Final Exam: Anatomy & Physiology
The gene coding for a polypeptide made of 51 amino acids would have a minimum of _________ bases - 102 - 51 - 20 - 153
153
The average number of bones in the adult skeleton is _____________. - 206 - 256 - 106 - 56
206
Germs cells have ___________________ unpaired chromosomes and are thus called _____________ cells. - 46; somatic - 23; diploid - 23; somatic - 46; diploid - 23; haploid
23; haploid
The allele for cleft chin (C) is dominant to the allele for uncleft chin (c). A male and female who are both heterozygous for cleft chin have a child. What is the chance that this child will have an uncleft chin? - 25% - 100% - 50% - 0% - 75%
25%
The human genome consists of approximately ________________ pairs of nucleotides. - 3000 - 3 million - 3 billion - 300, 000
3 billion
There are ___________ pairs of spinal nerves. - 12 - 24 - 62 - 31 - 35
31
Aerobic respiration produces approximately __________ more ATP's per glucose molecule than glycolysis does. - 24 - 48 - 100 - 12 - 36
36
A cell finishing mitosis has ____________________ DNA molecules, while a cell finishing DNA replication has __________________ DNA molecules. - 46; 46 - 23; 46 - 46; 23 - 46; 92 - 23; 23
46; 92
During muscle contraction, a single myosin head consumes ATP at a rate of about _____________ ATP per second. - 3 - 1 - 9 - 5 - 7
5
Oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and an atomic mass of 16. How many valence electrons does it have? - 4 - 16 - 8 - 6 - 2
6
Which of the following individuals would have more mitochondria in her skeletal muscle? - a long term hospice patient - a 22 year old soccer player - a newborn - a 50 year old sedentary computer programmer - a model on a reduced calorie diet
A 22 year old soccer player
A neuron recieves a stimulus. Which of the following events happens next? - hyperpolarization of the membrane - a local potential is established - repolarization of the membrane - threshold is reached
A local potential develops
Which of these cannot cause a mutation? - a virus - radiation - a chemical - a mistake made by the RNA polymerase - a mistake made by the DNA polymerase
A mistake made by the RNA polymerase
The membrane that lines passageways that open to the exterior environment is called ___________________________. - a serous membrane - a mucous membrane - endothelium - a synovial membrane - the lamina propria
A mucous membrane
Hemophilia is caused by a sex-linked recessive allele. This means that ___________________. - women can be carriers but cannot get hemophilia - the gene is found on the Y chromosome - a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother - a man can give the allele to his son but not his daughter - a son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his father
A son who has hemophilia inherited the allele from his mother
Which molecule contains anticodons? - an mRNA - an rRna - a tRNA - a DNA molecule - a cDNA
A tRNA
Which of these is an example of an EPSP in a typical neuron? - a voltage change from -70 mV to -70.5mV - a voltage change from +35 mV to 0 mV - a voltage change from 0 mV to +0.35 mV - a voltage change from -69.5 mV to -70 mV - a voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
A voltage change from -70 mV to -69.5 mV
Which of the following equations depicts an exchange reaction? - A + B > AB > C + D - AB + CD > AC + BD - A + B > AB - AB > A- + B+ - AB > A + B
AB + CD > AC + BD
DNA is an example of an __________________, whereas a PET scan is an example of an ____________________. - acronym; eponym - eponym; acronym - acronym; abbreviation - eponym; abbreviation - abbreviation; acronym
Abbreviation; acronym
Which cranial nerve innervates the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius? - trigeminal - abducens - facial - accessory - vagus
Accessory
Which neurotransmitter excites skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle? - B-endorphin - histamine - acetylcholine - dopamine - norepinephrine
Acetylcholine
Which of the following processes could occur only through a cellular membrane? - simple diffusion - osmosis - facilitated diffusion - filtration - active transport
Active transport
Suppose you cup your hands to hold some water. To limit the amount of leaking through your hands, this action would most likely require _____________________. - pronation of the forearm - abduction of the fingers - circumduction of the wrists - opposition of the thumb - adduction of the fingers
Adduction of the fingers
Which of the following is an intrinsic muscle of the hand? - extensor carpi radialis brevis - abductor pollicis longus - extensor indicis - extensor pollicis longus - adductor pollicis
Adductor pollicis
____________ show more lateralization than _______________________. - adult females; adult males - young children; adults - adult males; adult females - young children; elders - young male children; adult males
Adult males; adult females
A mixed nerve consists of both ____________ and _____________. - afferent; efferent fibers - spinal; cranial fibers - interneurons; efferent neurons - myelinated; unmyelinated fibers - glial cells; nerve cells
Afferent; efferent fibers
Excessive hairiness is called _____________. - catagenism - telogenism - anagenism - hirustism - alopecia
Alopecia
Exhausted from studying all night, you briefly close your eyes and your mind starts to wander. Which brain waves would be most predominant in an EEG? - delta - beta - theta - alpha
Alpha
If a thyroid tumor secreted an excessive amount of calcitonin, we would expect _________________. - increasingly brittle bones - an elevated level of osteoclast activity - a rise in blood calcium concentration - a reduced rate of endochondral ossification - an elevated level of osteoblast activity
An elevated level of osteoblast acivity
Which of the following will cause the plasma membrane to hyperpolarize when at its RMP? - an inflow of calcium - an inflow of sodium - an inflow of chloride - an inflow of potassium - an outflow of chloride
An inflow of chloride
A hair cycle consists of three developmental stages in which order? - anagen, catagen, and telogen - catagen, telogen, and anagen - anagen, telogen, and catagen - telogen, anagen, and catagen - catagen, anagen, and telogen
Anagen, catagen, and telogen
The fact that most of us have five lumbar vertebrae, but some people have six and some have four, is an example of ____________ variation among organisms. - physiological - reductionist - cellular - holistic - anatomical
Anatomical
The _____________ does not belong to the femur. - anterior border - medial condyle - lesser trochanter - greater trochanter - fovea capitis
Anterior border
In a herniated disc, the ring of fibrocartilage called the ____________ ruptures and the ____________ oozes out. - anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus - lamina; nucleus pulposus - nucleus pulposus; anulus; fibrosus - nucleus pulposus; lamina - anulus fibrousus; body
Anulus fibrosus; nucleus pulposus
Looking at a slid of axillary skin under the microscope, you notice the presence of _____________________ glands that are absent on slides of the scalp. - ceruminous - merocrine - perspiration - sebaceous - apocrine
Apocrine
Mature bones are remodeled throughout life via a process known as __________. - endochondral ossification - intramembranous ossification - interstitial growth - appositional growth - metaphysical growth
Appositional growth
the middle layer of the meninges is called the ______________. - pia mater - gray matter - while matter - arachnoid mater - dura mater
Arachnoid mater
an example of a highly vascular tissue is _______________ tissue. An example of a tissue that is not highly vascular is _______________. - dense regular connective; dense irregular connective tissue - epithelial; cartilage - nervous; osseous tissue - muscular; osseous tissue - areolar; cartilage
Areolar; cartilage
A growing long bone in a child has only two areas of cartilage at the epiphysis. These two areas are the _________________. - elastic cartilage and epiphyseal plate - primary and secondary ossification centers - epiphyseal plate and epiphyseal line - fibrocartilage and articular cartilage - articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
Articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate
The "ABCD" rule for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to which of the following characteristics of a lesion? - aspect, brightness, color and distance - asymmetry, border irregularities, color, and diameter - asymmetry, brightness, color, and diameter - area, border irregularities, color, and density - aspect, border irregularities,, color, and distance
Asymmetry, border irregularities, color, and diameter
A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n) ___________________________. - reducing agent - buffer - colloid - catalyst - oxidizing agent
Buffer
A heavyset middle aged insurance salesman, who doesn't exercise often, accepts his friends invitation to pickup basketball game. When attempting a jump shot, he falls to the ground in pain, grasping at calf of his leg. There is an enormous bulge in his leg immediately below the popliteal fossa, and he is unable to plantar flex that foot. Most likely he has injured his _____________ and the bulge is ___________________. - quadriceps tendon; his rectus femoris - hamstrings; a large hematoma - patellar ligament; his fibularis longus - calcaneal tendon; his triceps surae - tibia; a previously undetected bone tumor
Calcaneal tendon; his triceps surae
The lexicon of standard international anatomical terms is _____________. - called Nomina Anatomica(NA) - called Terminologia Anatomica(TA) - formed from thousands of Italian word roots - formed from thousands of French word roots - formed from thousands of English word roots
