it? A) Start no later than B) Mandatory start C) Finish no later than D) Resource leveling

C) Finish no later than

You are a project manager in a Engineering company and manage a team of 20 people in a virtual project team across multiple time zones. There were concerns that team members would not be able to work well in this virtual team structure. However, you are mid-way into the project and team members have successfully figured out efficient ways to work together effectively. Then yesterday you added a new member to the team.The team is in which stage of group development? A) Performing B) Norming C) Forming D) Storming

C) Forming

A project manager is about to hold a meeting with stakeholders related to the status of a large project for building a new highway. The highway project is running behind schedule and over budget, and the project manager must deliver the message to the stakeholders. What kind of communication type does this meeting represent? A) Nonverbal B) Interactive Communication C) Informal Verbal D) Formal Verbal

C) Informal Verbal

Boudica is a project manager at Warrior Software. She is not an accountant but she must make several financial decisions on her new project. In her research, she has found there are several accounting-related attributes she needs to consider before she talks with the steering committee about her new project. In her presentation, she needs to describe the interest rate that makes the net present value of all cash flows equal zero. This is known as which of the following? A) Prioritization of financial outcomes B) Future value (FV) C) Internal rate of return D) Net present value

C) Internal rate of return

You are a project manager in a consulting company. Quality is critical for project success. You have had some recent setbacks that you need to control and minimize. You are looking for a method that can demonstrate the relationship between events and their resulting effects. Which of the following is the best choice for accomplishing your objective? A) Histogram B) Pareto diagram C) Ishikawa diagram D) Control chart

C) Ishikawa diagram

A project manager is trying to convince management to use project management standards and has decided to start improving the company's project management process by creating a form project charter. After some push back from the PMO his idea appears to be gaining traction. Which of the following best describes why the project charter is needed? A) It describes the details of what needs to be done B) It lists the names of all team members C) It gives the project manager authority to influence resources D) It defines the project's scope in detail

C) It gives the project manager authority to influence resources

You are the new project manager tasked with taking over for a project manager who left 6 weeks ago. Some of the numbers that you find in your initial research are as follows: Estimated project cost is $675,000 and the project timeline is 24 weeks. Week 16 has just concluded and accumulated costs are $300,000. Additionally, only 25% of the work has been completed. What is the planned value and SPI? A) $300,000, .50 B) $168,750, .37 C) $389,423, 1.2 D) $452,250, .37

D) $452,250, .37

You are currently in the Estimate Activity Duration process for your project phase. As you are calculating these activity estimates, you want to consider the activity variance so you have a higher level of confidence in your overall estimate results. Time estimates of Task A are assessed as follows: Optimistic - 10, most likely - 12, and pessimistic - 15. What is the variance of the task? A) 25 B) 0.25 C) 0.33 D) 0.69

D) 0.69

You have received an activity estimate for your project, as follows: the pessimistic estimate is 80 days, the optimistic estimate is 38 days, and the most likely estimate is 50 days. What is the variance? A) 2 B) 4 C) 7 D) 49

D) 49 ( (80-38)/6)^2

You are the project manager in a semiconductor company. You are producing a batch of 1,000 computer chips for your project. Your manager has told you that high quality is very important. If the acceptance sampling defect attribute for the production lot is 1 percent, then you know which of the following is true? A) Ten computer chips must be tested B) One percent of the computer chips must be tested C) All of the chips must be tested and they must have 1 percent or fewer defects D) A sampling of the lot must have 1 percent or fewer defects

D) A sampling of the lot must have 1 percent or fewer defects

Assuming a PERT weighted average computation, what is the probability of completing the project within plus or minus 3 standard deviations of the mean? A) 68.26% B) 99.73% C) 95.44% D) 75%

B) 99.73%

Standard Deviation of 3 Sigma is roughly equal to? A) 99.9997% B) 99.73% C) 99.00% D) 95.46%

B) 99.73%

Which logical relationship is most often used in PDM diagrams? A) Start-to-Finish B) Finish-To-Start C) Start-To-Start D) Finish-To-Finish

B) Finish-To-Start

A project has two critical paths. How does this affect the project? A) It makes it easier to manage. B) It increases the project risk. C) It requires more resources. D) It increases the project budget.

B) It increases the project risk.

You are the project manager for a mid-size consulting company. Your company is bidding on multiple projects where quality is a key selection criteria. Which of the following quality tools could you implement to ensure that your project team members are completing all of the required steps during an installation procedure? A) Checklists B) Control chart C) Histogram D) Requirements documentation

A) Checklists

The project manager typically spends the most amount of time performing which of the following activities? A) Communication B) Controlling Stakeholder Engagement C) Preventing Changes D) Managing the Team

A) Communication

A routine audit of a cost reimbursable contract determines that overcharges are being made. If the contract does not specify corrective action, the buyer should do which of the following? A) Continue to make project payments for the amounts known to have been properly billed B) Halt all payments until the problem is corrected C) Void the contract and start legal action to recover overpayment D) Change the contract to require more frequent audits

A) Continue to make project payments for the amounts known to have been properly billed

You are managing a project where AC = $25,100, ETC = $45,600, VAC = -$2,600, BAC = $90,000 and EAC = $92,100. Your sponsor asks you to forecast how much money you expect to spend on the remainder of the project. Your variance are atypical, and your SPI = 1.2. Which of the following numbers should you provide? A) $45,600 B) $87,400 C) $90,000 D) $92,100

A) $45,600

When is the best time to assign a project manager to a project? A) As soon as a project is authorized B) As soon as the scope statement is finalized C) As soon as the WBS is completed with MS Project D) At any time during the project life cycle, depending on requirements

A) As soon as a project is authorized

You have multiple potential sellers for a particular procurement. You want to ensure you get the best price and the best seller, and you know you will have to answer many questions from the prospective sellers with respect to the procurement. To help expedite this process, you should use which of the following? A) Bidders' conference B) Personal meetings with sellers' representatives C) Advertisements D) Requests for Proposal

A) Bidders' conference

You are the project manager of a new RFID Tag implementation for Walmart. As key project deliverables are being completed, the customer is unwilling to accept them, and is unsure of what they are reviewing and validating. What could you have done better to help prevent this situation? A) Identify and communicate the key deliverables during the Develop Project Charter. B) Identify and communicate the project risks during the Risk Management Planning. C) Ensure all of the stakeholders were identified with key attribute information. D) Develop the Quality Management Plan in more detail.

