Final Exam
What are the principles of diet planning? a) Abundance, balance, conservative, diversity, moderation, and vitamins b) Adequacy, bone development, correction, vitamin density, master, and variety c) Abundance, B vitamins, kcalories, diet control, minerals, and variety d) Adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety.
d) Adequacy, balance, kcalorie control, nutrient density, moderation, and variety.
Which of the following is a feature affecting the public water supply? a) Groundwater sources are most susceptible to contamination by runoff of pesticides and wastes from highways. b) Surface water is derived primarily from underground aquifers. c) Contaminants such as gasoline from leaking underground storage tanks are likely to primarily affect the quality of surface water. d) Contaminants break down more slowly in groundwater than in surface water.
d) Contaminants break down more slowly in groundwater than in surface water.
Which of the following dictates that an additive must not have been found to be a carcinogen in any test on animals or human beings? a) contaminant law b) FDA GRAS List c) Additive rule d) Delaney Clause
d) Delaney Clause
What list is composed of substances widely used for many years without apparent ill effects? a) Delaney b) Additive Safety c) FDA d) GRAS
d) GRAS
Which of the following is NOT among the diet-related risk factors for coronary heart disease? a) High blood cholesterol b) Glucose intolerance c) Obesity d) High sugar intake
d) High sugar intake
Which of the following is a healthy choice for protein in the USDA Food Patterns? a) Sweet potatoes b) Bacon c) Baked potatoes d) Nuts
d) Nuts
Which of the following foods are associated with illness from Salmonella? a) Home-canned vegetables b) Pickled vegetables c) Raw vegetables d) Raw meats, poultry, and eggs
d) Raw meats, poultry, and eggs
Why should consumers use only specialized glass or ceramic containers rather than common packaging materials to heat foods in microwave ovens? a) Many substances in common packaging materials interact with flavor components in food and impart off-flavors b) Several types of common packaging materials may catch on fire c) Many common packaging materials contain traces of PCBs which are released into the food d) There are substances in common packaging materials that can migrate into the food and present a health hazard
d) There are substances in common packaging materials that can migrate into the food and present a health hazard
A period of extreme food shortage resulting in widespread starvation and death is known as a) food insecurity. b) food poverty. c) a plague. d) a famine.
d) a famine.
The percentage range of intakes for protein, fat, and carbohydrate that are thought to reduce the risk of chronic diseases is termed the a) tolerable range of kilocalorie intakes b) estimated energy nutrient recommendations c) estimated energy requirements d) acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges
d) acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges
Which of the following describes a known long-term relationship among poverty, hunger, and population growth? a) over the last decade the increase in the world's food output is greater than the increase in the world's population b) as economic status improves, population growth rises c) lack of natural resources rather than poverty is the most important contributor to overpopulation d) as economic status improves, population growth diminishes
d) as economic status improves, population growth diminishes
Which of the following is characteristic of an essential nutrient? a) cannot be degraded by the body b) cannot be found in food c) cannot be used to synthesize other compounds in the body d) cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body
d) cannot be made in sufficient quantities by the body
The RDAs (Recommended Dietary Allowances) for nutrients are generally a) designed to prevent deficiency disease in half the population. b) more than twice as high as anyone needs. c) the minimum amounts that average people need. d) designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people.
d) designed to be adequate for almost all healthy people.
All of the following are features of the process of nutrient enrichment of flours EXCEPT a) thiamin and riboflavin are added in amounts exceeding their levels in the whole grain. b) it includes products such as pastas. c) it is required of all refined grain products that cross state lines. d) fiber levels are similar to those in the whole grains.
d) fiber levels are similar to those in the whole grains.
The addition of calcium to some orange juice products by food manufacturers is most properly termed nutrient a) restoration b) enrichment c) mineralization d) fortification
d) fortification
Gluconeogenesis is a term that describes the synthesis of a) amino acids from glucose. b) fat from excess carbohydrate intake. c) lactose from a source of sucrose. d) glucose from a noncarbohydrate substance.
d) glucose from a noncarbohydrate substance.