Called Terminologia Anatomica
In general, __________ have a 2:1 ratio of hydrogen to oxygen. - Nucleic acids - Lipids - Proteins - Enzymes - Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Which of these is the correct sequence from simple to more complex? - chromatin, DNA, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, carbon - chromatin, carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, DNA - carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, DNA, chromatin - carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, chromatin, DNA - carbon, nucleotide, nitrogenous base, chromatin, DNA
Carbon, nitrogenous base, nucleotide, DNA, chromatin
__________ account for 98.5% of the body's weight. - carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, sodium, and potassium - carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine - carbon, oxygen, iron, sodium, potassium, and chlorine - carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus - carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine
Carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus
Which of the following has the largest mitochondria? - fast glycolytic fibers - intermediate fibers - cardiac muscle - smooth muscle - slow oxidative fibers
Cardiac muscles
Bone elongation is a result of ____________> - dense irregular connective tissue addition - muscle growth - cartilage growth - osseous tissue growth - fibrous membrane addition
Cartilage growth
The bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5 is called the ___________. - medullary cone - spinal cord - cauda equina - lumbar enlargement - cervical enlargement
Cauda equina
Loss of equilibrium and motor coordination would most likely be related to a lesion in which structure? - cerebellum - medulla oblongata - pituitary gland - limbic system - pons
Cerebellum
There are no cranial nerves associated with which part of the brain? - midbrain - pons - cerebellum - thalamus - medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
What is the largest part of the hindbrain? - brainstem - pons - cerebrum - cerebellum - hypothalamus
Cerebellum
______________ is/are formed partly from the secretions of glands in the external ear canal. - sebum - sweat - cerumen - mucus - scents
Cerumen
The opening of _________________ gates produces an _____________________. - calcium; IPSP - sodium; IPSP - chloride; IPSP - potassium; EPSP - calcium and sodium; IPSP
Chloride; IPSP
The rubbery matrix of carilage is secreted by _______________, whereas ____________________ produce the fivers and ground substance that form the matrix of fibrous connective tissue. - adipocytes; plasma cells - osteocytes; chondroblasts - mast cells; fibroblasts - chondroblasts; plasma cells - chondroblasts; fibroblasts
Chondroblasts; fibroblasts
Which of the following is not associated with the composition of the cytoskeleton? - cilia - terminal web - microtubules - microfilaments - intermediate filaments
Cilia
Even though all action potentials are the same, the brain can differentiate a variety of stimuli by source and intensity. The mechanism by which the nervous system converts these action potentials into meaningful information is called neural _______________. - integration - facilitation - coding - pooling - recruitment
Coding
A fracture in which the bone is broken into three of more pieces is called a __________ fracture. - comminuted - compound - pott - greenstick - linear
Comminuted
The cortex of the long bone's diaphysis is made of _________________. - marrow - dense regular connective tissue - spongy bone - compact bone - articular cartilage
Compact bone
A rounded knob that articulates with another bone is called a(an) _____________. - foramen - condyle - sinus - sulcus - alveolus
Condyle
Osseous tissue is a(an) ________________ tissue. - reticular - dense regular - connective - dense irregular - epithelial
Connective
In the patellar tendon reflex arc, the patellar ligament is stretched, which stretches the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh. This reflex will cause the quadriceps femoris to ________________ and the hamstrings to _________________. - relax; relax - relax; contract - contract; relax - contract; contract
Contract; relax
Which of the following is the most stable joint? - humeroulnar joint - humeroradial joint - tibiofemoral joint - glenohumeral joint - coxal joint
Coxal joint
The study of the structure and function of cells is called ______________. - cytology - radiology - exploratory physiology - gross anatomy - comparative physiology
Cytology
The clear gel inside a cell is called _____________________. - tissue fluid - ground substance - cytosol - matrix - interstitial fluid
Cytosol
Which of the following is not directly involved in translation? - tRNA - mRNA - DNA - ribosomes - rRNA
DNA
________________________ opens up one segment of the DNA helix during replication; __________________ adds complementary free nucleotides to the exposed DNA strand. - DNA ligase; DNA polymerase - DNA ligase; DNA helicase - DNA helicase; DNA polymerase - DNA polymerase; DNA ligase - DNA helicase; DNA ligase
DNA helicase; DNA polymerase
In which part of a neuron is the postsynaptic membrane usually found? - axon - dendrite - axon collateral - axon terminal - perikaryon
Dendrite
Fibroblasts and protein fibers are associated with both ______________ and ______________. - spongy bone; compact(dense) bone - adipose tissue; reticular tissue - elastic cartilage; hyaline cartilage - dense regular; dense irregular connective tissue - plasma; formed elements
Dense regular; dense irregular connective tissue
In a neuron, the opening of sodium gates typically leads to ___________________. - hyperpolarization of the plasma membrane - repolarization of the plasma membrane - depolarization of the plasma membrane - plasma membrane voltage returning to the resting membrane potential - drifting of plasma membrane voltage toward a more negative value
Depolarization of the plasma membrane
Stereoscopic vision provides _________________. - opposition of thumbs - depth perception - bipedalism - opposable perception - color perception
Depth perception
Fingerprints left on things we touch are associated with our __________. - subcutaneous adipose - stratum basale - dermal connective tissue - dermal papillae - subcutaneous tissue
Dermal papillae
The ___________ system breaks down food and absorbs nutrients. - lymphatic - digestive - urinary - reproductive - circulatory
Digestive
The ______________ is not found in the elbow. - anular ligament - humeroulnar joint - distal radioulnar joint - humeroradial joint - proximal radioulnar joint
Distal radioulnar joint
From superficial to deep, the meninges occur in which order? - pia mater, dura mater, arachnoid - pia mater, arachnoid, dura mater - dura mater, pia mater, arachnoid - dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater - arachnoid, pia mater, dura mater
Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater
Place the following events of synaptic transmission at an adrenergic synapse in order: A- ATP is converted to cAMP, B- The cell's metabolism is altered, C- G protein binds adenylate cylase, D- the protein dissociated, E- NE binds the receptor - E, D, A, C, B - D, E, A, C, B - D, E, C, A, B - E, D, C, A, B
E, D, C, A, B
The shape of a person's external ear is due to the presence of ________________. - fibrocartilage - ligaments - elastic cartilage - dense irregular connective tissue - dense regular connective tissue
Elastic cartilage
Radial and ulnar collateral ligaments restrict side to side movements of the _____________ joint. - wrist -shoulder - knee - elbow - hip
Elbow
The bonding properties of an atom are determined by its ___________. - Protons - Positrons - Photons - Neutrons - Electrons
Electrons
The chemical properties of an atom are determined by its _________________. - Protons and neutrons - Neutrons - Electrons - Protons - Particles
Electrons
Hypercalcemia means _______________. - elevated calcium levels in blood - elevated sodium levels in blood - lowered calcium levels in the blood - elevated calcium levels in bone - lowered calcium levels in bone
Elevated calcium levels in blood
Achondroplastic dwarfism is a hereditary condition, in which the long bones of the limbs fail to elongate normally because of reduced hyperplasia and hypertrophy of cartilage in the __________. - epiphyseal plate - secondary bone marrow - primary bone marrow - primary ossification center - secondary ossification center
Epiphyseal plate
The expanded head at each end of a long bone is called the ___________. - periosteum - diaphysis -articular cartilage - epiphysis - endosteum
Epiphysis
The covering of body surfaces and the lining of body cavities is composed of ______________ tissue. - muscle - nervous - adipose - epithelial - interstitial
Epithelial
The membrane that lines the lumenal surfaces of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts consist of _______________. - simple squamous epithelium and dense irregular connective tissue - areolar and dense irregular connective tissue - simple squamous epithelium and areolar tissue - areolar tissue and lamina propria - epithelium and lamina propria
Epithelium and lamina propria
The basement membrane is found between _____________________ and ____________________. - epithelium; intracellular material - extracellular material; intracellular material - interstitial fluid; extracellular fluid - epithelium; connective tissue - epithelium; extracellular material
Epithelium; connective tissue
The narrow zone of dead skin overhanging the proximal end of a nail is called the _________________. - eponychium - nail plate - nail root - nail body - lunule
Eponychium