A) Identify and communicate the key deliverables during the Develop Project Charter.

You are the project manager for an upcoming global release of a new social media platform. As you draft your Communications Management Plan, you want to consider all possible communications methods, technologies, and types that would suit the needs of the many kinds of stakeholders impacted by this product, particularly formal marketing elements such as press releases. All the following statements about communication are accurate except for which one? A) Informal communications include briefings for project stakeholders B) Formal communication include project reports C) External communications could include talking with the customer, media, public et cetera D) Communication with peers is often called horizontal communication

A) Informal communications include briefings for project stakeholders

You are managing a project in which the team members with several new people. You send out detailed work instructions for the day via email. This is what type of mode of communication? A) Informal written B) Formal written C) Formal verbal D) Informal verbal

A) Informal written

As a project manager you will have to possess many skills to aid in the successful delivery of your projects. Which of the following critical skills is often the hardest to master? A) Interpersonal Skills (Soft Skills) B) Communication Skills C) Organization Skills D) Technical Skills

A) Interpersonal Skills (Soft Skills)

You are a project manager and have been working on a manufacturing project. You have paid particular attention to the schedule since you must meet stringent store delivery requirements. You are reviewing your network diagram in preparation for a meeting with your sponsor. You discover that the total float on the project is 5 weeks and SPI is greater than 1. What does this tell you about the project? A) More work was performed than had been planned at this point in time B) Critical path work is behind schedule C) Critical path activities are on schedule, but non-critical path activities are behind schedule D) Less work was performed than had been planned

A) More work was performed than had been planned at this point in time

You are a project manager for a large health care company. You have been in this role for 3 years and have seen other project managers have different levels of success within the organization. After reviewing past project lessons learned you learn different project managers have varying approaches for identifying and managing stakeholders. As a project manager, you realize that Managing Stakeholder Engagement is an important priority. Which statement regarding project stakeholders is not correct? A) Negative stakeholders are the most important type of stakeholders as they can derail your project and therefore need to be actively engaged and closely managed. B) Stakeholders have varying levels of responsibility and authority when participating on a project and these can change over the project`s life cycle. C) Some key stakeholders include project manager, performing organization, project team members, customer and sponsor. D) Stakeholder expectations may be difficult to manage because stakeholders often have conflicting objectives.

A) Negative stakeholders are the most important type of stakeholders as they can derail your project and therefore need to be actively engaged and closely managed.

You are a project manager for the Hardback Exchange, a retail chain of book stores. You are working on activity estimates for the project and know that you'll need to install and configure several servers as one of the activities on this project. You'll need five servers for this job, and it takes 15 hours each to install and configure the servers, which means the activity will take 75 hours total. You know from past experience that you can run into some problems and decide to add an additional 20 percent of the total hours to this estimate to account for schedule uncertainty. This brings the final total to 90 hours. What type of estimate is this? A) Parametric estimating B) Three-point estimates C) Bottom-up estimating D) Analogous estimating

A) Parametric estimating

You are a project manager in a Engineering company and manage a team of 20 people in a virtual project team across multiple time zones. There were concerns that team members would not be able to work well in this virtual team structure. However, you are mid-way into the project and team members have successfully figured out efficient ways to work together effectively. The team is in which stage of group development? A) Performing B) Forming C) Smoothing D) Norming

A) Performing

Your project selection committee is meeting later this week and is considering initiating one of two projects. They've asked you to recommend the project that will allow the organization to recover its initial investment as quickly as possible. The information you've gathered shows the initial investment for Project A is $295,000. Monthly cash inflows for the first year are $17,000, and expected cash inflows beginning in year 2 are $36,000 per quarter. Project B has an initial investment of $332,000. Expected quarterly inflows for the first year are $44,000. Beginning in the second year, inflows are expected to be $12,000 monthly. Which project should you recommend to the committee and why? A) Project A, because it has a payback period of 20 months, which is shorter than Project B's payback period. B) Project A, because it has a payback period of 16 months, which is shorter than Project B's payback period. C) Project A, because it has a lower initial investment than Project B. D) Project A, because it has a payback period of 16 months, while Project B has a payback period of 21 months

A) Project A, because it has a payback period of 20 months, which is shorter than Project B's payback period.

