Final Exam

Pavlov won the Nobel Prize in 1904 for his work a. on conditioned reflexes b. in physiology c. on salivation d. in improvement of surgical techniques

b. in physiology

Sociobiologists depend heavily on ____ in their explanation of human social behavior. a. Malthusian selection b. inclusive fitness c. eugenics d. innate aggression

b. inclusive fitness

According to your text, the most important concept that Sechenov introduced into psychology was a. the conditioned reflex b. Inhibition c. association d. unconscious inference

b. inhibition

The view that cognitive events that emerge from brain activity can cause behavior is representative of: Select one: a.materialism b.interactionism c.epiphenomenalism d.free will

b. interactionism

____ stresses the emotional or unconscious determinants of human behavior. a.Naive realism b.Irrationalism c.Mechanism d.Vitalism

b. irrationalism

For Watson, speech a. is uniquely human b. is a type of overt behavior c. reflects the contents of the mind d. is implicit, unlearned behavior

b. is a type of overt behavior

According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it: Select one: a.is the most effective method available b.is reinforcing to the punisher c.weakens undesirable behavior just as reinforcement strengthens desirable behavior d.has the advantage of increasing stress tolerance in those who are punished

b. is reinforcing to the punisher

According to Skinner, punishment is widely used in efforts to modify behavior because it: a.is the most effective method available b.is reinforcing to the punisher c.weakens undesirable behavior just as reinforcement strengthens desirable behavior d.has the advantage of increasing stress tolerance in those who are punished

b. is reinforcing to the punisher

According to Reid, we could trust our notions about the physical world because: a. of the acuteness of the senses b. it made common sense to do so c. Hume's logic was faulty d. such notions are innate

b. it made common sense to do so

Berkeley believed that ____ was responsible for the widespread religious skepticism and atheism of his day. Select one: a.romanticism b.materialism c.Idealism d.rationalism

b. materialism

As evidence for his views on verbal communication, Wundt pointed out that we remember ____ and not ____. a.specific words; meanings b.meanings; specific words c.verbal labels; images d.images; verbal labels

b. meanings; specific words

Descartes explained all animal behavior and much human behavior in terms of ____ principles. a. innate b. mechanical c. religious d. rational

b. mechanical

Which of the following allows reference to internal events in explanations of behavior provided that those events are indexed by overt behavior? Select one: a.radical behaviorism b.methodological behaviorism c.physical monism d.psychophysical parallelism

b. methodological behaviorism

____ combined behaviorism and logical positivism. Select one: a.Positivism b.Neobehaviorism c.Physicalism d.Radical environmentalism

b. neobehaviorism

According to Popper, the highest status that a scientific theory can attain is: a. confirmed b. not yet disconfirmed c. scientific law d. falsifiability

b. not yet disconfirmed

The belief that extraneous assumptions should be eliminated from explanations is called: a. scholasticism b. occam's razor c. nominalism d. realism

b. occam's razor

According to the Pythagoreans, perfection is found: a. only in the empirical world of mathematical relationships b. only in the abstract mathematical world and understood only by reason c. in both the empirical and abstract worlds of mathematics d. in neither the empirical nor abstract worlds

b. only in the abstract mathematical world and understood only by reason

If you define a concept in terms of the procedures followed while measuring the concept, you are using a(n): Select one: a.reflexive definition b.operational definition c.scientific law d.observational term

b. operational definition

What provided the link between mental philosophy and the science of psychology in the 17th and 18th centuries? a. astronomy b. physiology c. physics d. mathematics

b. physiology

Which part of the human body did Descartes identify as the house for the mind? Select one: a.heart b.pineal gland c.ventricles d.cerebral cortex

b. pineal gland

Ebbinghaus invented nonsense material to free his research material from the influence of: a. experimenter bias b. prior learning c. neurophysiological delay d. introspection

b. prior learning

Watson's belief that if you change a person's experiences you change his or her personality was referred to as: Select one: a.nativism b.radical environmentalism c.methodological behaviorism d.respondent conditioning

b. radical environmentalism

According to Leibniz, a conscious experience always: a.combines primary and secondary qualities b.reflects the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences c.involves a human experience d.elicits either a feeling of pleasure or pain

b. reflects the culmination of a number of unconscious experiences

Spencer's application of the notion of the survival of the fittest to the study of human societal behavior is known as: a. premature b. social Darwinism c. Lamarckianism d. the spencer-bain principle

b. social darwinism

Who was responsible for the ontological argument for the existence of God? a. st. augustine b. st. anselm c. lombard d. abelard

b. st. anselm

Confessions, a volume about one man's sins, confessions, and forgiveness, is written by: Select one: a.St. Paul b.St. Augustine c.Thomas Aquinas d.Avicenna

b. st. augustine

Hobbes believed in which of the following? a. that humans were innately benevolent b. that democracy was dangerous c. that government should be subservient to the church d. that human rationality allows humans to inhibit their animalistic impulses

b. that democracy was dangerous

Kant called the rational principle that either does or should govern moral behavior: Select one: a.hedonism b.the categorical imperative c.utilitarianism d.formal discipline

b. the categorical imperative

The approach to writing a history of psychology that takes the best from a variety of viewpoints is referred to as: a.presentism b.the eclectic approach c.historicism d.the Zeitgeist approach

b. the eclectic approach

Hobbes' explanation of "trains of thought" relied on: a. innate ideas b. the law of contiguity c. spirituality d. rationalism

b. the law of contiguity

Historiography is a. another term for psychology b. the study of the proper way to write history c. the use of photographs in presenting history d. another term for historicism

b. the study of the proper way to write history

An area in cognitive development that concerns how we come to know the beliefs, feelings, plans, and behavioral intentions of other people is referred to as: Select one: a.theory of forms b.theory of the mind c.laws of subjective norms d.laws of association

b. theory of the mind

According to Reid, the mind reasons and the stomach digests food because: a. both are related to survival b. they are innately designed to do so c. of the forces of natural selection d. both the stomach and the mind are machines

b. they are innately designed to do so

Newton believed that his work a.revealed nature's secrets b.proved that there was no God c.showed that the universe was anything but a machine d.showed that a mathematical analysis of the material world was impossible