While sitting at your desk, you drop your pencil onto the floor. You bend over to pick up the pencil. In order to straighten up and continue your exam you must use which of the following muscles? - extensor hallucis longus - erector spinae - tibilais anterior and semimembranosus - semimembranosus - tibialis anterior
Erecetor spinae
_________________ tissues respond quickly to outside stimuli by means of changes in membrane potential. - excitable - adipose - epithelial - connective - responsive
Excitable
What property of neurons allows them to respond to changes in the environment? - secretion - excitability - conductivity - permeability
Excitablity
The breakdown of glycogen (an energy-storage compound) is an example of a(n) ____________________ reaction. - equilibrium - exchange - endergonic - exergonic - synthesis
Exergonic
A cell's second messengers serve to transport material through cellular membranes. - True - False
False
A dark band formed by parallel thick filaments that partly overlap the thin filaments is known as an H band. - True - False
False
A dipeptide is a molecule with two peptide bonds. - True - False
False
A gene can be defined as an information-containing segment of RNA that codes for the production of a polypeptide. - True - False
False
A joint with mechanical advantage greater than 1 has increased speed. - True - False
False
A meniscus is a type of bursa seen in the space between the femur and tibia. - True - False
False
A nerve fiber is enclosed in its own fibrous sleeve called perineurium. - True - False
False
A vertebra is considered a long bone. - True - False
False
Acetylcholine triggers the synthesis of the scone messenger cAMP only in neurons of the PNS. - True - False
False
Adult stem cells are usually pluripotent. - True - False
False
After mitosis, each chromosome consists of two parallel filaments called sister chromatids. - True - False
False
All cranial nerves lead to structures in the head and neck. - True - False
False
An individual scientific fact has more information than a theory. - True - False
False
Ascending signals in the spinal cord travel via gray matter, while descending signals travel via white matter. - True - False
False
Blood consists of cells and a ground substance made of formed elements. - True - False
False
Bony joints are the most common type of joints. - True - False
False
Bursae are structures associated with fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial joints. - True - False
False
Cervical and lumbar enlargements are wide points in the spinal cord marking the emergence of motor nerves. - True - False
False
Closed reduction is the surgical realignment of the parts of a broken bone. - True - False
False
Concentric lamellae within an osteon are connected by lacunae. - True - False
False
Connective tissue contain abundant cells that are on contact with one another. - True - False
False
DNA is composed of double-ring nitrogenous bases, whereas RNA is composed of single-ring nitrogenous bases. - True - False
False
Debridement is not necessary to infection control. - True - False
False
Excitable cells respond to outside stimuli by means of changes in plasma membrane shape. - True - False
False
Freckles are elevated patches with an abnormal coloration of the skin. - True - False
False
Healthy paranasal sinuses are filled with mucus. - True - False
False
In the plasma membrane, glycolipids and glycoproteins face toward the cytoplasm, while peripheral proteins always face toward the ECF. - True - False
False
Living keratinocytes exfoliate from the epidermis as tiny specks called dander. - True - False
False
Merocrine sweat glands are associated with hair follicles in the pubic and anal region, axilla, areola, and beard. - True - False
False
Most nerves are motor nerves. - True - False
False
Naked DNA is called chromatin. - True - False
False
Negative feedback is a self-amplifying chain of events that tends to produce rapid change in the body. - True - False
False
Neurons move material away from the neurosoma by retrograde transport. - True - False
False
Nonkeratinized cells exfoliate from the surface of the skin. - True - False
False
Phenotype is the result of genetic influences only. - True - False
False
Plasma cells produce the ground substance that forms the matrix of connective tissues. - True - False
False
Skeletal muscle are attached to bones in a way that aligns proteins in an overly-stretch position. This lengthening facilitates the shortening of contractions. - True - False
False
Somatic reflexes are responses of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles. - True - False
False
The blood-CSF barrier is composed of dense regular connective tissue lining the ventricles. - True - False
False
The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain. - True - False
False
The coxal joint is a ball and socket joint in which the head of the humerous articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula. - True - False
False
The deeper of the two layers of the skin is the hypodermis. - True - False
False
The duct of an endocrine gland leads into the bloodstream rather than onto an epithelial surface. - True - False
False
The frontal plane passes vertically through the body or an organ and divides it into equal right and left portions. - True - False
False
The mastoid process cannot be palpated on a living person. - True - False
False
The medulla oblongata is the most rostral part of the brain. - True - False
False
The process of a cell changing types to respond to its environment is called neoplasia. - True - False
False
The sodium-glucose transport protein (SGLT) is one example of an active transport process involving a uniport carrier. - True - False
False
The terms development and evolution have the same meaning in physiology. - True - False
False
Unsaturated fatty acids have as much hydrogen as they can carry. - True - False
False
Voluntary motor signals typically begin in an upper motor neuron in the thalamus. - True - False
False
Groups of muscles are separated by which of the following? - fascicles - fascia - perimysium - endomysium - epimysium
Fascia
Muscle fibers are arranged in bundles called ________________________. - fascicles - compartments - aponeuroses - groups - retinacula
Fascicles
The acetabulum articulates with the ____________. - tibia - hip bone - humerus - patella - femur
Femur
Some joints become synostoses by replacing _________________ with ___________. - bone; cartilage - bone; fibers - fibers; bone - cartilage; fibers - fibers; cartilage
Fibers; bone
Which of the following is not found in the epidermis? - fibroblasts - tactile cells - stem cells - melanocytes - keratinocytes
Fibroblasts
The replacement of damaged tissue with scar tissue is called ______________. - necrosis - apoptosis - fibrosis - gangrene - regeneration
Fibrosis
A monoaxial joint, like the elbow, is capable of which one of the following movements? - flexion and extension - circumduction - rotation - abduction - supination and pronation
Flexion and extension
A hole through a bone that usually allows passage for nerves and blood vessels is called a(n) _________. - alveolus - canal - fissure - sinus - foramen
Foramen
Which of the following fractures would be the least likely to cause a spinal cord injury? - fracture to vertebrae C6 - fracture to vertebrae L4 - fracture to vertebrae T12 - fracture to vertebrae C2 - fracture to vertebrae T5
Fracture to vertebrae L4
The semitendinosus is an example of what muscle shape? - sphincter - pennate - triangular - fusiform - convergent
Fusiform
The sensitivity of the muscle spindle is maintained by ________________. - gamma motor neurons - secondary afferent fibers - anulospiral endings - a stretch reflex - alpha motor neurons
Gamma motor neurons
A ______________ contains the necessary information for the production of a molecule of RNA. - genome - genetic code - nucleotide - gene - codon
Gene
The alleles possessed by all members of a population collectively are called the __________________. - phenotype - species DNA - gene pool - population DNA - genetic drift
Gene pool
In the glycocalyx, ________________ act like identification tags that enable the body to distinguish its own cells from foreign and diseased cell. - Cholesterol Molecules - Glycoproteins - Lipoproteins - Cell-Adhesion molecules - Phospholipids
Glycoproteins
Some simple columnar and pseudostratified columnar epithelia have _________ cells, which produce a protective mucous coating over the mucous membranes. - goblet - fibrous - basal - keratinized - blood
Goblet
Which of the following organelles sorts, cuts, splices, and packages newly formed proteins into membrane-bound vesicles? - Mitochondrion - Smooth ER - Golgi complex - Rough ER - Nucleolus
Golgi complex
Which of the following muscles is innervated by the obturator nerve? - biceps femoris - soleus - tibialis anterior - sartorius - gracilis
Gracilis
Local potentials are _____________ meaning they vary in magnitude according to the strength of the stimulus. - stabile - inhibitory - excitatory - graded - self propagating
Graded
A physiological _______________ is a difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variables between one point and another. - imbalance - gradient - membrane - feedback loop - barrier
Gradient
Patches of fibrocartilage formed in the healing of a fracture are called ________, whereas the bony collar formed around the fracture is called _________. - fracture hematoma; granulation tissue - soft callus; hard callus - granulation tissue; soft callus - fracture hematoma; hard callus - granulation tissue, hard callus
Granulation tissue, hard callus
The reticular formation is a web of _________________ scattered throughout the _______________. - neurosomas; hypothalamus - gray matter; cerebrum - white matter; cerebellum - nerves; white matter in the cerebrum - gray matter; brainstem