Which of the following is used to define the project and its relation to the organization's strategic goals? A) Project Charter B) Organizational Process Assets C) Project Scope Statement D) SOW

A) Project Charter

You are a managing your first project for an organization and you would like to have some guidance as to how projects were managed in the past. In particular, you are interested in learning what software, templates, training, and standardized policies have been most effective in facilitating successful project management. Where should you turn to find these items? A) Project Management Office B) Project Team C) Customer or client D) Functional Manager

A) Project Management Office

You are the project manager of the Everest Consulting Project. The project has a budget of $290,000 and is expected to last three years. The project is now ten percent complete and on schedule. The project is currently $10,000 over budget. What is the BAC? A) $280,000 B) $290,000 C) $300,000 D) $870,000

B) $290,000

The fixed cost per year for a production facility is $1,000,000 and the cost to produce one unit of a product is $500. If the product is sold at $550 per unit, at what annual capacity would the facility reach the break-even point? A) 2,000 units B) 20,000 units C) 200 units D) 1,818 units

B) 20,000 units

You have just completed a Work Breakdown Structure for a new project responsible for manufacturing the turbine of a new jet engine. You have decomposed the WBS down to the work package level and have create the code of accounts. The WBS element 1.7.A is at what level in the WBS? A) 2 B) 3 C) work package D) Cannot be determined

B) 3

A project deadline has been imposed for the end of the year. The project consists of two tasks. Task A has a duration of two months and task B has a duration of three months. Tasks A and B can be performed concurrently. The start date for the project is set for the beginning of July. What is the total duration of the critical path? A) 2 months B) 3 months C) 5 months D) 2.5 Months

B) 3 months

You are managing a large project for a hospital. You meet with stakeholders regularly, and they appear to be pleased. You received minor changes to the requirements, but you have some significant risk events in the future. Also, you are concerned that the schedule has some resource constraints that may be challenging to overcome. You received a short work stoppage due to a minor labor dispute, but this variance is atypical and should not occur again. You have the following measurements for one of your projects: EV = 145, PV = 162, AC = 138 and BAC = 200. What is the VAC? A) 0 B) 7 C) 9.5 D) 62

B) 7

Your lead engineer estimates that a work package will most likely require 50 weeks to complete. It could be completed in 40 weeks if all goes perfectly, but it could also take 180 weeks in the worst case. What is the PERT estimate for the expected duration of the work package (using the traditional Beta distribution)? A) 65 weeks B) 70 weeks C) 75 weeks D) 80 weeks

B) 70 weeks

You are at an interview to be a project manager for a new electronic medical device company. They ask you to select the best definition of a "project" as defined in the PMBOK? A) Any process where resources are managed and something is produced. B) A unique product, service or a result, that is temporary in duration, with a definitive start and an end. C) A profitably managed process that produces a high-quality product over specified period of time. D) Any process or task that requires management.

B) A unique product, service or a result, that is temporary in duration, with a definitive start and an end.

You are the project manager for a large construction company. Your current project is to rebuild a bridge on a major freeway. Your project team is asked to provide an extremely accurate cost estimate for a construction project. How should you proceed? A) Take the cost of raw materials and labor for each activity in the WBS. Check previous project files and consider any risks to delivery; then add 10% to account for the company profit. B) Add up raw materials and labor costs for each activity in the WBS. C) Use a rule of thumb, like cost per square foot. D) Use the cost of raw materials from a similar project on a house with the same floor plan and make adjustments for known differences.

B) Add up raw materials and labor costs for each activity in the WBS.

You are the project manager for a large logistics company. You are currently managing a project to prototype a new delivery service using drones to deliver to consumers. This idea has never been implemented and you need to be as creative as possible. In which of the following objectives are brainstorming and lateral thinking used in the scope definition process? A) Product analysis B) Alternatives Generation C) Expert judgment D) Stakeholder analysis

B) Alternatives Generation

You are at an interview to be a project manager for a new electronic medical device company. They ask you the select the best definition of a "project manager" as defined in the PMBOK: A) A supervisor of managers who is ultimately responsible for a portfolio of dozens of projects. B) Application of knowledge, skills, and tools and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements. C) Effectively managing tasks in the business world so that the company remains viable and profitable. D) Any task that requires management of people or labor.

B) Application of knowledge, skills, and tools and techniques to project activities to meet the project requirements.

You are the project manager for a large retail company. You are currently managing a project to create an online grocery delivery service that sells nonperishable food items and household goods. You will be focusing on lower income households so you must be incredibly accurate with your activity estimating. Three ways to estimate the project costs are ____? A) Analogous, bottom-up, activity based costing B) Bottom-up, Parametric, or Analogous C) Level staffing cost, Monte Carlo, Bottom-up D) Analogous, Monte Carlo, Resource planning

B) Bottom-up, Parametric, or Analogous

You are performing earned value management (EVM) on your project and have determined the following metrics: SV = -150, CV = 200, SPI = .85, CPI = 1.15. Which EVM metric is considered the most critical? A) SPI B) CPI C) CV D) SV

B) CPI

Two team members on your regulatory audit project team are in disagreement about ownership on three key deliverables. They have come to you, the project manager, for help because they are unable to come to any kind of resolution on their own. Which of the following conflict resolution techniques is most helpful and least helpful, respectively? A) Compromise, Withdrawal B) Collaboration, Withdrawal C) Collaboration, Forcing D) Smoothing, Withdrawal

B) Collaboration, Withdrawal

Which of the following determines the list, content, and methods of information distribution on a project? A) Manage communications process B) Communication planning C) Performance reporting D) Contract administration

B) Communication planning

Your newest project is in the Planning process group. You've just published the document that describes who will receive copies of future project information, how it should be distributed, and who will prepare it. Which of the following plans does this describe? A) Requirement management plan B) Communications management plan C) Stakeholder register D) Project charter

B) Communications management plan

There are various project selection methods. As a project manager you need to be aware of and familiar with the various methods. Linear programming is an example of which type of project selection method? A) Cost-benefit analysis B) Constrained optimization methods C) Comparative approach D) Benefit measurement methods

B) Constrained optimization methods

You are reviewing the actual costs spent to date as they relate to the costs which were budgeted, and have found that you exceeded the budgeted amounts in many areas. You take the next step to determine what is causing the variances, and how they may be addressed. Which of the following processes are you performing? A) Estimate costs B) Control costs C) Determine budget D) Earned value management

