FINAL EXAM 5/7 Bone

Canaliculi

What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called?

C ,

What area in the diagram would the primary ossification center be formed? ,

Periosteum

What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic cells?

Parathyroid

What hormone(s) is/are released from the control center when the control center receives cAMP input; also important in increasing blood calcium serum levels. Choose the best answer.

B ,

What type of bone cell secretes hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers? ,

A,B

Where in the diagram can you find red bone marrow in an adult?

A "

Where in the diagram does the secondary ossification center form? "

F

Where in the diagram is dense irregular connective tissue located?

A ,

Where would reticular connective tissue be located in the diagram below? ,

D

Which bone cell in the diagram below is an osteoclast?

C ..

Which bone cell in the diagram below transports nutrients and wastes through tiny canals radiating from the lacunae? ..

A ..

Which bone cell in the diagram is located in the inner layer of the periosteum, the endosteum, and perforating and Haversian canals? ..

parathyroid hormone

Which hormone is the MOST important for Ca2+ regulation?

secrete matrix material

Osteoblasts -

maintain bone tissue

Osteocytes -

give rise to osteoblasts

Osteogenic cells -

compact, spongy

Osteons are found in _____, while trabeculae are found in _____.

estrogen; osteoclast activity

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of __, which would inhibit ___.

PTH acts on the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland to increase the level of the hormone calcitonin

Which is NOT a part of the events that result in parathyroid hormone's control of blood calcium levels?

Osteocytes

This cell is active once the matrix of bone calcifies. The cells sits in a lacunae.

Osteoclast ,

Which is formed from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell)? ,

E /

Which labeled structure in the figure was once an osteoprogenitor cell? /

C

Which labeled structures in the figure are canaliculi?

B

Which labeled structures in the figure are lamellae?

osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteocytes

Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell

Sex hormones

Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?

Articular cartilage - composed of elastic cartilage to allow flexibility

Which of the following is incorrectly matched?

Osteoclasts -are derived from osteoblasts and break down bone tissue

Which of the following is mismatched?

fracture hematoma, fibrocartilaginous callus formation, bony callus formation, bone remodeling

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture?

A ,,

Which of the following labeled structures in the diagram is a site of red blood cell production in adult bones? ,,

Compact bone

Which of the following regions of bone would not undergo bone remodeling as frequently as the other regions?

adolescent

A skeleton that exhibits a partially closed epiphyseal plate would likely be that of a an

Amount of fibrocartilage available.

Bone growth and remodeling are influenced by all of the following except:

parathyroid hormone ..

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone? ..

appositional growth

By which process, as an individual grows to adulthood, is the thickness (diameter) of bone increased?

Osteoclasts

Cells active when cartilage needs to be removed so new bone can be produced.

Trabeculae

Compact bone is composed of units called osteons. In contrast, spongy bone is composed of _____.

shaft of bone

Diaphysis -

mesenchyme.

During endochondral ossification in a fetus, bones initially develop as a cartilage model that was formed from

E .

During fracture repair, what area will have mesenchymal cells that differentiate into fibroblasts, chondroblasts and osteoblasts? .

lines the medullary cavity

Endosteum -

found in metaphysis of a growing bone

Epiphyseal growth plate -

proximal and distal ends of the bone

Epiphysis -

parallel to the length of the diaphysis; the shaft resists bending even when stresses are applied in certain directions.

How are osteons in compact bone tissue aligned? How does the osteon arrangement affect bone strength?

Money

If bone is analogous to a bank, calcium is analogous to ______.

The bone becomes stiff and brittle.

If collagen is removed from bone, what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer.

osteoprogenitor cells

In endochondral ossification, what is the original source of osteoblasts?

F .

In the diagram, what area allows communication from the outermost region to the innermost region of bone? .

C ..

In the diagram, what bone is considered the strongest? ..

B .

In the diagram, where do cells lose the ability to divide and increase in size? .

D; proximal epiphysis

In the diagram, where is the zone of resting cartilage and does it demonstrate a proximal epiphysis or a distal epiphysis?

H

In the diagram, which is the first blood vessel that enters the bone model in endochondral ossification?

Metaphysis

In which region of a long bone, such as the humerus, would you find the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?

C .

In which region of the diagram would yellow bone marrow be located? .

ABCD

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis. A: Zone of calcified cartilage B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage C: Zone of proliferating cartilage D: Zone of resting cartilage

foramen

Near the center of the diaphysis, the nutrient artery and vein pass through a hole in the compact bone called the nutrient

Osteoclast; osteoclast

PTH will increase _______ activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________ activity.

Epiphyseal plate

The ______ is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows the diaphysis to grow in length.

Articular cartilage

The ______ is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.

Metaphysis

The _______ is the region of long bone that contains hyaline cartilage used for growth in length.

Muscle fibers

The all of the following are part of the bone matrix except:

Osteoblasts .

The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone) callus. .

diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone is the

Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.

Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?

All of these statements are true Compact bone contains osteons while spongy contains trabeculae. Compact bone makes up most of the bone of the diaphysis while spongy bone makes up most of the epiphysis. Spongy bone makes up most of the structure of short, flat and irregular bones and the inside of the epiphysis of long bones. Spongy bones make bone lighter and aids in stress resistance.

Which of the following statements are true

Endochondral ossification begins with development of an ossification center.

Which of the following statements is/are incorrect?

1,3,4

Which of the following tissues are part of bone? 1. epithelial tissues. 2. muscular tissues 3. nervous tissues. 4. connective tissues.

G

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are composed of trabeculae, which are bony structures that lack osteons?

A /

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth? /

E

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram secure dense irregular and osteogenic layers to the bone matrix?

E ,

Which of the structures in the image below is a tissue that protects bone surfaces, assists in healing fractures, stabilizes the entry and exit points of blood vessels associated with bone tissue, and provides a firm attachment site for tendons and ligaments? ,

Epiphysis

Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?

Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down, and decreases when bone is built.

Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately?

1,5,6,7,9

Which statements describe spongy bone? 1. Composed of trabeculae. 2. Made up of osteons. 3. Found in higher amounts in the diaphysis. 4. Found lining the superficial regions of all bones. 5. Arranged along lines of force that are encountered. 6. Gaps filled with marrow. 7. Maintains strength with light weight. 8. Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone. 9. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae and canaliculi. 10. Has lamellae, osteocytes, lacunae, canaliculi, and central canals.

Calcium and phosphorous

Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?

Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.

Why do greenstick fractures commonly occur in children?

Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.

Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?

A

which structure in the image represents an osteon, the structural unit of compact bone