Gray matter; brainstem
One difference between the male and female pelvis is that the subpubic angle of a female is generally ______________. - less than 20 degrees - greater than 120 degrees - greater than 100 degrees - less than 90 degrees
Greater than 100 degrees
Modern anatomical language is based on ____________ and ___________ because individuals speaking these languages made most of the anatomical discoveries. - English; Japanese - Greek; Latin - Roman; Latin - English; Spanish
Greek; Latin
In the following reaction, what is(are) the product(s)? CO2 + H2O > H2CO3 - CO2 and H2CO3 - H2CO3 - CO2 and H2O - H2O and H2CO3
H2CO3
A pilus is a ___________. - gland associated with a hair follicle - sensory nerve fiber around the base of a hair - tiny muscle that moves a hair - hair - hair follicle
Hair
The base where a hair follicle originates in the skin is known as the _______________________. - cuticle - hair root - shaft - medulla - hair bulb
Hair bulb
The contraction of the piloerector muscles (pilomotor muscle or arrector pili) in humans causes ____________________. - hairs to stand on end to make the individual bigger - hairs to stand on end with no apparent function - hairs to stand on end, trapping an insulating layer of warm air next to the skin - increased ability to feel pain - generation of heat to raise the body temperature
Hairs to stand on end with no apparent function
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in the healing of a bone fracture? - bone remodeling> hard callus formation> soft callus formation> hematoma formation - soft callus formation> hard callus formation> hematoma formation> bone remodeling - hematoma formation> soft callus formation> hard callus formation> bone remodeling - bone remodeling> soft callus formation> hard callus formation> hematoma formation - hematoma formation> hard callus formation> soft callus formation> bone remodeling
Hematoma formation> soft callus formation> hard callus formation> bone remodeling
Chemicals in a solution can move down a concentration gradient. This means the chemical will move from the area of concentration to the area of ________________ concentration. - high; low - low; high - high; high - equal; equal - low; low
High; low
The union of the proximal and middle phalanges form ______________ joints. - hinge - pivot - plane - saddle - condylar
Hinge
A thin, stained slice of tissue mounted on a microscope is called a _________. - spread - histological section - stain - fixative - smear
Histological section
The species of modern humans is called _____________. - early Homo - Australopithecus - Homo habilis - Homo erectus - Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens
One example of a multiaxial joint is the __________________ joint. - metatarsophalangeal - humeroscapular - humeroulnar - atlantoaxial - proximal radioulnar
Humeroscapular
In endochondral ossification, the precursor connective tissue is ________________, which is replaced by bone. - fibrous membranes - transitional epithelium - fibrocartilage - embryonic mesenchyme - hyaline cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Which of the following is not a type of fibrous connective tissue/ - reticular tissue - dense irregular connective tissue - dense regular connective tissue - hyaline cartilage - areolar tissue
Hyaline cartilage
A ______________ reaction breaks a _______________ down into its monomers. - dehydration synthesis; polymer - polymer; molecule - condensation; reactant - dehydration synthesis; molecule - hydrolysis; polymer
Hydrolysis; polymer
Most transmembrane proteins have __________________ regions facing the intra- and extracellular fluid, and _____________ regions embedded in the phospholipid bilayer. - hydrophilic; hydrophilic - hydrophobic; hydrophilic - lipophilic; lipophobic - hydrophobic; hydrophobic - hydrophilic; hydrophobic
Hydrophilic; hydrophobic
Marfan syndrome is a hereditary defect of elastin fibers. People with this syndrome have _______________. - viscous blood - hyperextensible joints - stronger bones - small cranium - elastic bones
Hyperextensible joints
After six months of lifting weights at the gym, you notice that some of your muscles have increased in size. This increase in size is due to __________ of muscle cells. - neoplasia - atrophy - metaplasia - hypertrophy - hyperplasia
Hypertrophy
Which of the following is not part of the skin? - papillary layer - epidermis - stratum basale - dermis - hypodermis
Hypodermis
Which structure forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle? - epithalamus - midbrain - thalamus - hypothalamus - pituitary gland
Hypothalamus
Accumulated cell products that are never enclosed in a unit membrane are called __________________. - microfilaments - centrioles - organelles - microtubules - inclusions
Inclusions
In familial hypercholesterolemia, individuals with two abnormal alleles die of heart attacks in childhood, those with only one abnormal allele typically die as young adults, and those with two normal alleles have normal life expectancies. This exemplifies ______________> - incomplete dominance - pleiotropy - codominance - complete dominance - penetrance
Incomplete dominance
If one nerve stimulus arrives at a muscle fiber so soon that the fiber has only partially relaxed from the previous twitch, the most likely result will be ____________? - fatigue - spasm - incomplete tetanus - flaccid paralysis - complete tetanus
Incomplete tetanus
The training regimen of a competitive weight lifter is designed partly to _____________. - convert certain parallel muscles into stronger pennate muscles - lower the threshold for muscle excitation - increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber - convert white muscle tissue to red muscle - increase the size of his motor units
Increase the average number of myofibrils per muscle fiber
The lumbar vertebrae are ________________ to the thoracic vertebrae. - cephalic - posterior - superior - anterior - inferior
Inferior
The rotator cuff tendons enclose the shoulder joint on all sides except _______________, which partly explains the nature of most shoulder dislocations. - anteriorly - inferiorly - posteriorly - medially - superiorly
Inferiorly
Which lobe is deep to the lateral sulcus and can only be seen by removing some of the overlying cerebrum? - temporal lobe - parietal lobe - occipital lobe - frontal lobe - insula
Insula
The G1, S and G2 phases of the cell cycle are collectively called ___________? - cytokinesis - prophase - anaphase - interphase - telophase
Interphase
An _____________ muscle is contained within a region whereas an _________________ muscle acts upon one region but has an attachment elsewhere. - innate; extraneous - extrinsic; intrinsic - extraneous; innate - intrinsic; extrinsic
Intrinsic; extrinsic
Injury to the reticular formation can result in which of the following? - hypertension - Parkinson disease - irreversible coma - Alzheimer disease
Irreversible coma
A patient was severely dehydrated, losing a large amount of fluid. The patient was given intravenous fluids of normal saline. Normal saline is _______________ to your blood cells and is about _______________ NaCl. - hypotonic; 9% - hypotonic; 0.9% - isotonic; 9% - isotonic; 0.9% - hypertonic; 9%
Isotonic; 0.9%
____________ differ from one another in their number of neutrons and atomic mass. - Cations - Electrolytes - Free radicals - Isotopes - Anions
Isotopes
Which of the following is true regarding the levator scapulae? - It flexes the neck if the scapula is fixed - it protracts the scapula if the humerus is fixed - it is innervated by the phrenic nerve - it elevates the scapula if the scapula is fixed - it rotates the scapula and depresses the apex of the shoulder
It flexes the neck if the scapula is fixed
In PNS nerve fiber regeneration, how is a growing axon directed to its original destination? - the axon grows a collateral that is directed by growth factors secreted by the postsynaptic neuron - it grows within a regeneration tube - the axonal terminals grow towards the neurosoma until the two severed fragments are reunited - injured Schwann cells produce a trail of prostaglandins to the original destination
It grows within a regeneration tube
Which of the following is not true of a thoracic vertebra? - it usually has a facet at the end of each transverse process for attachment of a rib - the body has facets as points of articulation for ribs - the spinous process is pointed and angled sharply downward - the body is more massive than those of cervical vertebrae but less than those of lumbar vertebra - it has a pair of transverse foramina
It has a pair of transverse foramina
Which of the following is true regarding the tendon reflex? - it causes a tendon to contract - it makes the contralateral motor neurons contract - it causes a muscle that is being stretched to contract - it makes the ipsilateral motor neurons relax - it prevents over contraction of a muscle
It prevents over contraction of a muscle
Calluses or corns are the result of accelerated multiplication by ___________. - keratinocytes - melanocytes - fibroblasts - red blood cells - tactile cells
Keratinocytes
In lifting a heavy weight from the floor, one should use the power of the ________________ in order to avoid straining the lower back. - knee and hip extensors - gastrocnemius and soleus - trapezius and latissimus dorsi - external and internal abdominal obliques - biceps brachii and brachialis
Knee and hip extensors
The spaces found within the concentric lamellae are called ___________ and they contain _______________. - central canals; osteocytes - canaliculi; osteoblasts - lacunae; osteoclasts - osteons; stem cells - lacunae; osteocytes
Lacunae; osteocytes
ATP ______________ endergonic and exergonic reactions. - opposes - links - reduces - dehydrates - decomposes