A person who eats a bowl of oatmeal for breakfast every day would be displaying a food choice most likely based on a) environmental concerns b) body image c) availability d) habit
d) habit
Which of the following is used to determine the presence of abnormal functions inside the body due to a nutrient deficiency? a) diet history b) physical examination c) body weight loss d) laboratory tests
d) laboratory tests
What is the principle carbohydrate of milk? a) glycogen b) sucrose c) maltose d) lactose
d) lactose
Which of the following is a feature of naturally occurring food toxicants? a) mustard greens and radishes contain compounds that are known to worsen a cholesterol problem b) the toxic solanine in potatoes is inactivated by cooking c) the toxic laetrile in certain fruit seeds is a moderately effective cancer cure d) lima beans contain deadly cyanide compounds
d) lima beans contain deadly cyanide compounds
Enzymatic digestion of starches takes place in the small intestine and also in the a) colon b) pancreas c) stomach d) mouth
d) mouth
How does obesity increase the risk for development of hypertension? a) the excess fat pads surrounding the kidneys impair blood flow to these organs and lead to higher output of renin b) higher lipoprotein lipase activity in obese people triggers the angiotensin cascade, leading to increased peripheral resistance to blood flow c) sodium intake in obese people significantly exceeds the recommended intake, thereby predisposing them to higher blood pressure d) obesity is associated with altered kidney function and fluid retention leading to higher blood pressure
d) obesity is associated with altered kidney function and fluid retention leading to higher blood pressure
Nutrient dense refers to foods that a) are higher in weight relative to volume b) provide more nutrients relative to kcalories c) contain a mixture of carbohydrate, fat, and protein d) carry the USDA nutrition labeling
provide more nutrients relative to kcalories
Which of the following is the primary factor that differentiates one amino acid from another?
the side group
Greg is trying to decide which brand of cereal to buy, but he is a somewhat confused by the health claims. Which of the following represents the highest level of significant scientific agreement? a) "This product contains whole grains, which have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers" b) "Promotes a healthy heart" c) "Very limited and preliminary scientific research suggests this product can reduce risk for cancers; FDA concludes that there is little scientific evidence supporting this claim" d) "This cereal supports heart health"
a) "This product contains whole grains, which have been proven to reduce the risk of heart disease and certain cancers"
Which of the following properties is shared by vitamins C and E, BHA, and BHT, and sulfites? a) Antioxidant activities b) Incidental food additives c) Antimicrobial agents d) Flavor enhancers
a) Antioxidant activities
Which of the following is an example of food intoxication? a) Illness produced from ingestion of food contaminated with natural toxins b) Addition of alkaline and acidic agents to foods c) Addition of alcohol-containing beverages in the cooking of foods d) Illness produced by acute overconsumption of high-fat foods
a) Illness produced from ingestion of food contaminated with natural toxins
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the USDA Food Patterns? a) The nutrients of greatest concern include iron, chromium, and vitamin B12 b) They place most foods into one of five groups c) They can be used with great flexibility once their intent is understood d) They specify that a certain quantity of food be consumed from each group, based upon energy intake
a) The nutrients of greatest concern include iron, chromium, and vitamin B12
What is the benefit of using a large sample size in an experiment? a) chance of variation is ruled out b) the control group will be similar to the experimental group c) the experiment will be double-blind d) there will be no placebo effect
a) chance of variation is ruled out
Which of the following is NOT among the recommendations by health professionals to treat hypertension? a) decrease intake of dairy products to avoid sodium b) eat foods high in potassium c) increase fiber intake d) if overweight, reduce weight
a) decrease intake of dairy products to avoid sodium
To lower a high blood cholesterol level, all of the following are recommended EXCEPT a) decrease the carbohydrate intake to less than 50% of total energy. b) consume 300 mg or less of cholesterol per day. c) consume 2 servings/week of fish. d) lower the saturated fat intake to less than or equal to 7% of total energy.
a) decrease the carbohydrate intake to less than 50% of total energy.
Food Exchange systems were originally developed for people with a) diabetes b) cardiovascular disease c) life-threatening obesity d) terminal diseases
a) diabetes
Insulin stimulates the actions of all the following metabolic activities EXCEPT a) fat release b) protein synthesis c) glucose uptake d) glycogen synthesis
a) fat release
In general, modifying a diet by substituting complex carbohydrates for pure sugars results in a diet that is higher in a) fiber b) energy c) fat d) refined foods
a) fiber
What are cellulose, pectin, hemicellulose, and lignin? a) fibers b) sugar alcohols c) artificial sweeteners d) starches
a) fibers
What is the largest single group of food additives? a) flavoring agents b) artificial coloring agents c) antimicrobial agents d) artificial sweeteners
a) flavoring agents
What is the primary storage form of carbohydrate in the body? a) glycogen b) glucose c) fiber d) starch
a) glycogen
The chemical reaction by which starch is split into monosaccharides is termed a) hydrolysis b) homeostatic balancing c) condensation d) gluconeogenesis
a) hydrolysis
Clostridium botulinum poisoning is a hazard associated with a) improperly canned vegetables b) undercooked poultry c) nitrosamines d) rotting vegetables
a) improperly canned vegetables
Dietary guidelines believed to help protect against cancer include all of the following EXCEPT a) increasing energy density. b) decreasing alcohol intake. c) consumption of cruciferous vegetables. d) avoiding charbroiled meats.
a) increasing energy density.