a revealed nature's secrets

What is the belief that the world is as we immediately experience it? a. direct realism b. epiphenomenalism c. petites perceptions d. faculty psychology

a direct realism

Projecting human attributes onto nature is called: a.anthropomorphism b.animism c.primitivism d.vitalism

a. anthropomorphism

According to Berkeley, in order for something to exist, it must: Select one: a.be perceived b.consist of primary qualities c.consist of matter d.exist spiritually

a. be perceived

Thorndike's contention that learning occurred without ideation brought him very close to being a: Select one: a.behaviorist b.structionalist c.operationalist d.materialist

a. behaviorist

Watson allowed for some influence of genetics on personality by saying that ____ interacts with experience to produce specific behavior patterns. a. bodily structure b. innate ideas c. intelligence d. instincts

a. bodily structure

When changes in one variable are usually accompanied by changes in the same direction in another variable, the variables are said to be: a.correlated b.causally related c.regressing toward the mean d.genetically determined

a. correlated

The ____ assumes that everything that occurs is a function of a finite number of causes. a. determinist b. rationalist c. empiricist d. realist

a. determinist

Ebbinghaus is often mistaken for a(n) ____, but he was in fact a(n) ____. a.empiricist; rationalist b.rationalist; empiricist c.structuralist; empiricist d.empiricist; structuralist

a. empiricist; rationalist

According to Aristotle, ____ is explained as the lingering effects of sensory experience. Select one: a.common sense b.imagination c.scala naturae d.entelechy

b. imagination

Which of the following phrases best captures the spirit of Renaissance humanism? a."We the people have the power to bring great change to the world." b."We must treat others with respect, sensitivity, and dignity." c."Do not look to the past for answers; we must only look ahead to the future." d."We must follow an Aristotelian way of life."

a. "We the people have the power to bring great change to the world."

Which statement would Thomas Kuhn most likely support? Select one: a."Science is a highly subjective enterprise." b."The scientific method guarantees objectivity." c."Each scientific enterprise is so unique that scientists cannot share a common set of assumptions." d."Once a paradigm has been established further experimentation becomes unnecessary."

a. "science is a highly subjective enterprise"

When a previously neutral stimulus elicits some fraction of an unconditioned response, the reaction is called: a.a conditioned response b.spontaneous c.generalization d.genetically determined

a. a conditioned response

According to Hume, the mind is a. a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment b. a nonmaterial entity that exists independently of the body c. that part of a person that organizes his or her experiences d. responsible for human rationality

a. a set of perceptions that a person is having at any given moment

Using the method of ____, the subject is instructed to change a variable stimulus so that it's magnitude appears to equal that of a standard stimulus. After this, the average difference between the variable stimuli and the standard is determined. a. adjustment b. limits c. constant fixation d. stimulus fixation

a. adjustment

For Titchener, a stimulus error consisted of: a.allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object b.seeing something that is not physically present c.failing to see something that is physically present d.not allowing an object's meaning to influence one's introspective analysis of that object

a. allowing the meaning of an object to influence one's introspective analysis of that object

According to Aristotle, the ____kept an object moving or developing in its prescribed direction until its full potential was reached. a. entelechy b. instincts c. form of the good d. rational mind

a. entelechy

For Tolman, independent variables are ____ and give rise to internal, unobservable events that, in turn, cause behavior. Select one: a.environmental events b.theoretical concepts c.variables that are unrelated to any other variables d.behavioral events

a. environmental events

The fact that St. Paul valued ____ would have been abhorrent to most Greek philosophers. a.faith above reason b.reason above faith c.intuition above empirical observation d.Epicureanism above Stoicism

a. faith above reason

In Locke's philosophy, the concept of association explains: Select one: a.faulty beliefs b.moral principles c.mental phenomena d.primary and secondary qualities

a. faulty beliefs

Concerning verbal communication, Wundt referred to the unified idea that one wishes to convey as a(n): a.general impression b.unconscious inference c.Völkerpsychologie d.creative synthesis

a. general impression

During the Renaissance, Europe gradually switched from being ____-centered to being ____-centered. Select one: a.God; human b.human; God c.individual; society d.culture; society

a. god; human

According to William James, instinct-like behaviors that develop within an organisms lifetime are known as: Select one: a.habits. b.individualized instincts. c.learned instincts. d.complex instincts.

a. habits

Kant stated that a mind without concepts would: a. have no capacity to think b. be lost without sensory data c. be lost without empirical data d. not be able to use the word all

a. have no capacity to think

Question text According to Bacon, the personal biases that result from one's own experiences and education constitutes the: Select one: a.idols of the cave b.idols of the tribe c.idols of the marketplace d.idols of the theatre

a. idols of the cave

Weber found that subjects could detect much smaller weight differences when they lifted the weights than when the weights were simply placed in their hands. He attributed this increased sensitivity to: a. kinesthesis b. the two-point threshold c. the method of adjustment d. unconscious inference

a. kinesthesis

Tolman believed that: Select one: a.learning occurred independently of reinforcement b.if no reinforcement occurred, no learning occurred c.reinforcement governed classical conditioning but not instrumental conditioning d.reinforcement governed instrumental conditioning but not classical conditioning

a. learning occurred independently of reinforcement

You are a monist with regard to the mind-body question. Which of the following does your position most likely represent? a. materialism b. occasionalism c. psychophysical parallelism d. interactionism

a. materialism

Which of the following is true concerning monads? a. next to god, humans possess the monads capable of the clearest thinking b. inanimate objects do not possess monads c. only god possesses enough monads for clear thinking d. monads are influenced by sensory experience

a. next to god, humans posses the monads capable of the clearest thinking

For Comte, we can be certain only of things that are: a. publicly observable b. divinely revealed c. logically deduced d. experienced through introspection

a. publicly observable

Dewey argued that analyzing the elements of a reflex caused the investigator to miss its most important feature, its ____. Select one: a.purposiveness b.biochemical correlates c.relationship to the mind d.relationship to other reflexes

a. purposiveness

____ is the belief that behavior cannot be explained in terms of internal events of any type. Select one: a.Radical behaviorism b.Methodological behaviorism c.Physical monism d.Psychophysical parallelism

a. radical behaviorism

According to James's ____, all consistently reported aspects of human experience were worthy of study. Select one: a.radical empiricism b.religion c.positivism d.materialism

a. radical empiricism

Hall believed that each individual in his or her lifetime reenacted all of the evolutionary stages of the human species. What is this idea called? a.recapitulation theory b.parapsychology c.reciprocal antagonism d.sociobiological determinism

a. recapitulation theory

John Dewey is best known for his work on: Select one: a.reflexes. b.emotions. c.psychophysics. d.neurophysiology.