Links
A myelin sheath is composed primarily of ________________. - proteins - carbohydrates - lipids - glycoproteins - polysaccharides
Lipids
80% of the lactate produced by skeletal muscle is converted to pyruvate by the ______________________. - kidneys - liver - neuromuscular junction - sarcoplasmic reticulum - muscle tissue
Liver
Athletes who train at high altitudes increase their red blood cell count, which increase their oxygen supply during exercise. Increased oxygen supply results in _________________. - longer anaerobic fermentation - reduced ATP consumption - longer aerobic respiration - increase use of mykinase - increased glycolysis
Longer aerobic respiration
The thymus, spleen, and tonsils are the principal organs of the _______________ system. - Endocrine - Muscular - Circulatory - Lymphatic - Respiratory
Lymphatic
What organelle is most active in causing programmed cell death? - nucleus - mitochondrion - lysosome - rough endoplasmic reticulum - centriole
Lysosome
The center cavity of the diaphysis of a long bone is called the _____________. - central canal - marrow cavity - epiphysis - nutrient foramen - canaliculus
Marrow cavity
The ________________ attaches to the zygomatic arch and also to the angle of the mandible. - genioglossus - stylohyoid - termpoalis - buccinator - masseter
Masseter
Which of the following bones forms the bulk of the hard palate? - ethmoid bone - mandible - lacrimal bone - nasal bone - maxilla
Maxilla
Wolff's law of bone explains the effect of __________________. - mechanical stress on bone remodeling - different diets on bone elongation - sex on bone widening - age on bone thickening - temperature on bone growth
Mechanical stress on bone remodeling
__________________ glands (such as tear glands) have vesicles that release their secretion via exocytosis. _____________________ glands (such as oil-producing glands) secrete a mixture of disintegrated cells and their products. - merocrine; holocrine - mucous; cutaneous - endocrine; exocrine - exocrine; apocrine - mucous; serous
Merocrine; holocrine
The stage at which chromosomes aggregate along the equator of a cell is __________. - interphase - anaphase - metaphase - telophase - prophase
Metaphase
The pons and cerebellum arise from which secondary embryonic vesicle. - diencephalon - mesencephalon - myelencephalon - metencephalon - telencephalon
Metencephalon
Which of the following is a double-membraned organelle consisting of a matrix and cristae? - golgi complex - nucleolus - smooth ER - mitochondrion - rough ER
Mitochondrion
A _____________ is an elevated patch of melanized skin. - freckle - hemangioma - flexion line - friction ridge - mole
Mole
reflex arcs that only use two neurons are called _____________ reflex arcs. - polysynaptic - contralateral - ipsilateral - monosynaptic - autonomic
Monosynaptic
There are _____________________ bones in a newborn compared with the average number in an adult. - the same number - more - fewer
More
What is the most common type of neuron? - unipolar - dendritic - anaxonic - bipolar - multipolar
Multipolar
Which of the following groups of muscles has the most muscle spindles? - muscles of the thigh - muscles of the middle ear - muscles of the torso - muscles of the back - muscles of the hand
Muscles of the hand
The study of the muscular system is known as __________________-. - myology - pathophysiology - kinesiology - neurology - biology
Myology
Mitosis in the _________ accounts for growth of the nail. - eponychium - nail plate - nail fold - hyponychium - nail matrix
Nail matrix
The principal theory of how evolution works is called _________________. - Natural pressure - Selective pressure - Darwinian pressure - Natural selection - Natural adaptation
Natural Selection
Blood glucose concentration rises after a meal and stimulates the pancreas to release the hormone insulin. Insulin travels in the blood and stimulates the uptake of glucose by body cells from the bloodstream, thus reducing blood glucose concentration. This is an example of ______________________. - set point adjustment - integration control - positive feedback - dynamic equilibrium - negative feedback
Negative feedback
During exercise, one generates excess heat, and the body temperature rises. As a response, blood vessels dilate in the skin, warm blood flows closer to the body's surface, and heat is lost. This is an example of _______. - integration control - dynamic equilibrium - negative feedback - set point adjustment - positive feedback
Negative feedback
Nervous tissue consists predominantly of two cell types, neurons and _______________> - myocytes - chondrocytes - fibroblasts - neuroglia - osteocytes
Neuroglia
During the absolute refractory period which of the following is true? - the signal grows weaker with distance - it is possible to trigger a new action potential, but only with an unusually strong stimulus - no stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potentail - the neuron fires at its maximum voltage if a stimulus depolarizes the neuron to threshold - if a neuron reaches threshold, the action potential goes to completion
No stimulus of any strength will trigger a new action potential
A ______________ is composed of a granular cluster of eight proteins called ______________ with DNA wound around them. - nucleosome; centrosomes - centromere; chromatin - chromosome; centromeres - nucleosome; histones - chromosome; histones
Nucleosome; histones
DNA is a polymer of __________________, which consist of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a __________________. - proteins; nucleotide - nucleotides; nitrogenous base - amino acids; nucleotide - nucleotides; nucleic acid - nucleic acids; nucleotide
Nucleotides; nitrogenous base
Transcription occurs in the __________________, but most translation occurs in the _____________. - nucleolus; rough ER - nucleus; nucleolus - nucleolus, cytoplasm - cytoplasm; nucleus - nucleus; cytoplasm
Nucleus; cytoplasm
Cellular membranes are permeable to ________________, but impermeable to _________________. - wastes; nutrients - phosphates; wastes - nutrients; wastes - proteins; nutrients - nutrients; proteins
Nutrient's; proteins
Which of the following articulates with the vertebral column? - foramen magnum - mastoid process - zygomatic arch - mandibular fossa - occipital condyle
Occipital condyle
Bone protrudes through the skin in a fracture called ________________. - incomplete - closed - open - displaced - complete
Open
After taking their wedding vows, a bride and groom often ceremonially use which of the following muscles before walking away from the altar? - levator labii superioris - platysma - orbicularis oris - quadricpes femoris - depressor anguli oris
Orbicularis oris
Bone-forming cells are called _______________. - osteoblasts - osteons - osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells - osteoclasts - osteocytes
Osteocytes
A chemical reaction that removes electrons from an atom is called a(n) _____________________ reaction. - oxidation - reduction - condensation - hydrolysis - anabolic
Oxidation
The most abundant element in the human body, by weight is _____________________. - hydrogen - calcium - oxygen - nitrogen - carbon
Oxygen
Which one of the following is not in the correct anatomical position? - feet flat on the floor - arms at sides - palms facing hips - face and eyes facing forward - standing upright
Palms facing hips
The rectus abdominis is a ___________ muscle, while the rectus femoris is a ____________ muscle. - multipennate; convergent - fusiform; parallel - convergent; unipennate - bipennate; parallel - parallel; bipennate
Parallel; bipennate
Which of the following bones is adjacent to both the coronal and lambdoid sutures? - frontal bone - zygomatic bone - occipital bone - sphenoid bone - parietal bone
Parietal bone
A break in a bone that is already weakened by some other disease is called a(n) ______________________ fracture. - open - pathologic - greenstick - displaced - closed
Pathologic
Which muscle acting on the arm assists in deep inspiration? - deltoid - pectoralis major - teres minor - trapezius - diaphragm
Pectoralis major
Proteins that do not protrude into the phospholipid bilayer, but adhere to the surface of the plasma membrane, are called __________________. - integral proteins - glycoproteins - peripheral proteins - channel proteins - transmembrane proteins
Peripheral proteins
Inflammation of the membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity is called ________. - peritonitis - pleuritis - pericarditis - meningitis - arthritis
Peritonitis
_________ decompose fatty acids, and detoxify alcohol, free radicals, and drugs. - Lysosomes - Microvilli - Peroxisomes - Golgi vesicles - Inclusions
Peroxisomes
The most abundant molecules in the plasma membrane are ______________. - Prostaglandins - Glycolipids - Cholesterol molecules - Proteins - Phospholipids
Phospholipids
The cervical plexus is the origin of the ______________ nerve. - radial - phrenic - sciatic - musculocutaneous - oculomotor
Phrenic
A hemoglobin level of 12g/dL is normal for an adult female, but low for an adult male. This is an example of _______________. - physiological variation - holistic medicine - cellular adaptation - anatomical variation
Physiological variation
If you stand on tiptoes to reach something high, you are performing __________ are the ankle. - abduction - plantar flexion - eversion - dorsiflexion - opposition
Plantar flexion
Eye color is caused by genes at multiple loci. This phenomenon is called __________. - sex linkage - multiple carriers - pleiotropy - polygenic inheritance - incomplete dominance
Polygenic inheritance
Nucleic acids are _________________ of _____________________. - polymers; DNA - monomers; ATP - polymers; cAMP - monomers; monosaccharides - polymers; nucleotides