Which of the following would most likely result from placing cooked hamburger patties on the same plate that held the uncooked patties? a) microbial cross-contamination b) flavor declination c) fat drippings exudation d) meat juice retention
a) microbial cross-contamination
What is the chief reason why people living in poverty and hunger bear numerous children? a) only a small percentage of the children may survive to adulthood b) the low educational levels of adults limits their understanding of family planning c) the parents seek greater fulfillment through having more children since there are few other interests in their lives d) birth control expenses are prohibitive
a) only a small percentage of the children may survive to adulthood
All of the following are major factors affecting population growth EXCEPT a) ozone depletion b) death rates c) standards of living d) birth rates
a) ozone depletion
According to nutrition labeling laws, which of the following minerals does NOT need to be listed on a food label? a) potassium b) sodium c) iron d) calcium
a) potassium
Which of the following is the primary cause for hunger in the United States and in less developed countries? a) poverty b) lack of nutrition education c) high cost of food d) excessive food waste
a) poverty
A person diagnosed with milk allergy would be sensitive to the milk's a) protein b) minerals c) lactose d) fat
a) protein
What is the primary absorption site for digestible carbohydrates? a) small intestines b) mouth c) large intestines d) stomach
a) small intestines
What two major nutrients are supplied by the fruit and vegetable groups? a) vitamins A and C b) vitamins and iron c) protein and calcium d) vitamins D and E
a) vitamins A and C
All of the following practices are known to minimize exposure to food pesticide residues EXCEPT a) washing waxed fruits and vegetables in water to remove the wax-impregnated pesticides b) throwing away the fats and oils in broths and pan drippings from cooked meats c) using a knife to peel citrus fruits rather than biting into the peel d) throwing away the outer leaves of leafy vegetables
a) washing waxed fruits and vegetables in water to remove the wax-impregnated pesticides
What is the kcalorie value of a meal supplying 110 grams of carbohydrates, 25 grams of protein, 20 grams of fat, and 5 grams of alcohol? a) 345 b) 755 c) 560 d) 160
b) 755
Among the following, which should be the first action taken to lower blood cholesterol? a) Consume a high protein diet b) Achieve and maintain appropriate body weight c) Consume large amounts of fish and fish oils. d) Begin drug treatment
b) Achieve and maintain appropriate body weight
Which of the following is a feature of the exchange list system? a) Foods are grouped according to their source. b) All foods are grouped according to their content of carbohydrate, protein, and fats. c) Adequate intakes of minerals and vitamins are virtually guaranteed. d) A fat portion provides about twice the energy level as a carbohydrate portion.
b) All foods are grouped according to their content of carbohydrate, protein, and fats.
Which of the following represents the usual sequence of stages in the development of a nutrient deficiency resulting from inadequate intake? a) Abnormal functions within the body, declining nutrient stores, and overt signs. b) Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs. c) Declining nutrient stores, Overt signs, and abnormal functions within the body. d) Abnormal functions within the body, overt signs, and declining nutrient stores.
b) Declining nutrient stores, abnormal functions within the body, and overt signs.
Which of the following is a feature of diabetes? a) Type 1 diabetes is more common than type 2 b) Dietary management should focus on total carbohydrate intake rather than the type of carbohydrate consumed c) Type 1 diabetes is also known as insulin overload diabetes d) Diabetes is caused by an excessive intake of dietary carbohydrates
b) Dietary management should focus on total carbohydrate intake rather than the type of carbohydrate consumed
What is the name of the largest U.S. national food recovery program? a) Food Salvage and Rescue Organization b) Feeding America c) Goodwill Food Assistance d) Salvation Army Ready-to-Eat Meals
b) Feeding America
What is the term that describes the allowance of most additives in foods at levels 100 times below the lowest level known to cause any harmful effects? a) Zone of hazard b) Margin of safety c) Acceptable area d) Toxicity range
b) Margin of safety
What is administered by health care workers to help treat the diarrhea and dehydration common to children suffering from diseases of poverty? a) Ozone purified waste water. b) Oral rehydration therapy. c) Protein-energy repletion formula. d) Charcoal-filtered water and corn starch.
b) Oral rehydration therapy.
Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of antimicrobial food additives? a) Sodium chloride has been used for centuries to preserve meat and fish b) Ordinary baking powder is one of the most common. c) Nitrites can be converted to cancer-causing substances in the stomach. d) Nitrates also preserve the color of hot dogs.
b) Ordinary baking powder is one of the most common.
What is the largest federal food assistance program in the United States? a) National Food Resource Program b) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program c) WIC d) EAT
b) Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program
Which of the following is a characteristic of dietary fibers? a) They cause diverticulosis b) They are classified according to solubility in water c) They are usually found in high fat foods d) They raise blood cholesterol levels
b) They are classified according to solubility in water
Which of the following describes a relationship between sodium/salt and high blood pressure? a) People with chronic kidney disease are less likely to be salt-sensitive b) Weight loss is often as effective as sodium restriction in lowering blood pressure c) Lowering sodium intakes reduces blood pressure only in certain ethnic groups d) People over 30 years of age with hypertension are most likely to be salt-sensitive
b) Weight loss is often as effective as sodium restriction in lowering blood pressure
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of marasmus? a) results in little or no fat under the skin to insulate against cold b) affects brain development only minimally c) occurs most commonly in overpopulated and impoverished areas d) results in a low resistance to disease
b) affects brain development only minimally
The increase in the concentration on contaminants in the tissues of animals high on the food chain is termed a) functional high level accumulation. b) bioaccumulation. c) hyperconcentration. d) evolutionary containment.
b) bioaccumulation.
A food label ingredient list reads: Wheat flour, vegetable shortening, sugar, salt, and cornstarch. What item would be found in the smallest amount in the food? a) wheat flour b) cornstarch c) salt d) sugar
b) cornstarch
Which of the following is best known to result from regular ingestion of sugar? a) diabetes b) dental caries c) cardiovascular disease d) ulcers
b) dental caries
Gram for gram, which of the following provides the most energy? a) alcohol b) fats c) carbohydrates d) proteins
b) fats
If you suspect that you are suffering from a foodborne illness, appropriate actions to take include all of the following EXCEPT a) find the remainder of the suspected food and store it in the refrigerator for possible inspection by health authorities. b) find a portion of the remaining suspected food and ask someone else to taste it to detect any off flavors. c) refrain from eating or drinking any more of the tainted product. d) drink clear liquids to help combat diarrhea and vomiting, and call a physician.
b) find a portion of the remaining suspected food and ask someone else to taste it to detect any off flavors.
What is the leading cause of food contamination in the United States? a) food additives from the food industry b) food poisoning from microbes c) naturally occurring toxicants d) pesticide residues from farmers
b) food poisoning from microbes
According to the FDA, what is the leading food safety concern? a) pesticide residues b) foodborne illnesses c) food additives d) environmental contaminants
b) foodborne illnesses
Which of the following is a component of all three dietary disaccharides? a) sucrose b) glucose c) galactose d) fructose
b) glucose
Which of the following is NOT among the direct contributors to the metabolic syndrome? a) insulin resistance b) high sodium intake c) hypertension d) obesity
b) high sodium intake
Which of the following would most likely lead to a primary nutrient deficiency? a) increased nutrient excretion b) inadequate nutrient intake c) increased nutrient destruction d) reduced nutrient absorption
b) inadequate nutrient intake
Which of the following is an example of heavy metal exposure from foods? a) ingestion of food supplements containing high levels of calcium and sodium salts b) ingestion of food containing high amounts of mercury c) cooking foods over superheated charcoal containing high levels of copper and iron d) cooking foods for prolonged periods in iron skillets
b) ingestion of food containing high amounts of mercury
Limited or doubtful availability of nutritionally adequate and safe foods is termed food a) vulnerability b) insecurity c) insufficiency d) precariousness
b) insecurity
What is the first organ to receive carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine? a) heart b) liver c) skeletal muscle d) pancreas
b) liver
SNAP debit cards may be used to purchase all of the following EXCEPT a) cereal b) soap c) seeds d) cola beverages
b) soap
What is the chief reason people choose the foods they eat? a) convenience b) taste c) nutritional value
b) taste
Which of the following is NOT among the characteristics of diabetes mellitus? a) type 1 diabetes can occur at any age b) the two major forms are variations of the insulin-dependent type c) type 2 diabetes develops primarily when people reach adulthood d) the most common form is characterized by resistance to insulin by body cells
b) the two major forms are variations of the insulin-dependent type
When consumed in excess, all of the following can be converted to body fat and stored EXCEPT a) corn oil b) vitamin C c) sugar d) alcohol
b) vitamin C
Which of the following breads has the highest fiber content? a) enriched b) whole-grain c) white d) refined
b) whole-grain
What is a food desert? a) Worldwide crop failures due to drought and pestilence b) A low-cost energy-dense snack sold primarily in poor neighborhoods c) A neighborhood having limited access to nutritious and affordable food d) Absence of fresh fruits and vegetables at certain times of the year
c) A neighborhood having limited access to nutritious and affordable food
Which of the following defines the association between nutrition and chronic disease? a) Diet is the primary factor affecting the development of chronic diseases. b) Dietary advice for combating heart disease and cancer prevents their development if instituted early in life. c) Diet can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases. d) Dietary influence in the development of chronic diseases is direct, straightforward, and well understood.