B) Control costs

PMBok has numerous EVM calculations which are important to know in order to properly manage your project. You will need to focus on EV, PV, AC and BAC to calculate EVM metrics and determine accurate forecasts. The earned value of all activities completed divided by the sum of all actual costs incurred equals which of the following? A) Cumulative EVM B) Cumulative CPI C) Cumulative SPI D) Cumulative TCPI

B) Cumulative CPI

You are talking with your sponsor and discussing quality as it relates to your project, and projects in general. He states that quality is a management problem 85% of the time. What famous quality expert first proposed this hypothesis? A) Juran B) Deming C) Crosby D) Ishikawa

B) Deming

You are talking with your sponsor and discussing quality as it relates to your project, and projects in general. He states that quality is a management problem 85% of the time. What famous quality expert first proposed this hypothesis? A) Kaizan B) Deming C) Crosby D) Pareto

B) Deming

You are a project manager at a large technology company. This is your first experience managing a technology project and will be relying on subject matter experts throughout your project. In which process are Subject Matter Experts (SMEs) first used? A) Identify Stakeholders B) Develop Project Charter C) Define Scope D) Collect Requirements

B) Develop Project Charter

Which of the following processes belong to the executing process group? A) Validate Scope B) Develop Project Team C) Control Quality D) Develop Schedule

B) Develop Project Team

You are mentoring a new project manager in your organization. She has just graduated college and took a few courses on project management as part of her curriculum. She has heard that project management is an iterative process and is still unsure as to what happens in each process group. She is particularly concerned about in which process group project deliverables are created. You give her the following advice: A) Project deliverables are created during the Executing and Managing and Controlling Process Groups B) Project deliverables are created in the Executing Process Group C) Project deliverables are created in the Monitoring and Controlling Process Group, because you need to inspect and validate the deliverables D) Project deliverables are created in the Closing Process Group, because you need deliverables to be accepted before you can close out a project or phase

B) Project deliverables are created in the Executing Process Group

Nella has been a project manager for a leading software development company for the last 12 years. She reports directly to the top management and has full authority on her projects. What kind of organizational structure does Nella work in? A) Weak Matrix Structure B) Projectized Structure C) Tight Matrix Structure D) Balanced Matrix Structure

B) Projectized Structure

You are managing a project which has a tight schedule and even tighter budget. You have recently learned of a truckers' strike which could delay the delivery of essential materials, which would throw you well off schedule. As the project manager, what can you do to avoid the potential harm caused by the delay in procuring materials? A) Get the approval from relevant Stakeholders to use the contingency reserves B) Purchase the needed materials from a local vendor so the trucking strike will not affect you C) Put the project on hold until the truckers come back to work D) Perform research to determine how best to mitigate this risk

B) Purchase the needed materials from a local vendor so the trucking strike will not affect you

The project manager, stakeholders and project team members all have roles and responsibilities throughout the project. As the project manager, you must link the project scope definition to the project roles and indicate which activities each person will participate in. You might display this information in which of the following ways? A) PDM B) RAM C) SOW D) ROI

B) RAM

You have recently taken over a new project after the previous project manager resigned. While studying the project information, you find out that cost variances are quite large. You are operating on a tight schedule which cannot be extended. To provide a realistic basis for performance measurement, you should recommend: A) Issuing budget updates B) Revising the cost performance baseline C) Cutting back the resources used for project work D) Closing the project

B) Revising the cost performance baseline

You have identified disaster situations (e.g. floods, earthquakes etc.) as potential risks to your project. When discussing with your project sponsor, she mentioned that at the project level, no steps can be taken to deal with such risk and suggested creating a contingency reserve (5% of the project budget) to be used in case of disaster situations. This is an example of: A) Risk Mitigation B) Risk Acceptance C) Risk Avoidance D) Bad policy decision

B) Risk Acceptance

You are a project manager and concerned with quality. You find that lately several samples in a row are within limits but on the same side of mean average. How many samples of this condition in a row are the minimum to cause you to be concerned of quality? A) Six B) Seven C) Eight D) Ten

B) Seven

You are part of the PMO and have been asked to develop a training program on effective project management. You understand that a key document in any project is the project charter. Your organization has been inconsistent in documenting what is in the project charter. When documenting your training which of the following would you not include as a component of the Project Charter? A) Business case B) Specific Training Materials C) High level requirements D) Project Objectives

B) Specific Training Materials

All of the following are true regarding the project charter, except for which one? A) The project charter is an official, written acknowledgement and recognition that a project exists. B) The project charter should be published under the name of the project manager. C) The project charter should be published under the name of a manager external to the project team. D) The project charter gives the project manager authority to assign organizational resources to the work of the project.

B) The project charter should be published under the name of the project manager.

You are in the process of reviewing procurements. You have had some problems with the project, but it appears to be back on track. Which of the following is not a valid reason for awarding a procurement without opening up the bidding process? A) There is only one seller B) The project has a tight schedule C) Only one seller exists in the customer's approved list of vendors D) The performing organization has existing mechanisms for maintaining the price schedule you are seeking

B) The project has a tight schedule

You must engage an IT consultant for one aspect of your project work. The scope of work is difficult to define, and you are not really sure how long it will take or how complex it will be. Which of the following contract types should you employ? A) Cost-reimbursable B) Time and Materials C) Firm Fixed Price D) Cost Plus Award Fee

B) Time and Materials

You are the project manager for a Wedding Planning company. You work with clients that are very interested in steps necessary for a successful wedding. You create a high level schedule for your clients which includes a milestone chart. What is the primary purpose of a milestone chart? A) To discuss key activities with your client B) To show major events occurring during a project C) To show task dependencies D) To highlight the critical path