Polymers; nucleotides
Which of the following structures appears as a large bulge just rostral to the medulla? - cerebellum - pons - midbrain - hypothalamus - medulla oblongata
Pons
After a stroke, a patient complains about lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke most likely affected which part of the brain? - postcentral gyrus in the right temporal lobe - postcentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe - postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe - precentral gyrus in the right frontal lobe - precentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe
Postcentral gyrus in the left parietal lobe
The ______________ is not part of the tibiofemoral joint. - fibular collateral ligament - lateral meniscus - anterior cruciate ligament - posterior tibiofibular ligament - tibial collateral ligament
Posterior tibiofibular ligament
Which of the following ions has the greatest influence on the resting membrane potential? - sodium - phosphate - chloride - potassium - calcium
Potassium
Any bony prominence is called a(n) ____________. - tubercle - fossa - process - epicondyle - head
Process
If the cerebrum was no longer able to communicate with the midbrain, what type of tract would you suspect has been damaged? - association - commisural - ascending - projection
Projection
When a nurse draws blood, it is not uncommon for the needle to penetrate which muscle near the cubital region? - buccinator - pronator quadratus - semimembranosus - pronator teres - supinator
Pronator teres
Chromatin shortens and thickens, coiling into compact rods during _________________ of mitosis. - anaphase - prophase - interphase - metaphase - telophase
Prophase
Which of the following omits some stage(s) of the cell cycle? - G1, DNA replication, G2, mitosis - G1, S, G2, mitosis - interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis - interphase, mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
All enzymes are _________. - nucleic acids - carbohydrates - lipids - proteins - cofactors
Proteins
Which of the following is not a nucleotide? - GTP - RNA - cAMP - ATP
RNA
The process of engaging more motor units to increase the strength of a muscle contraction is called ________________. - recruitment - complete tetanus - temporal summation - wave summation - incomplete tatanus
Recruitment
Tendinous intersections divide the _______________ into segments that are externally visible on the abdomen of a well-muscled person. - transverse abdominal - rectus abdominis - quadriceps femoris - vastus latealis - serratus anterior
Rectus abdominis
Which of the following muscles flexes thigh at hip? - piriformis - adductor magnus - sartorius - rectus femoris - gracilis
Rectus femoris
The process of dissolving bone and returning its minerals to the bloodstream is known as _________________. - mineral deposition - crystallization - ossification - mineralization - resorption
Resorption
Leather is made of the ____________ layer of the dermis. - collagen - keratin - reticular - papillary - areolar
Reticular
What is the normal primary action of the sternocleidomastoid? - rotate the head - rotate the shoulder - elevate the femur - flex the splenius capitis - close the external sphincter
Rotate the head
You were able to radioactively tag and thereby trace an amino avid that is used to make insulin, a hormone that will be exported out of the cell. The pathway of the tagged amino acid would be _______________________. - smooth ER> golgi complex> golgi vesicle> extracellular fluid - free ribosome> cytosol> vesicle> extracellular fluid - rough ER> golgi complex> golgi vesicle> extracellular fluid - rough ER> smooth ER> golgi complex> golgi vesicle> extracellular fluid - smooth ER> golgi complex> lysosome> extracellular fluid
Rough ER> golgi complex> golgi vesicle> extracellular fluid
A clinician induces contraction of the gastrocnemius and soleus and notices that the foot does not plantar flex as expected. Which of the following would be a logical diagnosis? - shinsplints - peroneal nerve injury - lateral plantar nerve injury - ruptured calcaneal tendon - anterior compartment syndrome
Ruptured calcaneal tendon
DNA polymerase is most active during which phase of the cell cycle? - G2 - S - G1 - M - G0
S
The joint between the left and right parietal bones is called the _______________. - coronal suture - cranial joint - sagittal suture - parietal joint - lambdoid suture
Sagittal suture
What is the longest muscle in the human body. - erector spinae - semitendinosus - semimembranosus - sartorius - iliopsoas
Sartorius
Which of the following nerves originates in the lumbosacral plexus? - phrenic - ilioinguinal - axillary - obturator - sciatic
Sciatic
The oil of your scalp is secreted by __________ glands associated with the hair follicles. - merocrine sweat - sebaceous - apocrine sweat - ceruminous - eccrine sweat
Sebaceous
The term ______________ refers to a membrane that allows some things to pass through it, but not others. - carrier-mediated - glycocalyx - specificity - selectively permeable - phospholipid bilayer
Selectively permeable
All of the following are found on the temporal bone except the ______________. - mandibular fossa - zygomatic process - sella turcica - external acoustic meatus - mastoid process
Sella turcica
An epithelium whose cells are tall and narrow, with each one touching the basement membrane and reaching the apical surface is called ______________ epithelium. - pseudostratified columnar - stratified cuboidal - simple cuboidal - simple columnar - stratified squamous
Simple columnar
__________________ epithelium is associated with the rapid transport of substance through the membrane, whereas ____________ epithelium is associated with resistance to abrasion. - simple columnar; transitional - pseudostratified; simple cuboidal - simple cuboidal; pseudostratified - pseudostratified; simple squamous - simple squamous; stratified squamous
Simple squamous; stratified squamous
Which muscle can contract without the need for nervous stimulation? - cardiac muscle only - smooth muscle only - skeletal muscle only - skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle - smooth and cardiac muscle
Smooth and cardiac muscle
Among other functions, hepatocytes (liver cells) are specialized for detoxifying drugs or other chemicals. Hepatocytes have large amounts of __________. - cilia - centrioles - microtubules - smooth endoplasmic reticulum - DNA
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Which of the following is an accurate comparison of skeletal muscle to smooth muscle? - smooth muscle contracts more rapidly but relaxes more slowly - smooth muscle contracts more slowly but relaxes more rapidly - smooth muscle depends on a nerve fiber to supply the calcium needed for contraction. - smooth muscle contracts and relaxes more slowly - smooth muscle consumes more ATP to maintain a given level of muscle tension
Smooth muscle contracts and relaxes more slowly
While a neuron membrane is depolarizing its _____________. - potassium gates are fully open - sodium gates are fully open - chloride gates are partially open - chloride gates are fully open - sodium gates are partially open
Sodium gates are fully open
All of the body's nonreproductive cells, called __________, usually have 23 pairs of chromosomes and are thus called __________ cells. - germ cells; haploid(n) - somatic cells; haploid(n) - germ cells; diploid(2n) - somatic cells; diploid(2n)
Somatic cells, diploid(2n)
Which one of the following best describes the order of a somatic reflex? - somatic receptor> interneuron> afferent nerve fiber> efferent nerve fiber> skeletal muscle - somatic receptor> afferent nerve fiber> interneuron> efferent nerve fiber> smooth muscle - somatic receptor> efferent nerve fiber> afferent nerve fiber> interneuron> skeletal muscle - somatic receptor> afferent nerve fiber> interneuron> efferent nerve fiber> skeletal muscle - somatic receptor> efferent nerve fiber> interneuron> afferent nerve fiber> skeletal muscle
Somatic receptor> afferent nerve fiber> interneuron> efferent nerve fiber> skeletal muscle
A neuron receives thousands of EPSPs from different neurons by triggering or not triggering an action potential. This addition and response to the net effect of postsynaptic potentials is called ____________________-. - recruitment - neural summation - spatial summation - temporal summation - neuronal coding
Spatial summation
Which of the following correctly states the proximal and distal attachments of the sternocleidomastoid? - sternal manubrium and medial half of clavicle; mastoid process and medial one third of superior nuchal line - sternal manubrium and lateral half of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral one third of superior nuchal line - sternal manubrium and medial on third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line - sternal manubrium and lateral one third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line - mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line; sternal manubrium, medial one third of clavicle
Sternal manubrium and medial on third of clavicle; mastoid process and lateral half of superior nuchal line
Which muscle attaches to the manubrium and the thyroid cartilage, and aids in singing low notes? - omohyoid - lateral pterygoid - sternothyroid - thyrohyoid - stylohyoid
Sternothyroid
The manubrium is part of what bone? - sternum - a rib - scapula - vertebra - clavicle
Sternum
The ____________ belongs to the thoracic cage, whereas the ______________ belongs to the pectoral girdle. - clavicle; sternum - vertebra T5; vertebra T1 - scapula; clavicle - scapula; sternum - sternum; clavicle
Sternum; clavicle
