Final Exam- ANTH 2346
According to the Chapter 10 reading, what is the estimated number of enslaved Africans believed to have been transported to the Americas from the 16th to the 19th century?
10-12 million
From the readings, what does it mean when a person is described as having both power and agency?
A person has control, authority, or influence as well as the capability to act on decisions.
According to the reading for Chapter 10, new archaeological evidence suggests that the Americas were first settled by whom?
A pre-Clovis culture
Which anthropologist was largely responsible for changing many of the misrepresentations of Indigenous people common in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Franz Boas
Which of the following is associated with the Lower Paleolithic?
H. habilis and the Oldowan tool industry
What is the earliest hominin species to show an increasing control over their environment and to migrate into new geographical regions?
Homo erectus
Which species was long regarded as the earliest hominin to use stone tools?
Homo habilis
From the Chapter 7 lecture, what was the example of Yapese reciprocity I gave from my fieldwork?
I was given a piece of shell money and was then obligated to give shell money back that was a little more valuable in return at some point.
Which of these would be examples of structural inequality, or systemic inequality?
In the 1980's, healthcare access for treatment of HIV was not available to the poor.
From the Chapter 5 video series, Sapiens: The New Origins, what was the name of the 300,000 year-old fossilized skull (named after the site in Northern Africa where it was found) from that they were studying?
Jebel Irhoud Man
According to the Chapter 11 reading, who conducted one of the earliest studies of kinship systems?
Lewis Henry Morgan
From the Your Inner Fish videos, what was the name of the genetic feature that they stimulated to create an extra limb?
Sonic Hedgehog
From the lecture on language and communication, which of the following was used as an example to describe the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis?
The movie Arrival
From the Chapter 8 video, Conflict and Reconsiliation across Cultures, what was said about the way the Kpelle in Liberia, Africa resolved conflicts?
The person deemed at fault publicly apologizes and presents a small gift or two to the aggrieved who, in turn, offers a smaller gift to help repair that relationship.
Venus figurines, cave art, and artifacts made with bone and antler are largely associated with what time period?
Upper Paleolithic
According to the Chapter 12 reading, which statement is NOT true of the approach Native American cultures typically took to variant genders?
Variant-gender individuals were considered homosexual.
What is the observable expression of physical traits called?
a phenotype
Which description BEST defines participant observation?
a practice in which an anthropologist directly participates in the everyday life of the culture being researched
From the readings, what term refers to a cultural group without an official leader?
acephalous
The scientific naming system developed by Carolus Linnaeus is called _______________ and includes ____________.
binomial nomenclature; the genus and the species
Which of these are characteristic of hominin species?
bipedalism along with a larger brain
According to the Chapter 11 reading, what term describes the transfer of material and symbolic value from a groom to the bride's family?
bride wealth
What system of social inequality is based on an individual's circumstances of birth and there is no opportunity to move out of a social group?
caste system
Which of the following does NOT describe a gathering and hunting society?
centralized social hierarchy
From the readings, which of the following does NOT describe a lineage-order society?
chiefs who show formal leadership
The long history humans share with lice is a good example of _____________.
coevolution
Anthropologists are interested in learning about the different types of relationships between groups, which are BEST described as which of the following?
cooperative, competitive, or combative
Which of the following is not considered a subfield of biological anthropology?
cultural anthropology
Anthropologists are committed to describing and understanding the diversity of humans and their culture. Which of the following would NOT be considered a research area of anthropology?
determining the relatedness of two different dinosaur species
Which action would BEST help address the challenges of cultural bias as anthropologists strive for the "insider's point of view"?
engaging in collaborative ethnography that engages members of the community in the research
According to the Chapter 11 Ted Talk, The Biology of Gender, from DNA to the Brain, what is the branch of science that looks at how DNA activity can actually radically and permanently change, even though the sequence stays the same.
epigenetics
Which subfield of anthropology examines how people in different cultures categorize and use plants for food, shelter, tools, transportation, art, and religion?
ethnobotany
Using the scientific method, what would be the first step in researching an ancient burial site?
formulating a research question
What do anthropologists believe was the first step in the development of agriculture?
gatherer-hunters growing plants in areas that were more convenient for them
What mode of subsistence have humans practiced for most of their evolutionary history
gathering-hunting
What term refers to people sharing things with no regard to value or compensation?
generalized reciprocity
Which term reflects the concept that all languages have some things in common?
linguistic universals
What term refers to a form of herding in which people live in small seasonal camps as they move with their animals?
nomadism
Which of these is NOT a relative dating method?
radiocarbon dating
According to the Chapter 12 reading, what did Margaret Mead observe in her research in New Guinea?