B) To show major events occurring during a project

If a project has a 60 percent chance of making a $100,000 profit and a 40 percent chance of suffering a $100,000 loss, the expected monetary value for the project is: A) $20,000 loss B) $60,000 loss C) $20,000 profit D) $ 40,000 loss

C) $20,000 profit

Your project has a budget of $130,000 and is expected to last ten months, with the work results and budget spread evenly across all months. The project just completed its third month, the work is on schedule, but you have spent $65,000 of the project budget. What is your cost variance? A) $65,000 B) $39,000 C) -$26,000 D) $64,999

C) -$26,000

What is CPI if EV = 5 and AC = 4? A) 0.8 B) 1 C) 1.25 D) 2

C) 1.25

You are leading a large project for a weak matrix organization. You have been challenged with resource issues throughout the project and are concerned about your schedule and cost performance. You have used EVM to calculate data throughout your project and need to report on the financial health of you project. You know that PV = 470, AC = 430, EV = 480, EAC = 500, and BAC = 525. What is VAC? A) 45 B) 20 C) 25 D) 30

C) 25

Your project has an optimistic estimate of 20 weeks, a most likely estimate of 25 weeks and a pessimistic estimate of 38 weeks. What is the standard deviation of the estimate? A) 26.3 B) 13.8 C) 3.0 D) 7.5

C) 3.0

A particular process has two independent sources of variation. The standard deviation of the first source is 3 units and the standard deviation of the second source is 4 units. The standard deviation of the process is which of the following? A) 3 B) 4 C) 5 D) 7

C) 5 SQRT(3^2 + 4^2)

You are the project manager for a construction project. You had 19 people working on this project and have added three more team members. How many more communication channels do you have compared to before? A) 171 B) 231 C) 60 D) 11

C) 60 (n(n-1))/2 new - (n(n-1))/2 old --- 231-171 =60

An activity has an early start of 3 days, late start of 13 days, early finish of 9 days and late finish of 19 days. What is the duration of this activity? A) 3 days B) 5 days C) 7 days D) 10 days

C) 7 days

The team is presently compiling a project team directory. In which process is the team most likely engaged? A) Resource planning B) Develop Project Team C) Acquire Human Resources D) Plan Human Resource Management

C) Acquire Human Resources

You are in the process of identifying and documenting project roles and responsibilities and creating a staffing management plan. Which of the following are you least likely to consider? A) Human resource policies set by your organization B) The availability of skilled labor in your area C) Activity duration estimates D) Resource requirements

C) Activity duration estimates

You are interviewing candidates for the position of project manager in your company. What is the most important characteristic you should be looking for? A) Technical knowledge about the business B) Negotiating and convincing skills C) Communication skills D) Experience in your organization

C) Communication skills

Two stakeholders, Mary and Joe, were arguing about when to start a particular activity on their project. Mary wants to wait 4 weeks until the project team can do more research, but Joe wants to start immediately. Rather than discussing it any further, they both just agree to start the activity in 2 weeks. What kind of conflict resolution technique does this situation illustrate? A) Collaborating B) Smoothing C) Compromise D) Avoidance

C) Compromise

A) Contingency Reserves since this was an unknown unknown B) Management Reserves since this was a known risk C) Contingency Reserves since this was a known risk D) Management Reserves since this was an unknown unknown

C) Contingency Reserves since this was a known risk

You had been concerned that a key project team member may be looking for another job. Half-way through the Integration Testing phase your concerns were realized after he handed in his two weeks notice. Now you are left with the additional cost of hiring and training a new team member to quickly get them up to speed. Where would this funding need to come from? A) Contingency Reserves since this was an unknown unknown B) Management Reserves since this was a known risk C) Contingency Reserves since this was a known risk D) Management Reserves since this was an unknown unknown

C) Contingency Reserves since this was a known risk

In an urgent meeting, management has decided that the project live date needs to be moved forward by 2 months and has asked you to do whatever it takes to reduce the schedule to meet this new deadline. Under the circumstances, you immediately approve unlimited overtime for the entire team and request the addition of external resources. However, you are worried about team burnout. The tool or technique you are employing is: A) Resource Leveling B) Fast-Tracking C) Crashing D) Speeding

C) Crashing

You have a project with the following activities: Activity A takes 40 hours and can start after the project starts. Activity B takes 25 hours and should happen after the project starts. Activity C must happen after activity A and takes 35 hours. Activity D must happen after activity B and C and takes 30 hours. Activity E must take place after activity C and takes 10 hours. Activity F takes place after Activity E and takes 22 hours. Activities F and D are the last activities of the project. Which of the following is true if activity B actually takes 37 hours? A) Critical path is 67 hours B) Critical path changes to Start, B, D, End C) Critical path is Start, A, C, E, F, End D) Critical path increases by 12 hours

C) Critical path is Start, A, C, E, F, End

You have been selected as the project manager to build a new medical facility. You are reviewing a copy of the approved project charter in order to develop the project management plan. Which of the following would generally not be documented in the charter? A) Project purpose or justification B) High-level project description C) Detailed schedule D) Summary budget

C) Detailed schedule

You are the project manager for a large education company. You have had some troubles in the past keeping team members motivated on other projects. You want to make sure your team on the current project is highly motivated, since this is an especially important and complex project. Which of the following is the best method to make the reward systems more effective? A) Pay a large salary increase to the best workers B) Give the team a choice of rewards C) Make the link between performance and rewards clear D) Present notification of rewards within the company

C) Make the link between performance and rewards clear

You are controlling the budget variance on your project using a control chart and you have a data point that appears outside of the upper control limit. What does the center line on a control chart depict? A) Upper Control Limit B) Lower Control Limit C) Mean value associated with the process/activity D) Standard deviation of the process

C) Mean value associated with the process/activity

You are the project manager for a large technology company and working on an innovative technology solution. Your organization is holding a bidders conference to discuss the project with prospective sellers, and a trusted seller you have worked with many times in the past has asked if they can meet with the project manager the day before the conference to cover some sensitive questions they do not wish to ask in front of others sellers. Should your organization meet with the seller? A) Yes, the more that prospective sellers know about the project, the better. B) Yes, they are your primary seller, and past history should be factored in. C) No, prospective sellers should be kept on equal footing. D) Resource availability will be limited and her role is part-time

C) No, prospective sellers should be kept on equal footing.