a. reflexes

Which of the following exemplifies molecular behavior? a. salivating when a bell is rung b. shopping for food in a grocery store c. hiding from a stranger as a child d. looking up a word in a dictionary

a. salivating when a bell is rung

What is the belief that the only valid knowledge is scientific knowledge, and that science can solve all human problems? Select one: a.Scientism b.Utilitarianism c.Radical environmentalism d.Empiricism

a. scientism

Descartes believed that a.the mind is nonmaterial b.the mind is equated with the brain c.the mind's existence can be logically demonstrated d.even animals possess a rudimentary mind

a. the mind is nonmaterial

Zeitgeist means a. the spirit of the times b. about the same thing as presentation c. that the history of anything must be selective d. about the same thing as historicism

a. the spirit of the times

The probability of a behavior is increased if it is followed with a pleasurable outcome and decreased if it is followed by painful outcome. What is this called? a. the sprencer-bain principle b. the law of contiguity c. social darwinism d. survival of the fittest

a. the sprencer-bain principle

According to Comte's law of three stages, a culture at the most primitive stage of explaining things used ____ explanations. a. theological b. metaphysical c. scientific d. sociological

a. theological

What was true of the British empiricists? a.They attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles. b.They rectified the existence of divine intervention with sensory experience. c.They believed that sensory experience distorted the truth. d.They denied the existence of mental events.

a. they attempted to explain the functioning of the mind according to Newton's principles

Who performed the first systematic studies of animal behavior for its own sake, without attempting to infer the cognitive processes from the observed behavior? Select one: a.Thorndike b.Washburn c.Morgan d.Titchener

a. thorndike

For the Stoics, the basic moral choice a person makes is a. to act or not to act in accordance with nature's plan b. to live or to not live in accordance with god's will c. to seek pleasure or to avoid pain d. to follow one's personal impulses or to conform to society's values

a. to act or not to act in accordance with nature's plan

In Pavlov's experimental study, the meat powder was a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response

a. unconditioned stimulus

____ promotes that life can never be completely explained in terms of material things and mechanical laws a. vitalism b. determinism c. monism d. materialism

a. vitalism

According to Kant a.we are forever ignorant of the true physical reality b.Hume's contention that we can never know the physical world is incorrect c.physical reality is just as we perceive it to be d.God shapes our physical reality and thus our perceptions

a. we are forever ignorant of the true physical reality

If any conceivable observation supports a theory, Popper would conclude that the theory is: a. weak b. useless c. the type that all sciences hope to develop d. falsifiable

a. weak

Which statement best reflects the use of induction or deduction by empiricists and rationalists? Select one: a.Empiricists used induction via a"bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "top-down" approach b.Empiricists used induction via a "top-down" approach; rationalists used deduction via a "bottom-up" approach c.Empiricists used deduction via a "bottom-up" approach; rationalists used induction via a "top-down" approach d.Empiricists used deduction via a "top-down" approach; rationalists used induction via a "bottom-up" approach

a.Empiricists used induction via a"bottom-up" approach; rationalists used deduction via

According to the text, why is it important to study the history of psychology? a.For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes b.For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach c.To avoid repetition of mistakes, for a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, and to come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach d.To come to a consensus on a prevailing theoretical approach, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes

a.For a deeper understanding of concepts and ideas, to recognize fads, and to avoid the repetition of mistakes

According to the Deist: Select one: a.God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it b.religious revelation is an important source of information concerning the workings of the universe c.the laws governing the universe can never be known because they are based on God's perceptions d.God does not exist

a.God created the universe but thereafter had no involvement with it

Which of the following is true of Averroës' philosophy? a.It was basically Aristotelian. b.It was basically Platonistic. c.It denied the existence of a soul. d.It was supported by many Christians.

a.It was basically Aristotelian.

Which of the following did Galton conclude based on his word association test? a.Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods. b.Responses tend to be closely related to the setting in which the test is given. c.Responses are so variable within a single individual as to make the test worthless. d.Responses are closely related to intelligence, so word association tests can be used to test intelligence.

a.Responses can illuminate aspects of the mind that are not revealed by other methods.

According to Guthrie, practice improves the performance of a skill because it: a.allows many specific S-R associations to be formed b.allows insight to be gained c.allows a cognitive map to be formed d.strengthens the responses that lead to drive reduction

a.allows many specific S-R associations to be formed

For Skinner, "mental events" are: a.certain bodily processes to which we have assigned verbal labels b.important determinants of behavior c.nonphysical entities d.modified by reinforcement contingencies just like physical events were

a.certain bodily processes to which we have assigned verbal labels

Which of the following is one of the four types of behavior Watson described? Select one: a.explicit learned behavior b.moral behavior c.social behavior d.cognitive behavior

a.explicit learned behavior

If what is meant by psychology is the introspective analysis of the mind, then according to Comte, psychology constitutes: Select one: a.metaphysical nonsense b.a possibility c.a valid scientific analysis of the mind d.the groundwork from which a positivistic science could develop

a.metaphysical nonsense

In his hypothetic-deductive theory, Hull conceived of a process in which a(n): Select one: a.set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted b.small segment of behavior such as a reflex or a habit s isolated for study c.pattern of stimuli is experienced along with a response such that the two become associated d.organism learns to make a response that is instrumental in producing reinforcement

a.set of postulates are created from which empirical relationships are predicted

Eventually, most psychologists agreed with the logical positivists that a.unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless b.psychology should not contain any theories c.empiricism and rationalism must be wedded together d.rational analysis is more powerful than empirical analysis

a.unless a concept can be operationally defined, it is meaningless

According to the author of your text, contemporary psychology is a. a pre-paradigmatic discipline b. a multi-paradigmatic science c. in the revolutionary stage of development d. a single paradigmatic science

b. a multi-paradigmatic science

What was James's advice with regard to emotional experience? Select one: a.Pursue minimum goals in order to avoid frustration. b.Act the way you want to feel. c.Use free will to inhibit such experience. d.Give emotional experience full and uninhibited expression.