Which of the following is not a function of the skeleton? - storage of red blood cells - protecting the brain - providing support for most muscles - protecting the spinal cord - storage of calcium and phosphate ions
Storage of red blood cells
Proteins perform all of the following functions except ______________. - regulate transport of solutes into and out of cells - produce muscular and other forms of movement - catalyze metabolic reactions - give structural strength to cells and tissues - store hereditary information
Store hereditary information
What type of tissue is found in the most superficial layer of skin? - dense regular connective tissue - stratified squamous epithelium - dense irregular connective tissue - areolar connective tissue - simple squamous epithelium
Stratified squamous epithelium
___________ epithelium is the most widespread epithelium in the body, whereas _________ epithelium is rare. - stratified squamous; simple squamous - simple cuboidal; stratified squamous - pseudostratified; stratified squamous - stratified squamous; stratified columnar - simple columnar; stratified columnar
Stratified squamous; stratified columnar
Which layer of the epidermis consist of up to 30 layers of dead cells? - stratum granulosum - stratum lucidum - stratum spinosum - stratum corneum - stratum basale
Stratum corneum
You go to the movies after a long day and you begin to nod off as soon as the movie starts. Your head starts to lower a little, but a reflex causes your head to rise. This is called the __________________ reflex. - stretch (myotatic) - tendon - withdrawal - flexor (withdrawal) - crossed extension
Stretch (myotatic)
Skeletal muscle is described as ___________________. - fibrous and containing ground substances - nonstriated and involuntary - striated and voluntary - nonstriated and voluntary - striated and involuntary
Striated and voluntary
In skeletal muscle, the term that describes the alternating light and dark bands is ____________. - strabismus - striations - myoblasts - myofibrils - tetanus
Striations
Degeneration of the neurons in which of the following structures leads to the muscle tremors associated with Parkinson disease? - cerebral crus - tegmentum - substantia nigra - inferior colliculi - pons
Subtantia nigra
The _______________ functions in visual attention, such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly. - substantia nigra - red nucleus - tegmentum - superior colliculi - inferior colliculi
Superior colliculi
The right shoulder is _________________ and __________________ to the umbilical region. - inferior; lateral - superior; medial - superior; lateral - posterior; lateral - inferior; lateral
Superior; lateral
A baseball pitcher who injures one of his SITS muscles most commonly sustains tears to the tendon of which muscle? - subscapularis - teres minor - infraspinatus - deltoid - supraspinatus
Supraspinatus
The _____________ can be easily palpated between the clavicles. - coastal cartilage - body of the sternum - suprasternal notch - costal groove - xiphoid process
Suprasternal notch
Most of the bones of the skull are connected by immovable joints called _____________. - syndesmoses - sinuses - sutures - fissures - symphyses
Sutures
The _______________ division tends to prepare the body for action. - parasympathetic - sensory afferent - somatic motor - sympathetic - motor afferent
Sympathetic
Sodium and glucose are transported together from the intestinal lumen into an intestinal cell. The carrier protein is a(n) ______________________ and the process is called ________________. - antiport; countertransport - symport; cotransport - symport; countertransport - uniport; facilitated diffusion - antiport; cotransport
Symport; cotransport
The least movable joints are ____________ joints. - syndesmosis - synostosis - synchondrosis - symphysis - gomphosis
Synostosis
Most membranes are composed of two or three tissue types. However, an example of an exception is the ___________ membrane. - synovial - mucous - basement - serous - cutaneous
Synovial
The most movable joints are ________ joints. - symphysis - gomphosis - synovial - syndesmosis - synchondrosis
Synovial
Which reflex shows the least synaptic delay? - withdrawal - cross extension - flexor - polysynaptic - tendon
Tendon
Nearly all the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in which region of the brain? - reticular formation - hypothalamus - thalamus - epithalamus - cerebellum
Thalamus
Second-order neurons synapse with third-order neurons in the ______________. - cerebral cortex - medulla oblongata - spinal cord - dorsal root ganglion - thalamus
Thalamus
Which of the following structures prevents knee hyperextension? - the posterior cruciate ligament - the lateral meniscus - the medial meniscus - the anterior cruciate ligament - the fibular collateral ligament
The anterior cruciate ligament
What is the primary site on a neuron for receiving signals from other neurons? - the axon collaterals - the axons - the axon terminals - the dendrites - the neurosomas
The dendrites
Where do most local potentials form in a neuron? - the dendrites - the neurosomas - the Schwann cells - the trigger zone - the axon hillock
The dendrites
Which of the following is not considered a weight bearing bone? - the tibia - the calcaneus - the talus - the femur - the fibula
The fibula
Which of the following is the largest and most complex diarthrosis in the body? - the shoulder - the elbow - the hip - the knee - the wrist
The knee
Which of the following is true concerning isotonic eccentric contraction? - the muscle lengthens and tension declines - the muscle tenses and shortens - the muscle shortens but tension remains constant - the muscle tenses but length remains unchanged
The muscle lengthens but tension remains constant
While both systems maintain homeostasis, how does the nervous system differ from the endocrine system? - the nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood - the nervous system releases hormones between cells, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the blood - the nervous system releases neurotransmitters into the blood, while the endocrine system releases hormones between cells - the nervous system releases hormones into the blood, while the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters between cells
The nervous system releases neurotransmitters between cells, while the endocrine system releases hormones into the blood
What happens when acetylcholine stimulates its receptors in the neuromuscular junction? - the inhibitory effect of acetylcholinesterase is overridden - the positive charge on the sarcolemma to Na+ increases - the release of Ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum decreases - the threshold of the muscle fiber lowers
The permeability of the sarcolemma to Na+ increases
Which of the following is not part of the pectoral girdle? - the sternoclavicular joint - the sacroiliac joint - the glenohumeral joint - the acromioclavicular joint - the clavicle and scapula
The sacroiliac joint
"Somatosensory" does not refer to sensory signals from ______________. - the viscera - joints - bones and muscles - the skin - proprioceptors
The viscera
Which of the following is true regarding joints that are first-class levers? - the joint is at the opposite end from the tendinous attachment - their resistance is between the joint and the distal end of the bone - their output force is always greater than the input force - their mechanical advantage may be either greater or less than 1 - their mechanical advantage is always less than 1
Their mechanical advantage may be either greater or less than 1
Precise spelling is important in anatomy because ______________. - there are many different ways to spell certain terms - it's easier to remember acronyms when spelled correctly - it's important to practice language skills - eponyms are difficult to memorize - there are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures
There are many similar terms in anatomy that refer to different structures
What do sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses have in common? - these are cartilaginous joints - these are all fibrous joint - these are joints found only in the axial skeleton - these are all bony joints - these are joint found only in the appendicular skeleton
These are all fibrous joints
Cells undergo division when which of the following conditions have been met? - they are still growing and have ample nutrients - they have grown large enough and replicated their DNA - they are stimulated by growth factors and neighboring cells are squeezed tightly against them - they have grown large enough and neighboring cells are squeezed tightly against them
They have grown large enough and replicated their DNA
A volleyball player depends on the gastrocnemius muscles for plantar flexion, whereas a marathon runner depends more on the soleus muscles for the same action. What characteristics of the soleus muscles makes this so? - they have smaller mitochondria - they break ATP down to ADP and Pi faster - they don't have as many blood capillaries per gram of tissue - they have more glycogen in them - they make more use of aerobic respiration
They make more use of aerobic respiration
The heart is in the _______________ cavity and is covered by the ______________. - pericardial; peritoneum - pericardial; pleura - cranial; meninges - thoracic; pleura - thoracic; pericardium
Thoracic; pericardium
Which of the following is not found in RNA? - Guanine - Thymine - Uracil - Ribose
Thymine
The talocrural joint is formed by the union of the _______________, the __________________, and the ________________. - femur; tibia; patella - tibia; calcaneus; talus - tibia; fibula; talus - femur; calcaneus; talus - tibia; fibula; calcaneus
Tibia; fibula, talus