At which stage in the Tuckman Ladder model do team members begin to work together and adjust their work habits and behaviors to support the team? A) Forming B) Storming C) Norming D) Performing

C) Norming

Based on past experience, you estimate that it takes about 20 hours to build one wall. Since you need to construct 15 new walls, you estimate this activity to take 300 hours. Which of the following estimating techniques have you used? A) Analogous estimating B) Bottom-up estimating C) Parametric estimating D) Reserve analysis

C) Parametric estimating

One of your sellers has over 50% of the total project scope within their area of responsibility. As such, there is a lot to be done to properly engage this vendor using the Conduct Procurements process. All of the following would be done during the Conduct Procurements process except? A) Identifying a deliverable to be thoroughly reviewed as soon as possible in the project to assess the accuracy and effectiveness of the seller's work B) Establishing the virtual and co-location requirements C) Paying invoices after the seller's deliverables have been accepted by the buyer D) Agreeing on how often status reports and meetings will take place

C) Paying invoices after the seller's deliverables have been accepted by the buyer

You are a project manager for Washington State Univesity. You are managing a virtual team with team members dispersed throughout the state at other campuses. You are preparing a document which outlines high-level requirements, known high-level risks, a summary budget, and a description of the project manager's level of authority. What knowledge area is being utilized here? A) Project Scope Management B) Project Stakeholder Management C) Project Integration Management D) Project Communications Management

C) Project Integration Management

You are the project manager for a large retail company. You are currently managing a project to expand an existing facility. Since this facility is overseas you are concerned with many uncertainties. You need to do a great job planning for and managing risk since you must be done prior to the holiday season. Which of the following is an output from Plan Risk Responses? A) Risk Register B) Risk-related contract decisions C) Project document updates D) Risk Management Plan

C) Project document updates

You are a senior project manager with a start-up organization. Until your arrival things have been chaotic will minimal documentation and structure. You have been brought on board to establish and document processes and create a PMO. You want to actively manage changes. Where is the change control system documented? A) Quality management plan B) Cost management plan C) Project management plan D) Change control plan

C) Project management plan

Project managers must be aware of many motivational theories. Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs sets forth which of the following propositions? A) The strongest motivation for work is to provide for physiological needs. B) Hygiene factors are those that provide physical safety and emotional security. C) Psychological needs for growth and fulfillment can be met only when lower-level physical and security needs have been fulfilled. D) The greater the financial reward, the move motivated the workers will be.

C) Psychological needs for growth and fulfillment can be met only when lower-level physical and security needs have been fulfilled.

Your project requires changes to the project charter. Who has the primary responsibility to decide if these changes are necessary, and to oversee their implementation? A) Project manager B) Project team C) Sponsor D) Stakeholders

C) Sponsor

After analyzing the status of your project, you determine that the earned value is lower than the planned value. What should you expect as an outcome if this trend continues? A) The actual cost will be lower than planned and you will finish behind schedule B) The estimate at completion will be lower than planned and you will finish ahead of schedule C) The project will finish behind schedule D) The project will finish below the original cost estimate and on time

C) The project will finish behind schedule

Jackie is a project manager working with a team of more than 30 people. One of her subordinates tells her that the team members at the lowest level are lazy, and that they need to be supervised more closely. Jackie responds that the workers are as committed to the project as she is, that they are ambitious and self-disciplined and do not need to be watched every minute of the day. Instead, Jackie proposes that each worker should be given more responsibility. Which type of manager is Jackie? A) Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory B) Theory Z manager C) Theory Y manager D) Theory X manager

C) Theory Y manager

George is a project manager who is having problems working with one of his team members, Sara. Understanding the motivational needs of today's high-tech, high-demand environment, George assigned Sara activities which provided her with an opportunity to stretch and grow. However, Sara did not finish some activities on time, which created friction within the team. She also complained that she couldn't operate successfully in an environment where she did not have the friendship and respect of the team. As the project manager, George should: A) Speak with Sara's functional manager and get another individual assigned to the team. B) Give Sara a low rating on her performance appraisal so she will understand the effect she is having on the project and the entire project team. C) Understand that Sara may not be capable of reaching the stretch goal as George originally thought, and work with her to resolve her social and esteem issues. D) Assign her activity to someone else on the team to make sure the project is not impacted by the lack of performance

C) Understand that Sara may not be capable of reaching the stretch goal as George originally thought, and work with her to resolve her social and esteem issues.