b. act the way you want to feel

Viewing all of nature as though it were alive is called: a. Anthropomorphism b. animism c. primitivism d. mysticism

b. animism

In a discipline that Kant called ____, he discussed such topics as gender differences, marriage, insanity, and the production and control of human behavior. a. philosophy b. anthropology c. mondaology d. direct realism

b. anthropology

Thorndike's theory about the neural bond between sensory impressions and responses is referred to as: Select one: a.Neural Darwinism. b.connectionism. c.the law of effect. d.the reflex arc.

b. connectionism

Pragmatism maintains that beliefs, thoughts, and behaviors must be judged according to their: a. logical consistency b. consequences c. moral implications d. compatibility with societal and cultural norms.

b. consequences

Bessel used personal equations to: a.select the most skillful astronomers b.correct differences in the reaction times among various observers c.ensure that his assistants had exactly the same reaction times d.demonstrate the value of experimental psychology

b. correct differences in the reaction times among various observers

Who is commonly credited with the founding of the school of functionalism? a. james b. dewey c. hall d. Münsterberg

b. dewey

Dewey believed that the best way to learn is by: Select one: a.rote memorization b.engaging in the activities to be learned c.listening to knowledgeable lecturers d.observing a knowledgeable person who acts as a model

b. engaging in the activities to be learned

What two broad events were key factors in the acceptance of the objective study of nature, ultimately weakening the authority of the church? Select one: a.Exploration; medicine b.Exploration; printing c.War; medicine d.War; printing

b. exploration; printing

What two broad events were key factors in the acceptance of the objective study of nature, ultimately weakening the authority of the church? a.Exploration; medicine b.Exploration; printing c.War; medicine d.War; printing

b. exploration; printing

Fechner found that for the magnitude of a sensation to rise arithmetically, the magnitude of stimulation must rise: a. arithmetically b. geometrically c. algebraically d. exponentially

b. geometrically

According to the Sophists, what is it that determines if an idea is accepted as the truth? Select one: a.The truthfulness of the idea b.How effectively the idea is communicated c.The scientific evidence offered to support the idea d.The idea's usefulness

b. how effectively the ideas is communicated

According to St. Augustine, evil exists because a. god created it to test the faith of humans b. humans chose it c. at times the devil is more powerful than god d. humans are basically animals

b. humans chose it

According to Bacon, the human tendency to see events as they would like them to be constitutes the: Select one: a.idols of the cave b.idols of the tribe c.idols of the marketplace d.idols of the theater

b. idol of the tribe

Which of the following is consistent with neobehaviorism? a.Research on nonhuman animals cannot provide useful information about humans. b.All theoretical terms must be operationally defined. c.The learning process is of little importance to understanding humans. d.Metaphysical speculation is central to psychology.

b.All theoretical terms must be operationally defined.

Who was the astronomer who suggested that the earth revolves around the sun 1700 years before Copernicus? Select one: a.Ptolemy b.Aristarchus of Samos c.Aristotle d.Bruno

b.Aristarchus of Samos

Who discovered that the retina, not the lens, is the light sensitive part of the eye and that inoculation might prevent disease? a.Avicenna b.Averroës c.Maimonides d.St. Anselm

b.Averroës

Which of the following best describes the fate of functionalism? Select one: a.It faded away for essentially the same reasons as structuralism. b.It was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has therefore lost its identity. c.It surrendered its focus on the mind and became the school of behaviorism. d.It was promoted by a few forceful individuals (like James), and when they died, so did functionalism.

b.It was absorbed into contemporary psychology and has therefore lost its identity.

During the period before the Renaissance, which of the following was true? Select one: a.Astrology was met with great skepticism. b.Superstition influenced most everyone from peasants to kings and the clergy. c.People were classified into three groups: believers, nonbelievers, or questioners. d.Scientific inquiry and reason were encouraged.

b.Superstition influenced most everyone from peasants to kings and the clergy.

Which aspect of Empedocles' philosophy might be used to explain the types of intrapersonal and extrapersonal conflicts described later in history by Freud? a.The transmigration of the soul b.The forces of love and strife that wax and wane within us c.The elements of earth, fire, air, and water d.The clashes of atoms

b.The forces of love and strife that wax and wane within us

According to Kant, the experiences of space and time: Select one: a.provide the context for all dialectic processes b.are produced by psychic mechanisms c.result from sensations acted on by the laws of association d.provide the context for all mental phenomena and are produced by innate categories of thought

b.are produced by psychic mechanisms

Panpsychism is the belief that: Select one: a.God is everywhere and in everything b.everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes) c.humans created God in their own image d.only humans possess a mind

b.everything in nature has consciousness (mental processes)

Due to Münsterberg's interests and work he is known as one of the first: a.social psychologists b.forensic psychologists c.statistical psychologists d.educational psychologists

b.forensic psychologists

Plato's theory of forms is best represented by the statement: The cats that we see are: a.superior copies of an abstract incomplete form of "catness" b.inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of "catness" c.manifestations of our sensory processes but in actuality, we cannot know if they exist d.concrete forms born of our sensory processes, proving their existence

b.inferior copies of an abstract pure idea of "catness"

Watson's massive influence on contemporary psychology is most clearly seen in the fact that: Select one: a.the study of cognition is again respectable b.most psychologists' measure changes in behavior and thus can be called behaviorist c.the study of the neurophysiological correlates of cognitive experience is very popular d.psychology is gradually being assimilated into biology

b.most psychologists' measure changes in behavior and thus can be called behaviorist

