FINAL EXAM 6

Effects of Vit D3.deficiency

loss of bone density

what is a 'tendon' and what type of tissue it is made up of

made up of collagen

types of membranes

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial

Know the components of actin, active sites of actin, what structure blocks the active sites on the actin.

a

what Is prime mover, synergist, and antagonists

agonist/prime mover = muscle most responsible for movement. synergist = muscle assistance to agonist. antagonist = muscle thats reponsible for the movement that is the opposite of the agonist.

the cerebral cortical lobes and important areas - motor, sensory, visual, auditory, prefrontal, speech areas

cerebral cortical lobes = frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital.

types of active gated channels

chemically gated, voltage gated, mechanically gated

Contraction of skeletal muscle inKnow the importance of sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction - storing calcium ions detail

contraction steps = 1. contraction cycle begins2. active-site exposure3. cross-bridge formation4. myosin head pivoting5. cross-bridge detatchment6. myosin reactivation. contraction begins = myosin head in cocked postion in high energy state, pointing away from m-line, calcium has been relapsed from the cisternae of the SR and is floating around in the sarcoplasm

Structure of the eye

cornea, pupil, iris, lens, retina

the effects of damage to the major parts of the brain

damge to frontal lobe = paralysis, personality and mood changes, lack of focus damage to parietal lobe = trouble with direction, reading, memory, hand eye coordination damage to occipital lobe = vision impairment damge to temporal lobe = long/short term memory problems, processing language, excessive aggression brain stem damage = touble with swallowing, balance, sleeping, dizzines, nausea, and breathing cerebellum damage = general movement issues (fine motor movements, walking, speaking, rapid movement)

CSF and its production, circulation and drainage

- CSF produced = in choroid plexus of the brain ventricles - CSF drained into superior sagittal sinus? - CSF circulation = through choroid plexus, through ventricles, to central canal of spinal cord, into subarachnoid space via 2 lateral apertures and one medial aperture around the brain, spinal cord, and cauda equina

parts of neuromuscular junction

-motor neuron-motor end plate-synaptic cleft-synaptic vesicles

Diffustion, osmosis

diffusion - the movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration osmosis - a type of diffsion where substances cross a semipermieable memberane to balance out the concentrations

visual pathway

1. begins at photoreceptors 2. crosses photoreceptor to bipolar cell synapse 3. crosses bipolar cell to ganglion cell synapse 4. end at visual cortex of cerebral hermispheres

the dorsal horn , dorsal root, ventral horn and ventral roots and what type of neurons/fibers they carry

1. dorsal horn = back branches of gray matter dorsal root ganglion = ganglion extending from dorsal horns. dorsal = sensory neurons. 2. vental horn = front branches of gray matter ventral root ganglion = gaglion extending from ventral horns ventral = motor nuerons 3. vental horn = front branches of gray matter ventral root ganglion = gaglion extending from ventral horns vental = motor nuerons

the parts of external, middle and internal ears and the functions of each.

1. external = auricle and external acoustic meatus 2. middle = malleus (hammer) inclus (anvil) Stapes (stirrup) 3. endolymph body labryinth cochlea round window oval window vestibule semsicircular canals

Nerves carrying the sense of taste

1. facial (VIII) 2. Glossopharyngeal (IX) 3. Vagus (X)

Special characteristic of olfactory receptors

1. provide sense of smell 2. do not synpase in thalamus before being processes 3. can be healed/regenerated

Sarcomere organization - A band, I band, M line, H zone, Z line, etc

A band = thick, dark filaments within myofibrils, I band = thin, light filaments within myofibrils, M line = center line of the a band // midline of sacromere, H band = area surrounging the m line, zone overlap = where thick and thin filaments overlap, z line = at the center of the i band at the end of each sacromere.

negative feedback

A response in which the stimulus is fought in order to maintain homeostasis

the important gyri, sulci and fissures on the cerebrum

gyri = elevated ridges sulci = shallow depression fissures = deep grooves

anatomical position

Facing forwards, toes facing forward, feet shoulder width apart, and palms facing forward.

Structure and functions of gustatory hair cells and taste buds

Gustatory taste buds contain = basal cells and hair cells gustatory hair cells extend taste hairs through taste pore

sebaceous glands

Holocrine glands that secretes sebum. (oil gland)

the structural and functional differences between the rods and cones

How do rods detect vision = color in bright light How do cones see light = black and white in dim lighting

Homeostasis

Internal balance/stability

the major functions of thalamus and hypothalamus

hypothalamus function = 1. subconsscious control of skeletal muscle 2. controls autonomic function 3. coordinates activites of nervous and endrocine systems 4. secretes hormones 5. emotional and behavioral drives - hunger/thirst center 6. coodinates voluntary and autonomic funtions 7. regulates body temp 8. controls circadian rhythms thalamus function 1. regulates senses (sight, sound, taste, touch) 2. regulates voluntary motor control 3. regulates consciousness 4. regulates sleep/wakes cycle

What is a triad?

T-tubule plus 2 terminal cisternae.

Basic structure of cell membrane

phospholipid bilater with some surface proteins embedded around the surface

Basal nuclei and its function - control of movements

provide general function and rhythm fo movements such as walking

Types of glands - Apocrine and merocrine sweat glands and their functions. Where are they located.

sebaceous - To keep hair and skin oily aprocrine - Secretes products into hair follicles. Produces a sticky cloudy secretion that break down and cause odors, in response to a hormonal or nervous signal (armpits, nipples, and groin)

what are the isotonic and isometric contractions

sotonic contractoin = length of a muscle does change during contraction isotonic contractoin = length of a muscle does change during contraction

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

What is threshold?

the point of no return for producing an action potential

the differences between thin and thick skin

thin - Covers most of the body and has four layers of karantinocytes thick - Covers palms of the hands and soles of the feet and have five layers of keratinocytes

Tympanic membrane and its function

thin, semitransparent sheet that seperates the external and middle ear that transforms sound waves into mechanical movemets

Cavities of the brain

third ventricle, fourth ventricles, lateral ventricles

Growth hormone and its effects

too much = too tall - marfan's syndrome too little = too short - pituitary dwarfism

what are twitch, treppe, wave summation, incomplete and complete tetanus contractions.

twitch = single neural stimualtion, treppe= stair step increase in twitch tension, repeated sitimulations that occur immediately after relaxation, wave summation = increasing/summation of twitches, repeated stimulations that occur before the end of relaxation phase, incomplete tetanus = when a muscle is stimulated repeatedly and never completely relaxes, complete = when there is never any relaxation before twitches.

Know the reflex arc and major reflexes

what is the reflex arc = the nerve pathway involved in a reflex action, including a sensory nerve and a motor nerve with a synpase inbetween