that gender roles and expectations varied greatly from one culture to the next
From the readings, which society below has/had the highest level of social stratification?
the Aztecs, who ruled a large territory and had positions of hereditary nobility
Which of the following is the BEST example of how anthropologists in the 19th century used Charles Darwin's theory of evolution to understand culture?
the belief that primitive cultures evolve to more complex cultures
According to the Chapter 11 reading, which of the following is an example of a fictive kinship?
the practice of godparenthood
The primary goal of an anthropologist is best described as which of the following?
to ethically and accurately represent a culture through the perspective and worldview of the culture studied
Bronisław Malinowski proposed that the function of culture is to _________________.
meet basic needs to survive
What is mean by emic perspective?
observing a culture from the perspective of the people being studied
What mode of subsistence is associated with the care and use of domesticated herd animals?
pastoralism
According to the Chapter 11 reading, which term describes the marriage of one woman to more than one man at the same time?
polyandry
According to the Chapter 11 reading, which term describes the marriage of one man to more than one woman at the same time?
polygyny
According to the Chapter 12 reading, which of the following is NOT a likely research area for a sociobiologist?
the degree to which there is gender equity in terms of pay and title in contemporary corporations
According to the Chapter 12 reading, what did anthropologist Michelle Rosaldo argue was one of the primary causes of the marginalization of women?
the division of sociocultural life into public and private spheres between the workplace and the home
According to the Chapter 12 reading, sexual dimorphism is defined as which of the following?
the exhibition of different characteristics by males and females of the same species
The variations seen in modern humans are largely the result of adaptations to the environment. Which of these is NOT an example of an adaptation?
the prevalence of hemophilia in certain population groups
Which of the following does NOT define or describe symbolism in a culture?
the use of red and orange flowers at a burial to symbolize life and resurrection
From the reading, Martin Gilens found that when poor people and rich people disagree on an issue, government policy nearly always supports which portion of the population?
the wealthy
According to the Chapter 11 reading, which of these groups of people would NOT be considered a family?
two friends that share a home and co-own a business
According to the Chapter 12 reading, according to British anthropologist E. E. Evans-Pritchard, under what circumstances did unmarried adult males take on male wives in Zande society?
when there was a scarcity of available women
According to the Chapter 10 reading, what movement represents the largest diaspora in history, with some 18 million people no longer living in their country of origin?
Indian diaspora
From the Chapter 8 lecture, what type of cultural control would fear of divine retribution be an example of?
Internalized control
Which statement BEST explains how H. floresiensis could have a brain the size of an orange (380 cc) and yet make tools, hunt, and use fire?
Island dwarfism provides an evolutionary explanation for the small body size.
Which description BEST defines ethnocentrism?
the judging of a culture based on one's own beliefs and cultural background
From the readings, which of the following BEST defines systemic oppression?
the normalization of political, economic, and social inequalities in a society
Which of these is an example of homologous structures?
the wings of butterflies and bats
The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis argues that the language you speak influences how you do what?
think about reality
What is the name for the period in which human activity has been the dominant influence on Earth's climate and the natural environment?
Anthropocene epoch
What does neuroscientist Michael Arbib suggest as a likely contribution to the first use of gestural language among early hominins?
adaptive mimicry
From the readings, which of the following does NOT describe Sojourner Syndrome?
an examination of the relationship between power and socioeconomic status
Which of the following BEST defines language?
an open-ended system of communication with a set of rules that allows an infinite number of meanings
Which subfield of anthropology seeks to understand how prehistoric people understood celestial objects and events?
archaeoastronomy
How was the natural world viewed by most Europeans before the 19th century?
as a static hierarchy that included God, angels, humans, and other life forms
Which of the following BEST describes the universalist approach to understanding economic processes?
assumes that economic processes work the same way all over the world
What was a goal of salvage anthropology during the late 19th century?
collect cultural material of peoples that were considered to be in danger of disappearing
According to the Chapter 10 reading, what is meant by the phrase "closed corporate community"?
communities largely detached from urban centers and less prone to cultural change
Which term is defined as the way humans develop culture as an adaptation to various environments?
cultural ecology
Which term describes a common belief, practice, or behavior associated with a sociocultural role?
cultural norm
Which term refers to the practice of understanding elements of a culture within the context of that particular culture?
cultural relativism
Shared values, ideas, technologies, adaptation to the environment, and belief systems are best defined as what?
culture
According to the Chapter 10 reading, which term refers to large-scale movement caused by warfare, institutional violence, or the search for better opportunities?
diaspora
Which description BEST defines ethnography?
efforts to judge a culture in relation to the observer's existing ideas and beliefs
The term _______ refers to all species considered to be in direct lineage to modern humans, while the term _____________ refers to all present and extinct great apes.