Which two methods of attaining knowledge are combined in science? a.intuition and rationalism b.rationalism and empiricism c.introspection and controlled observation d.empiricism and faith

b.rationalism and empiricism

According to Aristotle, ____ is a spontaneous recollection of something that had been previously experienced and ____ involves an actual mental search for a past experience. Select one: a.recall; remembering b.remembering; recall c.reminiscence; association d.association; remembering

b.remembering; recall

For Skinner, the environment is important because it: a.elicits behavior b.selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies c.provides the organism with the opportunity to test its expectancies d.allows the organism to develop a cognitive map

b.selects behavior through reinforcement contingencies

According to Lamarck, if an adult member of species develops a trait, such as powerful muscles, that make its survival more likely, the trait can be passed down to the adult's offspring. This phenomenon is called: a.survival of the fittest b.the inheritance of acquired characteristics c.natural selection d.the law of effect

b.the inheritance of acquired characteristics

Thorndike's law of exercise stated that: a.no pain, no gain b.the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced c.the mind could not be healthy if the body was not healthy d.all mammals learned according to the same principles

b.the strength of an association is based on how often the association is practiced

For Socrates, essences were: a.impossible to determine b.verbal definitions c.transcendental truths d.unimportant

b.verbal definitions

Watson's final position on instincts was that all of the human behavior referred to as instinctive was: Select one: a.reflexive b.genetically determined c.learned behavior d.to simple and irrelevant to even bother studying

c. learned behavior

Which of the following characteristics of contemporary psychology would most disappoint Watson? a.The emphasis on the prediction and control of behavior b.The emphasis on overt behavior as psychology's subject matter c.The popularity of cognitive psychology d.The form of behaviorism referred to as radical

c. The popularity of cognitive psychology

Helmholtz changed slightly the color vision theory of ____ and supported it with experimental evidence. a.Kant b.Hering c.Young d.Weber

c. Young

According to Kuhn, the set of beliefs, values, assumptions, and a particular way of doing research which are accepted by a group of scientists is called: Select one: a.a metaphysical orientation b.the religious component of science c.a paradigm d.a correlational law

c. a paradigm

According to Spencer, the best government is one that: a.protects the weak b.protects people from their own animal instincts c.allows free competition among all its citizens d.is elected by a majority of reasonable people

c. allows free competition among all its citizens

For Hartley, the only process that converts simple ideas into complex ideas is: a. abstract thought b. reflection c. association d. imagination

c. association

What did Galileo believe? a. the universe can be understood only through a spiritual lens b. true reality is represented by the world of appearances c. copernicus' heliocentric theory d. the geocentric theory

c. copernicus' heliocentric theory

Hobbes' approach to studying humans was: Select one: a.Inductive b.Baconian c.Deductive d.Metaphysical

c. deductive

Skinner was content to manipulate environmental events (such as reinforcement contingencies) and note the effects of these manipulations on behavior. What is this called? Select one: a.functional behaviorism b.radical behaviorism c.descriptive behaviorism d.logical behaviorism

c. descriptive behaviorism

Who was given the nickname "Cynic," and lived a self-sufficient, publicly outrageous life? a. antisthenes b. gorgias c. diogenes d. epicurus

c. diogenes

Broca is best known for a. studying the brains of lower animals to learn about human brains b. equating cortical size with intelligence c. discovering a brain area responsible for a specific disorder d. suggesting the cortex functioned as a whole

c. discovering a brain area responsible for a specific disorder

No matter how complex something is, Democritus believed that it can be explained in terms of atoms and their activity. This view is referred to as: a. solipsism b. animism c. elementism d. material cause

c. elementism

Pavlov believed that all central nervous activity could be described as either ____ or ____. a.spontaneous; involuntary b.voluntary; spontaneous c.excitatory; inhibitory d.freely chosen; determined

c. excitatory; inhibitory

Pavlov found that forcing an organism to continue to solve an increasingly difficult discrimination problem often resulted in what he referred to as a. spontaneous recovery b. Disinhibition c. experimental neurosis d. cortical mosaic

c. experimental neurosis

Above all, Cattell believed that psychology should: Select one: a.concentrate on pure research b.merge with biology c.furnish practical knowledge d.follow the model of structuralism and ignore evolutionary theory

c. furnish practical knowledge

In their research on Albert, Watson and Rayner found that in addition to becoming fearful of the rat, Albert also became fearful of other furry objects. Albert's fear of furry objects other than the rat is an example of: Select one: a.discrimination b.disinhibition c.generalization d.spontaneous recovery

c. generalization

According to St. Augustine, not acting in accordance with one's internal sense causes a. a feeling of godliness b. one to rise above animal impulses c. guilt d. anxiety

c. guilt

What is the approach to studying the history of psychology that involves showing how various individuals or events contributed to changes in an idea throughout the years? Select one: a.great-person approach b.Zeitgeist c.historical development approach d.historicism

c. historical development approach

Mach believed that: Select one: a.humans could be investigated objectively only by studying their overt behavior b.introspection was worthless c.humans could be certain only of their own sensations d.all science depends on metaphysical speculation

c. humans could be certain only of their own sensations

Tolman's influence on contemporary psychology can be clearly seen in the work of the: Select one: a.Skinnerians b.radical behaviorists c.information-processing psychologists d.Gestaltists

c. information-processing psychologists

All of the following are true of logical positivism except: Select one: a.its ultimate authority was empirical observation b.it allowed the use of abstract theoretical terms if those terms were systematically tied to empirical events c.like other forms of positivism, it forbade theoretical speculation d.it had a substantial influence on psychology

c. like other forms of positivism, it forbade theoretical speculation

According to Leibniz, everything in the world consists of living, conscious atoms, which he called: Select one: a.God particles b.idunits c.monads d.primary qualities

c. monads

According to Woodworth, an organism will act differently in the same physical environment depending on what: a.stimuli it attends to b.other organisms are present c.need or drive is present d.innate ideas are activated

c. need to drive is present

According to Plato, the components of the soul are a. really the same b. typically in harmony with one another c. often in conflict with one another d. subservient to the bodily needs

c. often in conflict with one another

Thorndike's ____ stated that reinforcement strengthened behavior, whereas punishment weakened it. Select one: a.original law of exercise b.revised law of exercise c.original law of effect d.revised law of effect