c) Diet can influence the time of onset of some chronic diseases.
Which of the following would you NOT expect to see in a person with kwashiorkor? a) Increased infection rate b) Edema c) Increased physical activity d) Dysentery
c) Increased physical activity
Which of the following is a characteristic of farm irrigation? a) It helps preserve the water supply b) It makes the soil more porous c) It increases the salt content in the soil d) It contributes to soil preservation
c) It increases the salt content in the soil
What is the meaning of a double-blind experiment? a) Both subjects groups know whether they are in the control or experiment group but the researchers do not know. b) Neither group of subjects knows whether they are in the control group or experiment group but the researchers do know. c) Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experiment group. d) Both subject groups take turns getting each treatment.
c) Neither subjects nor researchers know which subjects are in the control or experiment group.
What term describes agricultural practices that are designed to minimize use of energy and chemicals? a) Integrated production b) Resource management production c) Sustainable agriculture d) progressive agriculture
c) Sustainable agriculture
What is meant by carrying capacity of the earth? a) The number of tons of edible food that can be produced by all of the earth's cultivatable land b) The amount of oxygen consumed by all living organisms in relation to the amount of oxygen produced by all living plants c) The maximum number of living organisms that can be supported in an environment over time
c) The maximum number of living organisms that can be supported in an environment over time
What substance is commonly added to public water supplies to disinfect the water? a) ozone b) fluoride c) chlorine d) penicillin
c) chlorine
Which of the following practices is NOT believed to be protective against all of the following: heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and cancer? a) engaging in regular physical exercise b) drinking alcohol only in moderation c) consuming fat within the range of 20-35% of total energy d) consuming fiber-rich foods
c) consuming fat within the range of 20-35% of total energy
Diseases of poverty are known to include all of the following EXCEPT a) whooping cough. b) cholera. c) diabetes. d) dysentery.
c) diabetes.
Which of the following statements represents current thought regarding the development of cancer? a) dietary protein from animal sources appears to be protective against many types of cancer b) dietary fat appears to be protective against many types of cancer c) food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer d) food contaminants play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer
c) food additives play only a small role, if any, in the causation of cancer
Which of the following is NOT a common dietary source of carbohydrate? a) starch b) maltose c) glycogen d) hemicellulose
c) glycogen
The DASH diet was developed to lower the risk for a) cancer b) diabetes c) hypertension d) metabolic syndrome
c) hypertension
MyPlate was created to a) reinforce the MyPyramid concept. b) reinforce the Healthy Eating Index. c) illustrate the five food groups. d) encourage more meal eating at home.
c) illustrate the five food groups.
In the body, the chemical energy in food can be converted to any of the following EXCEPT a) heat energy b) electrical energy c) light energy d) mechanical energy
c) light energy
Which of the following leading causes of death in the United States does NOT bear a relationship to diet? a) diabetes mellitus b) cancer c) pneumonia and influenza d) heart disease
c) pneumonia and influenza
According to nutrition labeling laws, which of the following minerals does NOT need to be listed on a food label? a) iron b) sodium c) potassium d) calcium
c) potassium
Which of the following best describes a college-educated nutrition and food specialist who is qualified to make evaluations of the nutritional health of people? a) licensed nutritionist b) doctor of food and nutritional sciences c) registered dietitian d) master of nutrient utilization
c) registered dietitian
HIV is known to be transmitted by direct contact with contaminated body fluids from all of the following sources EXCEPT a) vaginal secretions. b) blood. c) saliva. d) semen.
c) saliva.
Which of the following nutrients does NOT yield energy during its metabolism? a) carbohydrates b) proteins c) vitamins d) fat
c) vitamins