Management reserves are designed to address which of the following? A) Future needs B) Known risks C) Unknown risks D) Added scope

C) Unknown risks

You are a project manager and you are completing a Work Breakdown Structure. You are sharing your WBS with a junior project manager in your firm who has many questions. You have decomposed your WBS to an appropriate level. Work is planned at which level of the WBS? A) Control account level B) Activity level C) Work package level D) Deliverable level

C) Work package level

An EE project is falling behind schedule. There has been confusion on the project between the team and the Project Manager. There has been major rework occurring on the first two work packages. This will result in at least a two-month delay. In a meeting with the CEO, the Project Manager is asked how the project is going. The CEO says that she had spoken with another Project Manager and heard that the project was going well. The Project Manager should respond how? A) Confirm that the project is going well based on what the other Project Manager said B) State that the update will be in the status report due at the end of the month C) Ask the CEO where she heard those comments D) Advise that there is a two-month delay because of some rework on the project

D) Advise that there is a two-month delay because of some rework on the project

You have just received authorization to assign resources to project activities. What inputs were considered during this process? A) Contract, project SOW, and business case B) Project SOW, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets C) Project SOW, business case, and organizational process assets D) Agreement, project SOW, business case, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets

D) Agreement, project SOW, business case, enterprise environmental factors, and organizational process assets

You are a Project Manager for a projectized organization. It is the middle of the work week and you have been pulled into an impromptu meeting with a client that you have never worked with before. You have been asked to come up with a quick estimate by the end of the week for a software implementation project. After asking a few questions you realize that this project sounds very similar in both size and scope to 2 other projects you have managed in the last couple of years. You say you will have no problem in delivering the estimate by the end of the week. What estimating type would you most likely employ in this case? A) Parametric Estimating B) Three Point Estimating C) Bottom Up Estimating D) Analogous Estimating

D) Analogous Estimating

You are managing a project that is under budget and behind schedule. In order to compress the schedule, which of the following should you focus on? A) Accelerating the non critical path tasks B) Adding resources to the critical path activities C) Accelerating the tasks on the critical path D) Both B and C

D) Both B and C

As a project manager, you often use a Responsibility Assignment Matrix (RAM) to show the types of resources required and the responsibility each resource has on the project. In particular, you prefer to develop a RAM that shows the relationship of your resources to the WBS elements of your project. A RAM includes all of the following except for which one? A) Activities or work packages B) Individuals or groups C) A relationship between activities and individuals D) Control Accounts

D) Control Accounts

In the Salience Model, you have a stakeholder that shows both Power and Urgency. This type of shareholder is considered: A) Discretionary B) Dependent C) Dominant D) Dangerous

D) Dangerous

You are finalizing the monthly project status report for your sponsor when you discover that several project team members are not reporting actual hours spent on project tasks. Consequently, this results in skewed project management plan statistics. What is the most appropriate action to be taken? A) Discuss the impacts of these actions with team member(s) B) Report team member actions to functional manager C) Continue reporting information as presented to you D) Determine the accurate statistics and adjust your report to reflect those

D) Determine the accurate statistics and adjust your report to reflect those

You are the project manager in a health care company. Your organization is risk adverse. Your project team has completed identifying risks, ranking them, and planning responses to critical risks and secondary risks. What is the next step to be performed by the project manager? A) Completing the risk management plan B) Create responses to residual risks C) Create Risk Breakdown Structure D) Determining contingency reserves

D) Determining contingency reserves

Your company has hired a new project management vendor to run your complex global healthcare manufacturing project. In order to establish useful project practices, the project manager requests that you and your department help provide key performance metrics every week. While you know this will be extra work for your team, about 2.5 hours minimum, you agree to help knowing it may help reduce the risk of project failure in the long-run. To obtain performance information, all of the following are required during execution except which one? A) Analysis of cost and schedule variances B) Reviewing work planned C) Measuring work progress D) Establishing the baseline

D) Establishing the baseline

You are a project manager and you are conducting the initial meeting with your project team. A goal of the meeting is to discuss and align on the components of the project charter. After some lively debate the team comes to an agreement on what is, and is not included in the project charter. Which of the following is included in the project charter? A) Project scope statement B) Quality standards C) Staffing assignments D) High level requirements

D) High level requirements

You have been assigned as the project manager to make new widgets for the company. Being the proactive PM that you are, you access your corporate knowledge base for historical files for a similar project in the past. You are able to find old files, such as the project charter, project management plan, and archived quality audit reports. Your sponsor requests that you draft a project charter for her review. Which of the following is included in the project charter? A) Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) B) Risk responses C) Quality standards D) High-level requirements

D) High-level requirements

You are planning your project and reviewing resource optimization tools and techniques. You think you will be competing for resources and want to proactively address the potential risk. What would resource leveling usually result in? A) Decrease in resource multitasking and risk B) Fast tracking C) Crashing D) Increase in project duration

D) Increase in project duration

You are the project manager for a large technology company. You are working on a project to significantly improve the functionality of their famous social network app. Margins are razor thin, and so cost control is critical to the success of your project. In fact, you are replacing a project manager that consistently delivered projects over budget. You want to ensure that your project budget is accurate and achievable. All of the following are inputs to the Determine Budget process except which one? A) Activity cost estimates B) Scope baseline C) Resource calendar D) Reserve analysis

D) Reserve analysis

As a Project Manager, you are halfway through your 13-month IT Infrastructure upgrade, and are about to embark on the next major implementation phase. Per the Cost Management Plan, the culture of your company prefers that you use rolling wave planning to estimate costs at a level better than a rough order of magnitude. These estimates must occur at least one month before for the next phase to allow time for any executive overview and approval of a baseline change. As you are preparing your phase-specific cost estimates, you notice that you had neglected to account for heating and electricity expenses in your numbers. These are examples of which kind of costs? A) Secondary B) Primary C) Direct D) Indirect

D) Indirect

Jeremiah works for the Human Resources department for Tango Power Co. He has been training project managers within the company PMO in regards to policy for employee reward and recognition. Because of limited funds, he has asked the PMs to curtail unnecessary spending and to adhere to HR spending guidelines. Sarah, one such project manager, feels that buying lunch for her team every week is a great way to keep them motivated and that it is an appropriate expense. What type of cost is this? A) Direct B) Fixed C) Variable D) Indirect