In the intestine, _______________ ensures that most digested nutrients pass through the epithelial cells and not between them. - tight junctions - desmosomes - the plasma membrane - gap (communicating) junctions - ground substance
Tight junctions
A(n) __________________ is a group of similar cells and their intercellular materials in a discrete region of an organ performing a specific function. - Tissue - Organelle - Macromolecule - Organism - Organ system
Tissue
Which of the following is not an example of a physiological gradient? - electrical - tissue - concentration - pressure - thermal
Tissue
Which of the following is not a function of CSF? - to protect the brain from striking the cranium when the head is jolted - to rinse metabolic wastes from the nervous tissue - to allow the brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight - to regulate the chemical environment of the nervous tissue - to provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue
To provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue
Most biologists see embryonic stem cells as a possible treatment for diseases that result from the loss of functional cells. This possibility is based on the fact that ES cells are ______________ stem cells. - omnipotent - mulitpotent - pluripotent - totipotent - unipotent
Totipotent
Which of the following sensory functions involves neurons in the posterior root ganglion? - taste - touch - hearing - smell - vision
Touch
Which of the following tissues is not found as part of a long bone? - transistional epithelium - adipose tissue - cartilage - osseous tissue - nervous tissue
Transistional epithelium
Blood functions to __________________. - transport nutrients to the tissues - allow for heart contraction and relaxation - line the heart chambers - store energy for the heart - provide support to the heart
Transport nutrients to the tissues
Which of the following muscles is not externally visible on the trunk of the body? - External abdominal oblique - transverse abdominal - latissimus dorsi - pectoralis major - trapezius
Transverse abdominal
What is the largest of the cranial nerves and the most important sensory nerve of the face? - trigeminal nerve - accessory nerve - hypoglossal nerve - facial nerve - abducens nerve
Trigeminal nerve
Which cranial nerve pathway would be used to look cross-eyed at the tip of your nose? - vagus nerve - facial nerve - oculomotor nerve - abducens nerve - trochlear nerve
Trochlear nerve
The protein that acts as a calcium receptor in skeletal muscle is ___________. - tropomyosin - troponin - F actin - dystophin - titin
Troponin
A cell starting prophase has 92 molecules of DNA in its nucleus. - True - False
True
A crystal of calcium phosphate in the cytoplasm of a cell should be classified as an inclusion. - True - False
True
A deficiency of acetylcholine receptors leads to muscle paralysis in myasthenia gravis. - True - False
True
A ganglion is a swelling along a nerve containing the cell bodies of peripheral neurons. - True - False
True
A sacral fracture affecting the S3 and S4 nerve roots would result in a person having difficulty with evacuation of the bowels. - True - False
True
A stretch reflex is often accompanied by reciprocal inhibition. - True - False
True
Although all cells synthesize phospholipids, there are no genes for phospholipids. - True - False
True
An action potential never occurs in dendrites. - True - False
True
Both cerebrum and cerebellum have gray matter in their surface cortex and deeper nuclei, and white matter deep to the cortex. - True - False
True
Chemical reactions in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones are called catabolic reactions. - True - False
True
Clinically, dystrophin is the most important noncontractile protein to occur in muscle fibers. - True - False
True
Columnar cells lining the small intestine have a brush border of microvilli on the apical surface. - True - False
True
DNA never migrates from the nucleus to the cytoplasm to participate directly into protein synthesis. - True - False
True
In an epithelium, there is almost no extracellular matrix. - True - False
True
In most cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle. - True - False
True
Ionic bonds break apart in water more easily than covalent bonds do. - True - False
True
Memories are formed by neural pathways of modified synapses. - True - False
True
Mitosis is responsible for embryonic development and tissue growth. - True - False
True
Most neurons have multiple dendrites. - True - False
True
Na+-K+ ATPase is a counter transport antiport carrier, which always requires energy. - True - False
True
Osteoporosis often leads to an exaggerated thoracic spinal curvature, which is called kyphosis. - True - False
True
Scar tissue helps to hold an organ together but does not restore normal function of the damaged tissue. - True - False
True
Smooth and cardiac muscles are under involuntary control. - True - False
True
Some smooth muscle is autorhythmic. - True - False
True
Sometimes anatomical terms come from origins that do not lend any insight into their meaning. - True - False
True
Straight hair is round, wavy hair is oval, and curly hair is relatively flat. - True - False
True
The amygdala, hippocampus, and hypothalamus are involved in such feelings as love, anger, fear, pleasure, and pain. - True - False
True
The clear gel that usually surrounds cells is called interstitial fluid. - True - False
True
The cranial cavity contains the brain. - True - False
True
The forearm acts as a third-class lever during flexion of the elbow. - True - False
True
The ischium is posterior to the pubis and inferior to the ilium. - True - False
True
The main stabilizer of the shoulder is the biceps brachii muscle. - True - False
True
The opposite of a dehydration synthesis reaction is a hydrolysis reaction. - True - False
True
The pubic symphysis can be palpated as a hard prominence above the genitalia. - True - False
True
The sarcoplasmic reticulum is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle fiber. - True - False
True
The styloid process of the radius can be palpated proximal to the thumb. - True - False
True
The tendon reflex is the inhibition of a muscle's contraction that occurs when its tendon is excessively stretched. - True - False
True
The three forms of skin cancer are defined by the types of cells from which they originate. - True - False
True
The youngest keratinocytes are found in the stratum basale. - True - False
True
There are three codons that do not code for any amino acid. - True - False
True
Trochanters are unique to the femur. - True - False
True
Under normal circumstances, the wrist can be hyperextended, but the elbow cannot. - True - False
True
We can see through bones with magnetic resonance imaging. - True - False
True
eye color is a normal polygenic trait. - True - False
True
mesoderm gives rise to muscle, bone, and blood. - True - False
True
The triads of a muscle fiber consist of __________________. - two A bands - two T tubules and one terminal cistern - two thin myofilaments and one thick myofilament - two terminal cisterns and one T tubule - two thick myofilaments and one thin myofilament
Two terminal cisterns and one tubule
Which fibers are primarily responsible for producing lactate? - type IIA intermediate glycolytic fibers - type IIB fast glycolytic fibers - type I slow twitch fibers - type I slow oxidative fibers - red fibers
Type IIB fast glycolytic fibers
The sodium-potassium (Na+-K+) pump transports both sodium and potassium _____________ their concentration gradients in a process called ____________________. - up; facilitated transport - down; active transport - up; cotransport - down; countertransport - up; active transport
Up; active transport
The spine encloses the _______________. - cranial cavity - pelvic cavity - thoracic cavity - vertebral canal - abdominal cavity
Vertebral canal
Skeletal muscle is called ________________, because it is usually subject to conscious control. - voluntary - excitable - isometric - contractile - straited
Voluntary
Which bone is a part of the skull and not just associated with it? - Vomer - Incus - Hyoid - Stapes - Malleus
Vomer
Two solutions are separated by a selectively permeable membrane. If solution A has a higher concentration of a nonpermeating solute than solution B, then _____________. - Water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B - The solute will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A - Neither the solute nor water will diffuse - The solute will pass down its concentration gradient from solution A to B - Water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
Water will pass down its concentration gradient from solution B to A
Red bone marrow does not contain ___________________. - hemopoietic tissue - yellow bone marrow - white blood cells - myeloid tissue - red blood cells
Yellow bone marrow
Which of the following marks the boundaries of a sarcomere? - Z discs - M lines - H bands - I bands - A bands
Z discs
Most people think that ulcers are caused by psychological stress. It was discovered that an acid-resistant bacterium, Heliobacter pylori, lives in the lining of the stomach. If these bacteria cause ulcers, then treatment with an antibiotic should reduce ulcers. This line of investigation is an example of _____________________. - hypothetical reasoning - statistical analysis - experimental design - hypothetico-deductive reasoning - the inductive method
hypothetico-deductive reasoning
All of the following participate in DNA replication except ___________________. - DNA ligase - ribosomes - DNA - DNA polymerase - DNA helicase
ribosomes
Anticodons, codons, and base triplets correspond to __________ respectively. - tRNA, DNA, and mRNA - DNA, tRNA, and mRNA - RNA, DNA, and pre-mRNA - DNA, RNA, and pre-mRNA - tRNA, mRNA, and DNA
tRNA, mRNA, and DNA