c. original law of effect

What, according to Hume, is the ultimate cause of behavior? a. ideas b. impressions c. passions d. instincts

c. passions

Tolman defined ____ as the translation of learning into behavior. a. confirmation b. belief c. performance d. willpower

c. performance

Plato believed that the ideal society would be governed by: Select one: a.God b.common people c.philosopher-kings d.soldiers

c. philosopher-kings

Wundt believed that physical and psychological causality are: a. essentially the same b. experienced only in the mind c. polar opposites d. intrinsically related

c. polar opposites

Explaining phenomena after they have already occurred is called: a. prediction b. hindsight bias c. postdiction d. falsifiability

c. postdiction

The belief that "usefulness" is the best criterion for determining the validity of an idea is known as: Select one: a.the law of use. b.hedonism. c.pragmatism. d.none of the above

c. pragmatism

The claim that God arranges for mental and bodily events to be perfectly coordinated is called a. psychophysical parallelism b. double aspectism c. preestablished harmony d. idealism

c. preestablished harmony

Kant believed a.that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on empirical research b.that in order for psychology to be a science, it must focus on the categories of thought c.psychology could not become an experimental science d.that the mind must be studied scientifically through introspection

c. psychology could not become an experimental science

What philosophical position postulates an active mind that transforms sensory information and is capable of understanding abstract principles or concepts not attainable from sensory information alone? Select one: a.sensationalism b.positivism c.rationalism d.empiricism

c. rationalism

Aristotle's emphasis on ____ placed the church in a difficult position. Select one: a.faith b.the supernatural c.reason d.Plato's philosophy

c. reason

The "cures" proposed by the Hippocratics included a. fervent prayer and supplication to the Gods b. drinking fluids specially prepared by the physician c. rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and baths d. putting their essence in connection with the essence of the gods

c. rest, proper diet, exercise, fresh air, massage, and baths

The attempt to synthesize Aristotelian philosophy and Christian theology was referred to as: a. neoplatonism b. averroism c. scholasticism d. paganism

c. scholasticism

For Locke, all ideas come from: a. sensation and attention b. reflection and association c. sensation and reflection d. attention and association

c. sensation and reflection

Helmholtz expressed amazement over the fact that: a.sensations so accurately reflect physical reality b.physiological mechanisms provide feedback with minimal stimulation c.sensory systems distort our knowledge of the physical world to such a great extent d.the faculties of the mind can correct our distorted sensory information about the physical world

c. sensory systems distort our knowledge of the physical world to such a great extent

History has shown that Bacon's inductive approach to science was largely ignored. However, ____ and his followers adopted Bacon's philosophy of science. a. freud b. watson c. skinner d. mach

c. skinner

Because Aristotle assumed that everything in nature exists for a purpose, his theory is labeled a. religious b. empirical c. teleological d. nativistic

c. teleological

Aristotle's philosophy was highly influential in ____ during the so-called Dark Ages. a.the Western world b.the Roman Empire c.the Arab world d.Alexandria

c. the Arab world

In his explanation of learning, which of the following did Watson accept? Select one: a.Thorndike's law of effect b.Pavlov's concept of the cortical mosaic c.the associative principles of contiguity and frequency d.Thorndike's concept of a "satisfying state of affairs"

c. the associative principles of contiguity and frequency

To remove inconsistencies in church dogma, Abelard used: a. the direct examination of nature b. a careful study of the Bible c. the dialectic method d. the acceptance of Aristotle's philosophy

c. the dialectic method

Pavlov used the term cortical mosaic to describe: a.the wide variety of artistic expression in organisms b.the return of a conditioned response (CR) following extinction c.the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment d.the different types of nervous systems that organisms possess

c. the pattern of excitation and inhibition that characterized the brain at any given moment

Concerning Kant's proposed categories of thought, Helmholtz demonstrated that: a. they are innate as Kant suggested b. some are innate, but most are learned from experience c. they are all derived from experience d. the only one that is innate concerns the axioms of geometry

c. they are all derived from experience

Wundt believed that feelings are a.related to survival b.remnants of an earlier evolutionary period and were nonfunctional in modern society c.various combinations of three attributes d.unitary experiences that could not be reduced to anything more basic

c. various combinations of three attributes

Wundt believed that feelings are: a.related to survival b.remnants of an earlier evolutionary period and were nonfunctional in modern society c.various combinations of three attributes d.unitary experiences that could not be reduced to anything more basic

c. various combinations of three attributes

Hartley believed that vibrations in the brain continued after the external stimulation that caused them had ceased. He called these lingering vibrations: a. pulsatories b. associations c. vibratiuncles d. potentials

c. vibratiuncles

Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct? Select one: a.we see a bear, become frightened, and run b.we lose a fortune, feel sorry, and cry c.we strike a person and then become angry d.more than one of these choices

c. we strike a person and then become angry

Regarding experiencing emotion, which sequence, according to James, is correct? a. we see a bear, become frightened and run b. we lose a fortune, feel sorry, and cry c. we strike a person and then become angry d. more than one of these choices

c. we strike a person and then become angry

Philosophy began a. to explain how the supernatural controls natural events b. with the introduction of deductive reasoning c. when logos replaced mythos d. with the discovery of the brain as the center of intelligence

c. when logos replaced mythos

For Titchener, the ____ of psychology involved a search for the neurological correlates of mental events. a. what b. how c. why d. when

c. why

Who denounced the search for abstract truths that existed beyond the world of appearance? a.Pythagoras b.Plato c.William of Occam d.Aquinas

c. william of occam

The religion in which individuals are caught in an eternal struggle between wisdom and correctness as well as ignorance and evil is called: a. vedantism b. mystery religions c. zoroastrianism d. cult of mithras

c. zoroastrianism

In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, which of the following general rules is always the same? a.Change subjective reality and you change behavior. b.Change expectancies and you change behavior. c.Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior. d.Change patterns of stimulation and you change behavior.

c.Change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior.