D) Indirect

Which of the following is true with respect to the cost of managing the purchasing process? A) Indirect costs are not considered in the make or buy analysis B) The cost of managing the purchasing process is always borne by the Purchasing or Procurement department, and is therefore not part of the make or buy analysis C) The cost of managing the purchasing process is a direct expense and is considered in the make or buy analysis D) Indirect costs incurred in managing the purchasing process are considered in the make or buy analysis

D) Indirect costs incurred in managing the purchasing process are considered in the make or buy analysis

The stakeholders on your project are having many disagreements over the technical approach to complete the project. Disputes are common in project planning and must always be expected. Which of the following documents is concerned with tracking things that are preventing the project team members from meeting project goals? A) Dispute register B) Defect log C) Risk register D) Issue log

D) Issue log

Your stakeholder register is replete with stakeholders both internal and external to the project and your company. As you assess the various communication requirements of your stakeholders, you are trying to determine what communications will meet those needs. The Communications Management Plan is most helpful in managing stakeholder expectations based on which of the following attributes? A) It keeps the stakeholder involved with the day-to-day management of the project. B) It helps identify all stakeholder needs and objectives for the project. C) It gets stakeholders involved in the planning process D) It helps the project manager to understand stakeholder expectations and define an appropriate communications approach for each

D) It helps the project manager to understand stakeholder expectations and define an appropriate communications approach for each

Your stakeholder register is replete with stakeholders both internal and external to the project and your company. As you assess the various communication requirements of your stakeholders, you are trying to determine what communications will meet those needs. The Communications Management Plan is most helpful in managing stakeholder expectations based on which of the following attributes? A) It keeps the stakeholder involved with the day-to-day management of the project. B) It helps identify all stakeholder needs and objectives for the project. C) It gets stakeholders involved in the planning process. D) It helps the project manager to understand stakeholder expectations and define an appropriate communications approach for each

D) It helps the project manager to understand stakeholder expectations and define an appropriate communications approach for each

You and your project team are estimating project costs. You decide to use bottom-up estimating and will base your estimates on the WBS. Which of the following is not an attribute of bottom-up estimating? A) The type of resource used is considered, along with the probable duration of each activity. B) It creates a more accurate estimate. C) It's more expensive to do than other estimating methods. D) It's less expensive to do than other estimating methods.

D) It's less expensive to do than other estimating methods.

Which term means continuous improvement? A) Ishikawa B) Sigma C) Pareto D) Kaizen

D) Kaizen

As a Project Manager you are currently focusing on tracking team member performance, providing feedback, resolving issues, and coordinating changes to enhance project performance. Which of the following processes are you performing? A) Plan Human Resource Management B) Acquire Project Team C) Acquire Project Team D) Manage Project Team

D) Manage Project Team

You are managing a hydroelectric project for the government and you are getting pressure from your sponsor to deliver the project within your baselines. You are made aware of a potential labor shortage that is a risk that you have not accounted for. You need to determine how your project is progressing and report to your sponsor so you can request additional funding, if needed. Your project has a CPI of 0.81 and TCPI = 1.25. You know that your project is: A) Over budget and ahead of schedule B) Under budget and ahead of schedule C) Over budget and TCPI is an index of cost performance relative to schedule performance and reflects overall effort required to complete the project on time and on schedule D) Over budget and TCPI is a projection of cost performance that must be achieved on the remaining work

D) Over budget and TCPI is a projection of cost performance that must be achieved on the remaining work

You are the project manager for a small start-up company. Your company is new and your project management processes are not well defined. You are discussing with a peer project manager the importance of the scope baseline. The scope baseline is an input to all of the following processes except which one? A) Perform Qualitative Risk Analysis B) Estimate Cost C) Identify Risk D) Plan Communications Management

D) Plan Communications Management

You and your project leadership team have devised the preliminary approach to your project implementation and are now ready to onboard some of the specialists and SMEs who will be building the primary scope items. As you are begin assembling the project team, which of the following would not be used during the Acquire Project Team process? A) Personnel administration policies B) Staffing Management Plan C) Information about competency levels and prior experience D) Project staff assignments

D) Project staff assignments

You are the project manager on a large research and development project. Being first with a new technology is critical so you often use progressive elaboration to expedite the planning process. One type of progressive elaboration occurs when the work to be performed in the near term is planned in detail while work scheduled further out is defined at only a high level in the work breakdown structure (WBS). As the task draws nearer, the amount of detail for the task is further defined. Which of the following terms defines this type of progressive elaboration? A) Decomposition B) Sequence activities C) Alternative analysis D) Rolling wave planning

D) Rolling wave planning

A PM is creating a top-down estimate of costs for her project. In particular, one historical record shows a project of similar size and duration that might fit the current estimation needs. This cost estimate is based on the grand total cost of that previous project and has an approximate range of -25 to + 75%. What type of estimate is this? A) Definitive B) High-level C) Budget D) Rough order of magnitude

D) Rough order of magnitude

You are preparing a graph to show the relationship between a dependent variable and an independent variable. What type of diagram are you using? A) Cause-and-effect diagram B) Control chart C) Flowchart D) Scatter diagram

D) Scatter diagram

The customer has requested a contract modification for an additional test, but no new funds have been included. Which statement is correct regarding the next steps? A) The modification should be accepted, since the Management Reserve can cover the cost B) The modification should be accepted and covered by the Contingency Reserve C) The cumulative CPI is above 1.0 so modification should be accepted D) The modification should be rejected since no funding was provided and no change request was approved

D) The modification should be rejected since no funding was provided and no change request was approved

Which of the following is the primary purpose of the project management plan? A) To define all work to be completed B) To define the work needed in each phase of the project life cycle C) To prevent any changes to the scope D) To define how the project is to be executed, monitored and changed

D) To define how the project is to be executed, monitored and changed