hominins; hominids
Which of these is NOT characteristic of H. erectus?
increasing prognathism
Which institution is responsible for reviewing and enforcing research protocols pertaining to any anthropological research involving human populations?
institutional review boards housed within the relevant university
What is the name for the use of irrigation systems, a plough, and continuous cultivation of the same plots?
intensive agriculture
What is the term for a man talking condescendingly to someone (especially a woman) about something he has incomplete knowledge of, with the mistaken assumption that he knows more about it than the person he's talking to?·
mansplaining
Which of the following is NOT considered an example of material culture?
seashells found on a beach
Which term refers to a hierarchical organization of different groups of people based on traits such as race, socioeconomic status, religion, or gender?
social stratification
Which description BEST defines evolutionary social theory?
societies moving from one form of social organization to another in a linear evolutionary sequence
According to the Chapter 12 reading, which description BEST defines sexual orientation?
sociocultural identities associated with specific forms of sexuality
What subfield of linguistics examines the social context of language?
sociolinguistics
From the readings, British historian Basil Davidson has argued that African societies such as the Asante and Zulu were proto-states, which means what?
states in formation at the time of European colonization
Darwin's theory of evolution has been __________________ by molecular and genetic science.
supported and strengthened
Which of the following is NOT an example of folk taxonomy?
the system of binomial nomenclature utilized by Western universities
Cultural anthropologist Clifford Geertz used the example of winking and blinking to illustrate important aspects of culture. According to Geertz, which of these is an aspect of culture?
winking but not blinking
From the readings, which of the following BEST describes a paradigm?
worldviews that define the thinking of a specific time period
From the readings, which statement does NOT describe European colonialism in Africa?
Africans were encouraged to start import-export trade and their own factories.
From the readings, which term below describes how people with power keep their power through the subtle dissemination of certain values and beliefs?
Hegemony
According to the Chapter 11 reading, what is a ghost marriage?
a marriage performed between one or two deceased individuals
According to the Chapter 11 reading, which of the following describes the cultural practice of sororate?
a remarriage rule requiring that when a married woman dies, the deceased wife's lineage must provide a replacement wife
According to the Chapter 10 reading, which occupational area employs the greatest number of immigrants to the United States?
agriculture and meatpacking
According to the Chapter 12 reading, which description below BEST defines gender?
cultural roles associated with the biological categories of male and female
According to the Chapter 10 reading, which of the following is NOT a typical outcome of forced migration?
increase in economic wealth
According to the Chapter 12 video, Is Anatomy Destiny?, the scientific term for people who don't have the standard male or the standard female body types is
intersex
What term describes how people interact with their environments in order to make a living?
mode of subsistence
From the readings, what economic model prioritizes privatization of public services?
neoliberalism
Which of the following is a qualitative approach in sociocultural research?
personal observation and documentation of a ritual
From the readings, what term refers to the ability to convince others and build group consensus?
persuasive power
Which of the following considers both physical and molecular evidence from which hypotheses on the evolutionary relationship of species can be drawn?
phylogenetics
Which of these is NOT an example of typological sequencing?
radiocarbon dating of an artifact
Which description would be an example of cultural bias?
refusing to taste the food served to you when visiting friends who emigrated from another country because the food is unfamiliar
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of chiefdoms?
reliance on the extended community in making decisions
Which description BEST defines the overall field of anthropology?
the biological and social context of humans in a wide range of environmental and historical contexts
Which of the following is the BEST definition of biological anthropology?
the exploration of human biological variation and the ancient past
Which of the following BEST defines or describes social structure?
the framework according to which society is organized, with practices that are subject to change
What did researchers Brent Berlin and Paul Kay determine regarding perceptions of color in 98 different languages?
Black and white are the most important distinctions.
Which anthropologist proposed that culture was a complex system of symbols and that through studying the structure and binary opposites of these symbols, one could determine the patterns and thoughts of members of that culture?
Claude Lévi-Strauss
According to the Chapter 11 reading, Which statement is NOT true of kinship systems?
Cross-culturally, biology defines who one's closest relatives are.
According to the Chapter 12 reading, which statement is NOT supported by recent findings of feminist researchers?
Meat obtained by male hunters was the primary source of calories for members of pre-agricultural cultures.
Which of the following does NOT explain the variation of skin pigmentation in humans?
Mendelian heredity
According to the Chapter 10 video, Tracing the Spread of Humankind, one of the oldest human remains found in the Americas is named ___________________ and dates back _______________ years.
Naia : 12,000 to 13,000
According to the Chapter 10 reading, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights declares which of the following regarding refugees?
Refugees have an international legal right to seek asylum.