Which of the following is a common misconception regarding the views of faculty psychologists? Select one: a.Faculty psychologists are those who refer to various mental abilities in their descriptions of the mind. b.Faculty psychologists refer to faculty as a classification category. c.Faculty psychologists believe that a faculty of the mind is housed in a specific location in the brain. d.Faculty psychologists believe that mental faculties are active powers of the mind.

c.Faculty psychologists believe that a faculty of the mind is housed in a specific location in the brain.

Which of the following did Galton believe about individual differences? a.They cannot be the result of evolution nor can they be inherited. b.They should be studied only if they involve positive attributes. c.If they are important, they should be measured. d.Their measurement is detrimental to society and should be avoided at all costs.

c.If they are important, they should be measured.

What would Copernicus say is the only justification for accepting his heliocentric theory? a.It makes accurate astronomical predictions. b.It is compatible with church dogma. c.It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order. d.It was consistent with the evidence of the senses.

c.It explains known astrological facts in a simpler, more harmonious, mathematical order.

Protagorus, the best known Sophist, presented the Sophist's position. Which of the following statements best represents his position? a.Truth depends on the physical reality, not on the perceiver b.What is truth should not be affected by the culture one lives in c.Perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences affect perceptions d.Perceptions are similar from person to person because we all share a similar reality

c.Perceptions vary from person to person because previous experiences affect perceptions

The results of the experiment run by Tolman and Honzik in 1930 indicate that: Select one: a.sunflower seeds are more powerful reinforcers than bran mash b.without reinforcement of some type, animals learn practically nothing c.animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is a incentive to do so d.different species of animals learn according to different learning principles

c.animals learn constantly but only translate what has been learned into behavior when there is a incentive to do so

Reid suggested that those who claim that reasoning does not exist: Select one: a.go against the core beliefs of empiricism b.know only the physical world c.are in fact using reasoning to doubt its existence d.denigrate this great gift given to man by God

c.are in fact using reasoning to doubt its existence

In all of the applications of Skinnerian principles, the general rule is always the same: Select one: a.change subjective reality and you change behavior b.change expectancies and you change behavior c.change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior d.change patterns of stimulation and you change behavior

c.change reinforcement contingencies and you change behavior

The main target of skepticism was dogmatism. A dogmatist is anyone who a.equates essences with verbal definitions b.confuses names with real things c.claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth d.lives a life of excess instead of moderation

c.claims to have arrived at an indisputable truth

According to John Locke primary qualities ____ and secondary qualities ____. a.are attributes of a physical reality; are attributes of a subjective reality b.produce ideas; merely influence ideas c.create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart d.are created by divine intervention; are created by mankind

c.create ideas of physical attributes; create ideas with no physical counterpart

Hume's goal was to combine ____ with principles of ____ to create a science of human nature. Select one: a.rational philosophy; association b.empirical philosophy; association c.empirical philosophy; Newtonian science d.innate ideas; Newtonian science

c.empirical philosophy; Newtonian science

Münsterberg died in relative obscurity because: a.other researchers were unable to replicate the results of his research b.his attempt to import German psychology into the United States had failed c.he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong, negative feelings toward Germany d.of his emphasis on pure instead of applied psychology

c.he tried to improve German-American relationships at a time when Americans had strong, negative feelings toward Germany

According to the Hippocratics, physicians assign supernatural causes to a disease in order to: Select one: a.charge larger fees for their services b.make the disease more comprehensible to their patient c.mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease d.cure the disease more effectively

c.mask their ignorance concerning the nature of the disease

According to Titchener, all feelings can be explained by employing the dimension of: a.tension-relaxation b.excitement-calm c.pleasantness-unpleasantness d.joy-sadness

c.pleasantness-unpleasantness

According to the work of Galileo, which set best illustrates the concepts of primary quality and secondary quality? Select one: a.primary quality: subjective; secondary quality: objective b.primary quality: sensation; secondary quality: perception c.primary quality: size; secondary quality: color d.primary quality: taste; secondary quality: shape

c.primary quality: size; secondary quality: color

The position on the mind-body question claiming that both mental events and bodily responses occur simultaneously even though the two events are independent of each other is called: a.interactionism b.epiphenomenalism c.psychophysical parallelism d.double aspectism

c.psychophysical parallelism

The neobehaviorists believed all of the following except: Select one: a.research on nonhuman animals could provide useful information about humans b.all theoretical terms had to be operationally defined c.the learning process was of prime importance and therefore should be studied intensely d.to employ theoretical terms would bring metaphysical speculation back into psychology

d. to employ theoretical terms would bring metaphysical speculation back into psychology

Which psychologist's research was instrumental in the 1954 court decision on school desegregation? a. G. Stanley Hall b. Francis Sumner c. John Dewey d. Kenneth Clark

d. Kenneth Clark

Which of the following have contemporary psychologists found to be true? Select one: a.Genetic influences can typically be ignored in the analysis of behavior. b.All responses made by organisms are equally modifiable. c.Logical positivism provides an excellent guide for productive research. d.Overt behavior can be, and should be, used to index cognitive events.

d. Overt behavior can be, and should be, used to index cognitive events

Who formulated a theory of evolution similar to Darwin's at about the same time that Darwin formulated his own theory? a. Lamarck b. Spencer c. Malthus d. Wallace

d. Wallace

According to Plato, whether one is a philosopher-king, a soldier, or a slave, is largely determined by a. personal effort b. educational experience c. the social influence of one's parents d. biological inheritance

d. biological inheritance

The prediction and control of events can be best accomplished using a. scientific law b. a group of interrelated scientific laws c. correlational propositions d. causal laws

d. causal laws

The prediction and control of events can best be accomplished using: Select one: a.scientific law b.a group of interrelated scientific laws c.correlational propositions d.causal laws

d. causal laws

According to Skinner, a reinforcer is anything that: Select one: a.reduces a biological drive b.confirms an organism's expectancies c.provides the organism with useful information d.changes the rate with which a response is made

d. changes the rate with which a response is made

Aristotle postulated ____ as the mechanism that coordinates information from the five senses. Select one: a.the mind b.the soul c.the entelechy d.common sense

d. common sense

The law of ____ states that if we think of something, we will also tend to recall the things we experienced along with it. a. similarity b. frequency c. contrast d. contiguity

d. contiguity

What best describes how classes of events vary together in some systematic way? a. scientific theories b. scientific laws c. causal laws d. correlational laws

d. correlational laws

Occam's views were widely taught and can be viewed as the beginning of: Select one: a.Cynicism b.Stoicism c.Scholasticism d.empirical philosophy

d. empirical philosophy

Which of the following represents a dualistic position on the mind-body question? a. idealism b. materialism c. monism d. epiphenomenalism

d. epiphenomenalism

The purpose for which an object exists is its ____ cause. a.material b.formal c.efficient d.final

d. final

According to Plato, the supreme goal in life should be to a. give all components of the soul equal expression b. return to the world beyond the world c. be courageous in the face of danger d. free the soul as much as possible from the adulterations of the flesh

d. free the soul as much as possible from the adulterations of the flesh

According to James, the most important thing about consciousness was that it was: Select one: a.personal b.continuous c.selective d.functional

d. functional

According to Anaximander, the physis was something that: Select one: a.was too complex to explain life b.was incapable of deriving into anything c.had a finite number of possibilities d.had the capability of becoming anything

d. had the capability of becoming anything

Hobbes' theory of human motivation was: Select one: a.Teleological b.based on the assumption that innate ideas exist c.called physical monism d.Hedonistic

d. hedonistic

Wundt's use of introspection most closely resembled that of: a. st. augustine b. the british empiricits c. descartes d. helmholtzian physiologist

d. helmholtzian physiologists

According to Bacon, blind allegiance to dogma, authority, or tradition constitutes the a. idols of the cave b. idols of the tribe c. idols of the marketplace d. idols of the theater

d. idols of the theater

Hume distinguished between ____, which were strong, vivid perceptions, and ____, which were relatively weak perceptions. a.schemes; inspirations b.inspirations; schemes c.ideas; impressions d.impressions; ideas

d. impressions; ideas

Concerning the mind-body relationship, Descartes proposed: Select one: a.psychophysical parallelism b.epiphenomenalism c.idealistic monism d.interactionism

d. interactionism

____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism. Select one: a.Radical b.Behavioral c.Cognitive d.Logical

d. logical

____ positivism divided science into the empirical and the theoretical by combining rationalism and empiricism. a.Radical b.Behavioral c.Cognitive d.Logical

d. logical

In addition to making a comprehensive review of Aristotle's works and the Islamic and Jewish scholar's interpretation of Aristotle's works, ____ was the first since the Greeks to attempt to learn about nature by making careful empirical observations. a. st. anselm b. lombard c. abelard d. magnus

d. magnus

____ sought to reconcile Judaism and Aristotelian philosophy. a.Avicenna b.Averroës c.St. Anselm d.Maimonides

d. maimonides

According to Bacon, science should utilize: a.bold theories b.hypotheses c.mathematical analyses d.only the direct observation of nature

d. only the direct observation of nature

Tolman insisted that all of his intervening variables be: Select one: a.mentalistic b.symbolic constructs c.constructed independently of any event d.operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events

d. operationally defined and tied systematically to observable events

The Renaissance humanists wanted religion to be more a. universal b. monotheistic c. ritualistic d. personal

d. personal

Concerning the mind-body problem, Skinner was a(n): Select one: a.epiphenomenalist b.interactionist c.occasionalist d.physical monist

d. physical monist

The early Greeks referred to a substance from which everything is derived as a(n) a. spirit b. atom c. universal d. physis

d. physis

Turning away from the empirical world and entering a union with the eternal things that dwell beyond the world of the flesh was characteristic of the good life for: a.Zeno of Citium b.Epicurus c.Diogenes d.Plotinus

d. plotinus

According to Hull, the probability of a learned response was called ____ and was a function of both the amount of drive present and the number of times the response had been reinforced in the situation plus other intervening variables. Select one: a.habit strength b.reaction potential c.operant level d.reaction threshold

d. reaction threshold

According to Kant, our phenomenological experience results from a. sensory experience alone b. innate ideas c. categories of thought alone d. interaction between sensations and categories of thought

d. the interaction between sensations and the categories of thought

In his work on the two-point threshold, Weber found that the most sensitive area (smallest threshold) was the ____ and the least sensitive area (largest threshold) was the ____. a. nose; forearm b. tongue; finger tip c. finger tip; ear lobe d. tongue; middle of the back

d. tongue; middle of the back

Who preferred naturalistic explanations to supernatural ones and earned the title, "Destroyer of Religion"? a.Antisthenes b.Gorgias c.Diogenes d.Epicurus

d.Epicurus

Which of the following statements is most closely associated with Angell? a.Coeducation violates a custom so universal that it expresses a fundamental human instinct. b.Pragmatism is willing to take anything, to follow either logic or the senses and to count the humblest and most personal experiences. c.If we wish to conquer undesirable emotional tendencies in ourselves we must mercilessly go through the outward movements of those contrary dispositions which we prefer to cultivate. d.Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism's struggle for survival.

d.Mind and body cannot be separated; they act as a unit in an organism's struggle for survival.

Which statement would Peter Lombard most likely agree with? Select one: a.There is no place for pagan philosophy in religion. b.Faith alone can bring one closer to understanding God. c.The use of reason interferes with faith. d.One can learn about God by studying the empirical world.

d.One can learn about God by studying the empirical world.

Newton believed that the universe: Select one: a.is a machine created by natural forces independent of God b.operates according to principles that humans could discover c.is too complex to be understood by anyone but God d.operates according to principles that cannot be expressed in mathematical terms

d.operates according to principles that cannot be expressed in mathematical terms

Skinner's basic methodology was to allow an animal to respond freely in an experimental chamber and note the effect of ____ on ____. Select one: a.stimuli; behavior b.reinforcement; type of response chosen c.reinforcement; stimulus presentation d.reinforcement; response rate

d.reinforcement; response rate

What did the Skeptics use as their guide(s) for living? Select one: a.philosophical truth, feelings, and convention b.philosophical truth, sensations, and convention c.sensations, feelings, and philosophical truth d.sensations, feelings, and convention

d.sensations, feelings, and convention